Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Few-body Bose gases in low dimensions—A laboratory for quantum dynamics","authors":"S.I. Mistakidis ,&nbsp;A.G. Volosniev ,&nbsp;R.E. Barfknecht ,&nbsp;T. Fogarty ,&nbsp;Th. Busch ,&nbsp;A. Foerster ,&nbsp;P. Schmelcher ,&nbsp;N.T. Zinner","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cold atomic gases have become a paradigmatic system for exploring fundamental physics, which at the same time allows for applications in quantum technologies. The accelerating developments in the field have led to a highly advanced set of engineering techniques that, for example, can tune interactions, shape the external geometry, select among a large set of atomic species with different properties, or control the number of atoms. In particular, it is possible to operate in lower dimensions and drive atomic systems into the strongly correlated regime. In this review, we discuss recent advances in few-body cold atom systems confined in low dimensions from a theoretical viewpoint. We mainly focus on bosonic systems in one dimension and provide an introduction to the static properties before we review the state-of-the-art research into quantum dynamical processes stimulated by the presence of correlations. Besides discussing the fundamental physical phenomena arising in these systems, we also provide an overview of the calculational and numerical tools and methods that are commonly used, thus delivering a balanced and comprehensive overview of the field. We conclude by giving an outlook on possible future directions that are interesting to explore in these correlated systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1042 ","pages":"Pages 1-108"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71726018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental signatures of quantum and topological states in frustrated magnetism","authors":"J. Khatua ,&nbsp;B. Sana ,&nbsp;A. Zorko ,&nbsp;M. Gomilšek ,&nbsp;K. Sethupathi ,&nbsp;M.S. Ramachandra Rao ,&nbsp;M. Baenitz ,&nbsp;B. Schmidt ,&nbsp;P. Khuntia","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Frustration in magnetic materials arising from competing exchange interactions can prevent the system from adopting long-range magnetic order and can instead lead to a diverse range of novel quantum and topological states with exotic quasiparticle excitations. Here, we review prominent examples of such states, including magnetically-disordered and extensively degenerate spin ices with emergent magnetic monopole excitations, highly-entangled quantum spin liquids with fractional spinon excitations, topological order, and emergent gauge fields, as well as complex particle-like topological spin textures known as skyrmions. We provide an overview of recent advances in the search for magnetically-disordered candidate materials on the three-dimensional pyrochlore lattice and two-dimensional triangular, kagome and honeycomb lattices, the latter with bond-dependent Kitaev interactions, and on lattices supporting topological magnetism. We highlight experimental signatures of these often elusive phenomena and single out the most suitable experimental techniques that can be used to detect them. Our review also aims at providing a comprehensive guide for designing and investigating novel frustrated magnetic materials, with the potential of addressing some important open questions in contemporary condensed matter physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1041 ","pages":"Pages 1-60"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71725807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave Turbulence and thermalization in one-dimensional chains","authors":"M. Onorato ,&nbsp;Y.V. Lvov ,&nbsp;G. Dematteis ,&nbsp;S. Chibbaro","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One-dimensional chains are used as a fundamental model of condensed matter, and have constituted the starting point for key developments in nonlinear physics and complex systems. The pioneering work in this field was proposed by Fermi, Pasta, Ulam and Tsingou in the 50s in Los Alamos. An intense and fruitful mathematical and physical research followed during these last 70 years. Recently, a fresh look at the mechanisms at the route of thermalization of such systems has been provided through the lens of the Wave Turbulence approach. In this review, we give a critical summary of the results obtained in this framework. We also present a series of open problems and challenges that future work needs to address.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1040 ","pages":"Pages 1-36"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67736948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tetraquarks and pentaquarks in lattice QCD with light and heavy quarks","authors":"Pedro Bicudo","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We review how lattice QCD can contribute to the prediction and the comprehension of tetraquarks, pentaquarks and related exotic </span>hadrons such as hybrids, with at least one heavy quark. We include all families of exotic hadrons, except for the quarkless glueballs, and the hexaquarks which are related to nuclear physics.</p><p><span>Since the discovery of quarks and the development of the QCD theory, there has been a large interest in exotic hadrons, initiated by the tetraquark models developed by Jaffe in 1977. Lattice QCD, being a first principle approach to solve non-perturbative QCD, has been crucial not only to compute precise results, but also to motivate and inspire research in </span>hadronic physics, with particular interest in exotic hadrons.</p><p>In the new millennium, this interest exploded with several experimental discoveries of tetraquark and pentaquark resonances with heavy quarks, starting with the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. So far, lattice QCD has not yet been able to comprehend this <span><math><mi>Z</mi></math></span> class of tetraquarks, and is developing new methods to determine their masses, decay widths and decay processes.</p><p>The interest in tetraquarks was also fuelled by the lattice QCD prediction of a second class of tetraquarks such as the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, boundstates in the sense of having no strong decays. Very recently, the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span><span> tetraquark first predicted with quark models in 1982 by Richard et al, was observed experimentally. We expect the lattice QCD community will be able to explore this </span><span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> class of tetraquarks in more detail and with very precise results.</p><p>We report on all the different direct and indirect approaches that lattice QCD, so far with most focus on tetraquarks, has been employing to study exotic hadrons with at least one heavy quark. We also briefly review the experimental progress in observing tetraquarks and pentaquarks, and the basic theoretical paradigms of tetraquarks, including three different types of mechanisms (diquark, molecular and s pole), comparing them with the results of lattice QCD. We aim to show the journey of Lattice QCD in the exploration of these fascinating and subtle hadrons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1039 ","pages":"Pages 1-49"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49670708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on shear jamming","authors":"Deng Pan ,&nbsp;Yinqiao Wang ,&nbsp;Hajime Yoshino ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuliang Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Jamming is a ubiquitous phenomenon that appears in many soft matter<span><span> systems, including granular materials, foams, colloidal suspensions, emulsions, polymers, and cells — when jamming occurs, the system undergoes a transition from flow-like to solid-like states. Conventionally, the jamming transition occurs when the system reaches a threshold jamming density under isotropic compression, but recent studies reveal that jamming can also be induced by shear. Shear jamming has attracted much interest in the context of non-equilibrium phase transitions, mechanics and rheology of </span>amorphous materials<span><span>. Here we review the phenomenology of shear jamming and its related physics. We first describe basic observations obtained in experiments and simulations, and results from theories. Shear jamming is then demonstrated as a “bridge” that connects the rheology of athermal soft spheres and thermal hard spheres. Based on a generalized jamming </span>phase diagram, a universal description is provided for shear jamming in frictionless and frictional systems. We further review the isostaticity and criticality of the shear jamming transition, and the elasticity of shear jammed solids. The broader relevance of shear jamming is discussed, including its relation to other phenomena such as shear hardening, dilatancy, fragility, and discrete shear thickening.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1038 ","pages":"Pages 1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41228069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-linear temperature dependent Raman parametric changes: An identification of Fano intervened systems","authors":"Chanchal Rani Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Manushree Tanwar Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Tanushree Ghosh Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Suchita Kandpal Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Shailendra K. Saxena Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Raman spectroscopy, since its discovery in 1928, left millions of footprints touching almost all researchers coming from multidisciplinary research areas and has established itself as an extremely important analytical tool. In recent times, it also has exhibited capabilities to get information about non-traditional physical processes in a material at microscopic levels. For example, the manifestation of temperature/thermal effect on a </span>Raman spectrum. Conventionally termed anharmonic effect has been widely explored in various materials using Raman spectroscopy in elemental semiconductors (Si, Ge), binary materials (GaAs, Si-Ge), two-dimensional layered materials (Graphene, MoS </span>₂, WS₂), and transition metal oxides (TiO ₂, Fe₂O₃<span>). Anharmonic effects manifest themselves in terms of shift in Raman peak position and broadening in the Raman spectra as a consequence of change in phonon energy and lifetime respectively. A lot of studies are available for temperature dependent Raman spectra which followed the phonon annihilation theory of Balkanski, but there are some materials which do not follow the traditional anharmonic trend only, also show some nonlinear trend with temperature. Deviation from the anharmonic theory in various materials like graphene, heavily doped silicon, thin films and some complex materials raised due to various reasons such as band structure, doping concentration, thickness of the film, etc. which causes the electron–phonon interaction or inherent phase transition in the material. Temperature dependent nonlinear behavior of Raman spectra has been given a very less attention and requires a wide study. Although the materials which show divergence from Balkanski’s anharmonic theory, show the predominance of electron–phonon interaction but at certain temperature anharmonic effect also take part which also needs to be explored and summarized in a perspective framework. A detailed review of available work in this less touched area has been presented here so as to give a different approach to analyze the effect of thermal perturbations on Raman line-shape. A compilation of temperature dependent Raman study from different range of materials has been presented and any observed deviation from the well-known anharmonic theory has been highlighted and possible reason for such deviation has been provided.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1037 ","pages":"Pages 1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41227939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy: The role of ultrafast laser development","authors":"MengXing Na ,&nbsp;Arthur K. Mills ,&nbsp;David J. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the last decade, there has been a proliferation of laser sources for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES), building on the proven capability of this technique to tackle important scientific questions. In this review, we aim to identify the key motivations and technologies that spurred the development of various laser sources, from frequency up-conversion in nonlinear crystals to high-harmonic generation in gases. We begin with a historical overview of the field in Section 1, framed by advancements in light source and electron spectrometer technology. An introduction to the fundamental aspects of the photoemission process and the observables that can be studied is given in Section 2, along with its dependencies on the pump and probe pulse parameters. The technical aspects of TR-ARPES are discussed in Section 3. Here, experimental limitations such as space charge and resultant trade-offs in source parameters are discussed. Details of various systems and their approach to these trade-offs are given in Section 4. Within this discussion, we present a survey of TR-ARPES laser sources; a meta-analysis of these source parameters showcases the advancements and trends in modern systems. Lastly, we conclude with a brief discussion of future directions for TR-ARPES and its capabilities in elucidating equilibrium and non-equilibrium observables, as well as its integration with micro-ARPES and spin-resolved ARPES (Section 5).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1036 ","pages":"Pages 1-47"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41228070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pushing the limits of the periodic table — A review on atomic relativistic electronic structure theory and calculations for the superheavy elements","authors":"O.R. Smits ,&nbsp;P. Indelicato ,&nbsp;W. Nazarewicz ,&nbsp;M. Piibeleht ,&nbsp;P. Schwerdtfeger","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review the progress in atomic structure theory with a focus on superheavy elements and their predicted ground state configurations important for an element’s placement in the periodic table. To understand the electronic structure and correlations in the regime of large atomic numbers, it is essential to correctly solve the Dirac equation in strong Coulomb fields, and to take into account quantum electrodynamic effects. We specifically focus on the fundamental difficulties encountered when dealing with the many-particle Dirac equation. We further discuss the possibility for future many-electron atomic structure calculations going beyond the critical nuclear charge <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>crit</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mn>170</mn></mrow></math></span>, where levels such as the <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> shell dive into the negative energy continuum (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>κ</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&lt;</mo><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>). The nature of the resulting Gamow states within a rigged Hilbert space formalism is highlighted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1035 ","pages":"Pages 1-57"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41227801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite-time cosmological singularities and the possible fate of the Universe","authors":"Jaume de Haro ,&nbsp;Shin’ichi Nojiri ,&nbsp;S.D. Odintsov ,&nbsp;V.K. Oikonomou ,&nbsp;Supriya Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Singularities in any physical theory are either remarkable indicators of the unknown underlying fundamental theory, or indicate a change in the description of the physical reality. In General Relativity<span><span> there are three fundamental kinds of singularities that might occur, firstly the black hole spacelike crushing singularities, e.g. in the Schwarzschild case and two cosmological spacelike singularities appearing in finite-time, namely, the Big Bang singularity and the Big Rip singularity. In the case of black hole and Big Bang singularity, the singularity indicates that the physics is no longer described by the classical gravity theory but some quantum version of gravity is probably needed. The Big Rip is a future singularity which appears in the context of General Relativity due to a phantom scalar field needed to describe the </span>dark energy era. Apart from the Big Rip singularity, a variety of finite-time future singularities, such as, sudden singularity, Big Freeze singularity, generalized sudden singularity, </span></span><span><math><mi>w</mi></math></span><span><span>-singularity and so on, are allowed in various class of cosmological models irrespective of their origin. The occurrence of these finite-time singularities has been intensively investigated in the context of a variety of dark energy, </span>modified gravity, and other alternative cosmological theories. These singularities suggest that the current cosmological scenario is probably an approximate version of a fundamental theory yet to be discovered. In this review we provide a concrete overview of the cosmological theories constructed in the context of Einstein’s General Relativity and modified gravity theories that may lead to finite-time cosmological singularities. We also discuss various approaches suggested in the literature that could potentially prevent or mitigate finite-time singularities within the cosmological scenarios.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1034 ","pages":"Pages 1-114"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41083817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General probabilistic theories: An introduction","authors":"Martin Plávala","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We introduce the framework of general probabilistic theories (GPTs for short). GPTs are a class of operational theories that generalize both finite-dimensional classical and quantum theory, but they also include other, more exotic theories, such as the boxworld theory containing Popescu–Rohrlich boxes. We provide in-depth explanations of the basic concepts and elements of the framework of GPTs, and we also prove several well-known results. The review is self-contained and it is meant to provide the reader with consistent introduction to GPTs. Our tools mainly include convex geometry, but we also introduce diagrammatic notation and we often express equations via diagrams.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1033 ","pages":"Pages 1-64"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6727323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}