Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Higher derivative supergravities in diverse dimensions","authors":"Mehmet Ozkan ,&nbsp;Yi Pang ,&nbsp;Ergin Sezgin","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We survey on-shell and off-shell higher derivative supergravities in dimensions <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>11</mn></mrow></math></span>. Various approaches to their construction, including the Noether procedure, (harmonic) superspace, superform method, superconformal tensor calculus, <span><math><mi>S</mi></math></span>-matrix and dimensional reduction, are summarized. Primarily the bosonic parts of the invariants and the supertransformations of the fermionic fields are provided. The process of going on-shell, solutions to the Killing spinor equations, typical supersymmetric solutions, and the role of duality symmetries in the context of <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo>,</mo><msup><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> invariants are reviewed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Pages 1-95"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141962364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dendrite growth under a forced convective flow: A review","authors":"Peter K. Galenko ,&nbsp;Dmitri V. Alexandrov ,&nbsp;Liubov V. Toropova","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As one of the representative patterns in nature and laboratory experiments, dendritic structures control the properties of a broad range of advanced materials. Dendrites arise during different phase and structural transformation processes. Generally, the formation of dendritic structures are stipulated by transport processes in bulk phases, together with thermodynamic properties and kinetic phenomena at the phase interfaces. The formation of a dendritic microstructure under the influence of external fields (electromagnetic and gravitational) is considered in this review. These fields involve the liquid and gaseous phases in a forced convective flow, causing the transfer of energy and matter in addition to the usual conductive (diffusion) transport. The formulated model takes into account rapid solidification from an undercooled liquid phase as well as intermediate and low growth velocities of dendritic crystals in pure one-component systems extended to binary mixtures and alloys. The areas of undercooling are identified, in which the influence of convection caused by the electromagnetic and/or gravitational field is most noticeable. The solidification regimes (from the diffusion-limited mode to the thermally and kinetically controlled mode) are reviewed in connection with the different liquid flow velocities that dictate various boundary conditions (conductive and convective) on the surface of growing crystals. A comparison of model predictions with experimental data and computational results provides the grounds for a discussion about the applicability of the formulated model to interpreting known and unexpected phenomena in the formation of a crystalline structure. By changing the power of the considered fields or reducing them almost to zero (for instance, in microgravity), it is possible to control the dispersion of a dendritic microstructure, as well as separate accompanying phases (eutectic, peritectic, monotectic, intermetallic phases, etc.) during the solidification of materials and, in the general case, during phase transformations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Pages 1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324002552/pdfft?md5=c097a0b478ceec47e7bc1d718c98edb5&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324002552-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141638909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-dimensional hadron structure through the lens of gluon Wigner distribution","authors":"Roman Pasechnik ,&nbsp;Marek Taševský","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this review, we present the current status of phenomenological research on constraining the multi-dimensional proton (and nucleus) structure at high energies through studies of the so-called gluon Wigner distributions. We provide a brief pedagogical introduction into the corresponding theoretical definitions and modelling of exclusive and diffractive scattering observables in terms of the Wigner distribution. Also, we present a detailed outlook into the existing and planned experimental measurements that attempt to constrain the Wigner distribution. We briefly overview possible interconnections between various manifestations of the gluon Wigner distribution emerging, for instance, in azimuthal-angle correlations in (semi)exclusive reactions and elliptic flow measurements in inclusive processes. We also summarise the current knowledge on the most important processes that would potentially enable one to constrain the elliptic gluon density in the proton and to separate it from the genuine effect of hydrodynamic evolution in the flow measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1084 ","pages":"Pages 3-57"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324002527/pdfft?md5=125785fa5488ff2415a3f308ec79a235&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324002527-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The Lagrange-mesh method” [Phys. Rep. 565 (2015) 1–107]","authors":"Daniel Baye","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1084 ","pages":"Pages 1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324002564/pdfft?md5=baabb3ff46ba42f69eb98e45676837eb&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324002564-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gravitational eikonal: From particle, string and brane collisions to black-hole encounters","authors":"Paolo Di Vecchia ,&nbsp;Carlo Heissenberg ,&nbsp;Rodolfo Russo ,&nbsp;Gabriele Veneziano","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Motivated by conceptual problems in quantum theories of gravity, the gravitational eikonal approach, inspired by its electromagnetic predecessor, has been successfully applied to the transplanckian energy collisions of elementary particles and strings since the late eighties, and to string-brane collisions in the past decade. After the direct detection of gravitational waves from black-hole mergers, most of the attention has shifted towards adapting these methods to the physics of black-hole encounters. For such systems, the eikonal exponentiation provides an amplitude-based approach to calculate classical gravitational observables, thus complementing more traditional analytic methods such as the Post-Newtonian expansion, the worldline formalism, or the Effective-One-Body approach. In this review we summarize the main ideas and techniques behind the gravitational eikonal formalism. We discuss how it can be applied in various different physical setups involving particles, strings and branes and then we mainly concentrate on the most recent developments, focusing on massive scalars minimally coupled to gravity, for which we aim at being as self-contained and comprehensive as possible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1083 ","pages":"Pages 1-169"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324002448/pdfft?md5=431388ee1bf01b337425b7e755be3110&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324002448-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141479463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamical robustness of network of oscillators","authors":"Soumen Majhi ,&nbsp;Biswambhar Rakshit ,&nbsp;Amit Sharma ,&nbsp;Jürgen Kurths ,&nbsp;Dibakar Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most complex systems are nonlinear, relying on emergent behavior resulting from many interacting subsystems, which are often characterized by oscillatory dynamics. Having collective oscillatory behavior is an essential requirement for an appropriate functioning of various real-world systems. Complex networks have proven to be exceptionally efficient in elucidating the topological structures of both natural and artificial systems, as well as describing diverse processes taking place over them. Remarkable advancements have been achieved in recent years in comprehending the emergent dynamics atop complex networks. Specifically, among other processes, a large body of works intend to explore the dynamical robustness of complex networks, which is the networks’ ability to withstand dynamical degradation in the network constituents while maintaining collective oscillatory dynamics. Indeed, various physical and biological systems are recognized to undergo a decline in their dynamic activities, whether occurring naturally or influenced by environmental factors. The impact of such damages on network performance can be significant, and the system’s robustness is indicative of its capability to maintain fundamental functionality in the face of dynamic deteriorations, often called aging. This review offers a comprehensive excerpt of notable research endeavors that scrutinize how networks sustain global oscillation under a growing number of inactive dynamical units. We present the contemporary research dedicated to the theoretical understanding and the enhancement mechanisms of the dynamical robustness in complex networks. Our emphasis lies on various network topologies and coupling functions, elucidating the persistence of networked systems. We cover variants of system characteristics from heterogeneity in network connectivity to heterogeneity in the dynamical units. Finally we discuss challenges ahead in this potential field and open areas for future studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Pages 1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141487057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of two-dimensional materials based photodetectors for on-chip applications","authors":"Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Luyao Mei ,&nbsp;Yun Li ,&nbsp;Xue Xia ,&nbsp;Nan Cui ,&nbsp;Gen Long ,&nbsp;Wenzhi Yu ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Chen ,&nbsp;Haoran Mu ,&nbsp;Shenghuang Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapidly evolving communication field demands higher data capacity, faster transmission speeds, and improved anti-interference capabilities. However, the physical limitations of silicon-based photonics technology hinder the realization of photodetectors and other active devices. The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, has opened promising opportunities for on-chip photodetection, showcasing distinctive physical and chemical properties and ultrathin nature. In this review, we first describe several representative 2D materials, including graphene, black phosphorus, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). These materials offer diverse band structures and properties, presenting a plethora of options for varied applications. Then we highlight the utilization of these 2D materials in the development of high-performance photodetection devices, including photodiodes, field-effect transistors, and photodetectors. Furthermore, we delve into the practical applications of photodetectors, including room-temperature imaging, visual sensors, spectrometers, ranging, and other optoelectronic integrated systems. These real-world applications vividly demonstrate the versatility and potential of 2D materials across diverse fields. Overall, the unique structures and properties of 2D materials offer new possibilities for applications across various domains. Future research should be devoted to further explore the properties and applications of 2D materials to advance their development in the field of science and technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1081 ","pages":"Pages 1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141324583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waves, patterns, bifurcations: A tutorial review on the vertebrate segmentation clock","authors":"Paul François ,&nbsp;Victoria Mochulska","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Proper vertebrae formation relies on a tissue-wide oscillator called the segmentation clock. Individual cellular oscillators in the presomitic mesoderm are modulated by intercellular coupling and external signals, leading to the propagation of oscillatory waves of genetic expression eventually stabilizing into a static pattern. Here, we review 4 decades of biophysical models of this process, starting from the pioneering Clock and Wavefront model by Cooke and Zeeman, and the reaction–diffusion model by Meinhardt. We discuss how modern descriptions followed advances in molecular description and visualization of the process, reviewing phase models, delayed models, systems-level, and finally geometric models. We connect models to high-level aspects of embryonic development from embryonic scaling to wave propagation, up to reconstructed stem cell systems. We provide new analytical calculations and insights into classical and recent models, leading us to propose a geometric description of somitogenesis organized along two primary waves of differentiation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1080 ","pages":"Pages 1-104"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037015732400156X/pdfft?md5=88a27464e3cda1ccc99fb2686e475431&pid=1-s2.0-S037015732400156X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141239528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mathematical theory of the critical point of ferromagnetic Ising systems","authors":"Domingos H.U. Marchetti ,&nbsp;Manfred Requardt ,&nbsp;Walter F. Wreszinski","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.05.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We develop a theory of the critical point of the ferromagnetic Ising model, whose basic objects are the ergodic (pure) states of the infinite system. It proves the existence of anomalous critical fluctuations, for dimension <span><math><mrow><mi>ν</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> and, under a standard assumption, for <span><math><mrow><mi>ν</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span>, for the model with nearest-neighbor interaction, in a way which is consistent with the probabilistic approach of Cassandro, Jona-Lasinio, and several others, reviewed in Jona-Lasinio’s article in Phys. Rep. 352,439 (2001). We propose to single out the state at the critical temperature <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, among the ergodic thermal states associated to temperatures <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>≤</mo><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, by a condition of non-summable clustering of the connected two-point function. The analogous condition on the connected (2r)- point functions, for <span><math><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> , together with a scaling hypothesis, natural within our framework, proves that the (macroscopic) fluctuation state is quasi-free, after a proper rescaling, also at the critical temperature, in agreement with a theorem by Cassandro and Jona-Lasinio, whose proof is, however, shown to be incomplete. Other subjects treated include topics relating to universality, including spontaneous breaking of continuous symmetries and violations of universality in problems of energetic and dynamic stability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1079 ","pages":"Pages 1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141097420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum amplification and simulation of strong and ultrastrong coupling of light and matter","authors":"Wei Qin ,&nbsp;Anton Frisk Kockum ,&nbsp;Carlos Sánchez Muñoz ,&nbsp;Adam Miranowicz ,&nbsp;Franco Nori","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.05.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The interaction of light and matter at the single-photon level is of central importance in various fields of physics, including, e.g., condensed matter physics, astronomy, quantum optics, and quantum information. Amplification of such quantum light–matter interaction can be highly beneficial to, e.g., improve device performance, explore novel phenomena, and understand fundamental physics, and has therefore been a long-standing goal. Furthermore, simulation of light–matter interaction in the regime of ultrastrong coupling, where the interaction strength is comparable to the bare frequencies of the uncoupled systems, has also become a hot research topic, and considerable progress has been made both theoretically and experimentally in the past decade. In this review, we provide a detailed introduction of recent advances in amplification of quantum light–matter interaction and simulation of ultrastrong light–matter interaction, particularly in cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics and in cavity optomechanics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1078 ","pages":"Pages 1-59"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324001571/pdfft?md5=37517ad0b729d72512e5a5426cd78070&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324001571-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141090502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}