Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Overview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC","authors":"CMS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We review key measurements performed by CMS in the context of its heavy ion physics program, using event samples collected in 2010–2018 with several collision systems and energies. These studies provide detailed macroscopic and microscopic probes of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created at the LHC energies, a medium characterized by the highest temperature and smallest baryon-chemical potential ever reached in the laboratory. Numerous observables related to high-density quantum chromodynamics (QCD) were studied, leading to some of the most impactful and qualitatively novel results in the 40-year history of the field. Using a dedicated high-multiplicity trigger in the first pp run, CMS discovered that small collision systems can exhibit signs of collectivity, a generic phenomenon with significant implications and presently understood to affect essentially all soft physics processes. This observation opened new paths to understand how fluidity and plasma properties emerge in QCD matter as a function of system size. Measurements of jet quenching have reached a completely new level of detail by directly assessing, for the first time, the medium modification of parton showers, as opposed to simply observing leading hadrons or di-hadrons. The first fully reconstructed beauty hadron and heavy-flavor jet nuclear modifications were also measured. The large size of the event samples, the precision of the measurements, and the extension of the probed kinematical phase space, allowed many other hard probes of the QGP medium to be explored in detail, leading to multiple groundbreaking findings. In particular, the seminal measurements of bottomonium suppression patterns answer fundamental questions that have been actively pursued, both theoretically and experimentally, by the community since the mid-1980s. We conclude by outlining the opportunities offered by the continuation of this physics program at the LHC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1115 ","pages":"Pages 219-367"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroweak, QCD and flavour physics studies with ATLAS data from Run 2 of the LHC","authors":"ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A summary of precision measurements sensitive to electroweak, QCD and quark-flavour effects performed by the ATLAS Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider is reported. The measurements are predominantly performed on proton–proton (<span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></math></span>) collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV taken from 2015 to 2018, with an integrated luminosity of up to 140 fb⁻¹, with some results based on <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></math></span> and Pb+Pb data recorded at lower nucleon centre-of-mass energies. The results cover a wide range of topics, from strong production of particles at low energies and the spectroscopy of hadrons to perturbative QCD with hadronic jets and electroweak and strong production of single and multiple vector bosons. They provide precise measurements of fundamental constants and stringent tests of the Standard Model with unprecedented precision and in energy ranges never explored before. They are also used to explore the proton structure and to perform model-independent searches for new physics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 57-126"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of top quark mass measurements in CMS","authors":"CMS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The top quark mass is one of the most intriguing parameters of the standard model (SM). Its value indicates a Yukawa coupling close to unity, and the resulting strong ties to Higgs physics make the top quark mass a crucial ingredient for understanding essential aspects of the electroweak sector of the SM. This review offers the first comprehensive overview of the top quark mass measurements performed by the CMS Collaboration using the data collected at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV. Moreover, a detailed description of the top quark event reconstruction is provided and dedicated studies of the dominant uncertainties in the modelling of the signal processes are discussed. The interpretation of the experimental results on the top quark mass in terms of the SM Lagrangian parameter is challenging and is a focus of an ongoing discussion in the theory community. The CMS Collaboration has performed two main types of top quark mass measurements, addressing this challenge from different perspectives: highly precise ‘direct’ measurements, based on reconstructed top quark decay products and relying exclusively on Monte-Carlo simulations, as well as ‘indirect’ measurements, where the simulations are employed to determine parton-level cross sections that are compared to fixed-order perturbative calculations. Recent mass extractions using Lorentz-boosted top quarks open a new avenue of measurements based on top quark decay products contained in a single particle jet, with promising prospects for accurate theoretical interpretations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1115 ","pages":"Pages 116-218"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three ways to decipher the nature of exotic hadrons: Multiplets, three-body hadronic molecules, and correlation functions","authors":"Ming-Zhu Liu ,&nbsp;Ya-Wen Pan ,&nbsp;Zhi-Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Tian-Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Jun-Xu Lu ,&nbsp;Li-Sheng Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the past two decades, a plethora of hadronic states beyond the conventional quark model of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; mesons and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; baryons have been observed experimentally, which motivated extensive studies to understand their nature and the non-perturbative strong interaction. Since most of these exotic states are located near the mass thresholds of a pair of conventional hadrons, the prevailing picture is that they are primarily hadronic molecules. In principle, one can verify the molecular nature of these states by thoroughly comparing their masses, decay widths, and production rates in a particular picture with experimental data. However, this is difficult or impossible. First, quantum mechanics allows for mixing configurations permitted by symmetries and quantum numbers. Second, data are relatively scarce because of their small production rates and the many difficulties in the experimental measurements. As a result, other alternatives need to be explored. This review summarizes three such approaches that can help disentangle the nature of the many exotic hadrons discovered.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the first approach, based on the molecular interpretations for some exotic states, we study the likely existence of multiplets of hadronic molecules related by various symmetries, such as isospin symmetry, SU(3)-flavor symmetry, heavy quark spin/flavor symmetry, and heavy antiquark diquark symmetry, which are known to be approximately satisfied and can be employed to relate the underlying hadron–hadron interactions responsible for the formation of hadronic molecules. The masses of these multiplets of hadronic molecules can then be obtained by solving the Lippmann–Schwinger equation. Their decay and production patterns are also related. As a result, experimental discoveries of such multiplets and confirmations of the predicted patterns will be invaluable to understanding the nature of these hadronic molecular states.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the second approach, starting from some hadronic molecular candidates, one can derive the underlying hadron–hadron interactions. With these interactions, one can study related three-body systems and check whether three-body bound states/resonances exist. The existence of such three-body molecules can directly verify the molecular nature of exotic hadrons of interest.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the third approach, one can turn to the femtoscopy technique to derive the hadron–hadron interactions, hence inaccessible. This technique provided an unprecedented opportunity to understand the interactions between unstable hadrons. Although the past focus was mainly on the light quark sector, we have seen increasing theoretical activities in the heavy quark sector in recent years. We review relevant studies and point out future directions where more effort is needed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Finally, to provid","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1108 ","pages":"Pages 1-108"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143157692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of searches for vector-like quarks, vector-like leptons, and heavy neutral leptons in proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV at the CMS experiment","authors":"CMS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The LHC has provided an unprecedented amount of proton–proton collision data, bringing forth exciting opportunities to address fundamental open questions in particle physics. These questions can potentially be answered by performing searches for very rare processes predicted by models that attempt to extend the standard model of particle physics. The data collected by the CMS experiment in 2015–2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 13<span><math><mrow><mspace></mspace><mtext>TeV</mtext></mrow></math></span> can be used to test the standard model with high precision and potentially uncover evidence for new particles or interactions. An interesting possibility is the existence of new fermions with masses ranging from the <span><math><mtext>MeV</mtext></math></span> to the <span><math><mtext>TeV</mtext></math></span> scale. Such new particles appear in many possible extensions of the standard model and are well motivated theoretically. New fermions may explain the appearance of three generations of leptons and quarks, the mass hierarchy across these generations, and the nonzero neutrino masses. In this report, the results of searches targeting vector-like quarks, vector-like leptons, and heavy neutral leptons at the CMS experiment are summarized. The complementarity of current searches for each type of new fermion is discussed, and combinations of several searches for vector-like quarks are presented. The discovery potential for some of these searches at the High-Luminosity LHC is also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1115 ","pages":"Pages 570-677"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stairway to discovery: A report on the CMS programme of cross section measurements from millibarns to femtobarns","authors":"CMS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, delivering proton–proton collisions at much higher energies and far higher luminosities than previous machines, has enabled a comprehensive programme of measurements of the standard model (SM) processes by the CMS experiment. These unprecedented capabilities facilitate precise measurements of the properties of a wide array of processes, the most fundamental being cross sections. The discovery of the Higgs boson and the measurement of its mass became the keystone of the SM. Knowledge of the mass of the Higgs boson allows precision comparisons of the predictions of the SM with the corresponding measurements. These measurements span the range from one of the most copious SM processes, the total inelastic cross section for proton–proton interactions, to the rarest ones, such as Higgs boson pair production. They cover the production of Higgs bosons, top quarks, single and multibosons, and hadronic jets. Associated parameters, such as coupling constants, are also measured. These cross section measurements can be pictured as a descending stairway, on which the lowest steps represent the rarest processes allowed by the SM, some never seen before.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1115 ","pages":"Pages 3-115"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dark sector searches with the CMS experiment","authors":"CMS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Astrophysical observations provide compelling evidence for gravitationally interacting dark matter in the universe that cannot be explained by the standard model of particle physics. The extraordinary amount of data from the CERN LHC presents a unique opportunity to shed light on the nature of dark matter at unprecedented collision energies. This Report comprehensively reviews the most recent searches with the CMS experiment for particles and interactions belonging to a dark sector and for dark-sector mediators. Models with invisible massive particles are probed by searches for signatures of missing transverse momentum recoiling against visible standard model particles. Searches for mediators are also conducted via fully visible final states. The results of these searches are compared with those obtained from direct-detection experiments. Searches for alternative scenarios predicting more complex dark sectors with multiple new particles and new forces are also presented. Many of these models include long-lived particles, which could manifest themselves with striking unconventional signatures with relatively small amounts of background. Searches for such particles are discussed and their impact on dark-sector scenarios is evaluated. Many results and interpretations have been newly obtained for this Report.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1115 ","pages":"Pages 448-569"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searches for Higgs boson production through decays of heavy resonances","authors":"The CMS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of the Higgs boson has led to new possible signatures for heavy resonance searches at the LHC. Since then, search channels including at least one Higgs boson plus another particle have formed an important part of the program of new physics searches. In this report, the status of these searches by the CMS Collaboration is reviewed. Searches are discussed for resonances decaying to two Higgs bosons, a Higgs and a vector boson, or a Higgs boson and another new resonance. All analyses use proton–proton collision data collected at <span><math><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math></span> in the years 2016–2018. A combination of the results of these searches is presented together with constraints on different beyond-the-standard model scenarios, including scenarios with extended Higgs sectors, heavy vector bosons and extra dimensions. Studies are shown for the first time by CMS on the validity of the narrow-width approximation in searches for the resonant production of a pair of Higgs bosons. The potential for a discovery at the High Luminosity LHC is also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1115 ","pages":"Pages 368-447"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enriching the physics program of the CMS experiment via data scouting and data parking","authors":"CMS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Specialized data-taking and data-processing techniques were introduced by the CMS experiment in Run 1 of the CERN LHC to enhance the sensitivity of searches for new physics and the precision of standard model measurements. These techniques, termed data scouting and data parking, extend the data-taking capabilities of CMS beyond the original design specifications. The novel data-scouting strategy trades complete event information for higher event rates, while keeping the data bandwidth within limits. Data parking involves storing a large amount of raw detector data collected by algorithms with low trigger thresholds to be processed when sufficient computational power is available to handle such data. The research program of the CMS Collaboration is greatly expanded with these techniques. The implementation, performance, and physics results obtained with data scouting and data parking in CMS over the last decade are discussed in this Report, along with new developments aimed at further improving low-mass physics sensitivity over the next years of data taking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1115 ","pages":"Pages 678-772"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network alignment","authors":"Rui Tang ,&nbsp;Ziyun Yong ,&nbsp;Shuyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Xingshu Chen ,&nbsp;Yaofang Liu ,&nbsp;Yi-Cheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Gui-Quan Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Complex networks are frequently employed to model physical or virtual complex systems. When certain entities exist across multiple systems simultaneously, unveiling their corresponding relationships across the networks becomes crucial. This problem, known as network alignment, holds significant importance. It enhances our understanding of complex system structures and behaviours, facilitates the validation and extension of theoretical physics research about studying complex systems, and fosters diverse practical applications across various fields. However, due to variations in the structure, characteristics, and properties of complex networks across different fields, the study of network alignment is often isolated within each domain, with even the terminologies and concepts lacking uniformity. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in network alignment research, focusing on analysing network alignment characteristics and progress in various domains such as social network analysis, bioinformatics, computational linguistics and privacy protection. It provides a detailed analysis of various methods’ implementation principles, processes, and performance differences, including structure consistency-based methods, network embedding-based methods, and graph neural network-based (GNN-based) methods. Additionally, the methods for network alignment under different conditions, such as in attributed networks, heterogeneous networks, directed networks, and dynamic networks, are presented. Furthermore, the challenges and the open issues for future studies are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1107 ","pages":"Pages 1-45"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}