Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Progress in radiations induced engineering of liquid crystals properties for high-performance applications","authors":"Jai Prakash ,&nbsp;Depanshu Varshney ,&nbsp;Shikha Chauhan ,&nbsp;Ajeet Kaushik ,&nbsp;Yogendra Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>From the time of their revelation, liquid crystals (LCs) are stimulating scientific curiosity in the basic and applied research of these materials as they simultaneously encompass the several properties of liquid as well as crystalline phases. Even after developing various breakthrough technologies from the many facets of LC materials, a refinement of its various parameters is still a burgeoning necessity for their applications in modern technologies of display and non-display-based devices. In the same scenario, LC materials are also being developed concerning their response towards radiation as a part of research studies, radiation therapy, curing and imaging. However, the understanding of the behavior of LC materials under the radiation environment and the risk it poses on these materials is limited too. Therefore, it becomes important to review the field based on different studies for the sake of better understanding and future directions. Keeping this motivation into mind, the present review focuses on the variation of several leading parameters of LC materials governed by the irradiations of various doses. Along with it, we have systematically summarized the possible reasons followed by some analytical discussions behind the changes in different physical parameters after irradiation. Finally, we have briefly addressed the radiation-based cutting-edge applications of LC materials currently being used worldwide and some futuristic work that might be required to carry out the radiation-based study of emerging LC materials. The present review will be advantageous to provide new dimensions in the radiation-based study of emerging LC materials to researchers across the world.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1015 ","pages":"Pages 1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3456699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gauge theories on quantum spaces","authors":"Kilian Hersent ,&nbsp;Philippe Mathieu ,&nbsp;Jean-Christophe Wallet","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review the present status of gauge theories built on various quantum space–times described by noncommutative space–times. The mathematical tools and notions underlying their construction are given. Different formulations of gauge theory models on Moyal spaces as well as on quantum spaces whose coordinates form a Lie algebra are covered, with particular emphasis on some explored quantum properties. Recent attempts aiming to include gravity dynamics within a noncommutative framework are also considered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1014 ","pages":"Pages 1-83"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2438240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold source field-effect transistors: Breaking the 60-mV/decade switching limit at room temperature","authors":"Saisai Wang ,&nbsp;Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Ting Zhi ,&nbsp;Junjun Xue ,&nbsp;Dunjun Chen ,&nbsp;Lianhui Wang ,&nbsp;Rong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the size of devices continuously shrinking, power consumption has become one of the most critical issues concerning modern integrated circuits, which can be reduced by lowering the power supply voltage (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>DD</mi></mrow></msub></math></span><span>) and subthreshold slope (SS). The realization of the sub-60-mV/dec SS is essential to achieve low-power dissipation. Recently, FET devices that decrease SS by filtering out high-energy electrons to cut off the Boltzmann thermal tail have become a research hot spot. Two methods have been proposed to filter out high-energy electrons to suppress the thermal tail energy distribution. One method is using some “cold” materials as electrodes to realize the cold electron injection such as graphene and other Dirac materials. Another method is designing some novel source structures to enhance the electron tunneling<span> based on energy band<span> engineering theory, such as broken-gap structure, p type-Metal-n type structure, and superlattice structure, etc. In this paper, an overview is given on the FET with cold source (CS) design filtering out the high-energy electrons to realize the lower SS, including the recent progress, future development and prospects.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1013 ","pages":"Pages 1-33"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3207830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical models to explain the origin of urban scaling laws","authors":"Fabiano L. Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Diego Rybski","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The quest for a theory of cities that could offer a quantitative and systematic approach to managing cities represents a top priority. If such a theory is feasible, then its formulation must be in a mathematical way. As a contribution to organizing the mathematical ideas that deal with such a systematic way of understanding urban phenomena, we review the main theoretical models present in the literature that aim at explaining the origin and emergence of urban scaling. We intend to present the models, identify similarities and connections between them, and find situations in which different models lead to the same output. In addition, we report situations where some ideas initially introduced in a particular model can also be introduced in another one, generating more diversification and increasing the scope of the original works. The models treated in this paper explain urban scaling from different premises, i.e. from gravity ideas, densification and cites’ geometry to a hierarchical organization and social network properties. We also investigate scenarios in which these different fundamental ideas could be interpreted as similar — where the similarity is likely but not obvious. Furthermore, concerning the gravity model, we propose a general framework that includes all analyzed models as particular cases. We conclude the paper by discussing perspectives of this field and how future research designs and schools of thought can build on the ideas treated here.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1012 ","pages":"Pages 1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3019327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical equilibrium of circulating fluids","authors":"Alexander Migdal","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We are investigating the inviscid limit of the Navier–Stokes equation, and we find previously unknown anomalous terms in Hamiltonian, Dissipation, and Helicity, which survive this limit and define the turbulent statistics.</p><p>We find various topologically nontrivial configurations of the confined Clebsch field responsible for vortex sheets and lines. In particular, a stable vortex sheet family is discovered, but its anomalous dissipation vanishes as <span><math><msqrt><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow></msqrt></math></span>.</p><p>Topologically stable stationary singular flows, which we call Kelvinons, are introduced. They have a conserved velocity circulation <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> around the loop <span><math><mi>C</mi></math></span> and another one <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> for an infinitesimal closed loop <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>̃</mo></mrow></mover></math></span> encircling <span><math><mi>C</mi></math></span>, leading to a finite helicity. The anomalous dissipation has a finite limit, which we computed analytically.</p><p>The Kelvinon is responsible for asymptotic PDF tails of velocity circulation, <strong>perfectly matching numerical simulations</strong>.</p><p>The loop equation for circulation PDF as functional of the loop shape is derived and studied. This equation is <strong>exactly</strong> equivalent to the Schrödinger equation in loop space, with viscosity <span><math><mi>ν</mi></math></span> playing the role of Planck’s constant.</p><p>Kelvinons are fixed points of the loop equation at WKB limit <span><math><mrow><mi>ν</mi><mo>→</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span>. The anomalous Hamiltonian for the Kelvinons contains a large parameter <span><math><mrow><mo>log</mo><mfrac><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><msub><mrow><mi>Γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow></msub><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow></math></span>. The leading powers of this parameter can be summed up, leading to familiar asymptotic freedom, like in QCD. In particular, the so-called multifractal scaling laws are, as in QCD, modified by the powers of the logarithm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1011 ","pages":"Pages 1-117"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2438241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in QED with intense background fields","authors":"A. Fedotov ,&nbsp;A. Ilderton ,&nbsp;F. Karbstein ,&nbsp;B. King ,&nbsp;D. Seipt ,&nbsp;H. Taya ,&nbsp;G. Torgrimsson","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Upcoming and planned experiments combining increasingly intense lasers and energetic particle beams will access new regimes of nonlinear, relativistic, quantum effects. This improved experimental capability has driven substantial progress in QED in intense background fields. We review here the advances made during the last decade, with a focus on theory and phenomenology. As ever higher intensities are reached, it becomes necessary to consider processes at higher orders in both the number of scattered particles and the number of loops, and to account for non-perturbative physics (e.g. the Schwinger effect), with extreme intensities requiring resummation of the loop expansion. In addition to increased intensity, experiments will reach higher accuracy, and these improvements are being matched by developments in theory such as in approximation frameworks, the description of finite-size effects, and the range of physical phenomena analysed. Topics on which there has been substantial progress include: radiation reaction, spin and polarisation, nonlinear quantum vacuum effects and connections to other fields including physics beyond the Standard Model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1010 ","pages":"Pages 1-138"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3456702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chirality as generalized spin–orbit interaction in spintronics","authors":"Tao Yu ,&nbsp;Zhaochu Luo ,&nbsp;Gerrit E.W. Bauer","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Chirality or handedness distinguishes an object from its mirror images, such as the spread thumb, index finger, and middle finger of the right and left hand. In mathematics, it is described by the outer product of three vectors that obey a right-hand </span><em>vs.</em> left-hand rule. The chirality of <em>ground state</em> magnetic textures defined by the vectors of magnetization, its gradient, and an electric field from broken inversion symmetry can be fixed by a strong relativistic spin–orbit interaction. This review focuses on the chirality observed in the <em>excited states</em><span><span> of the magnetic order, dielectrics, and conductors that hold transverse spins when they are evanescent. Even without any relativistic effect<span><span>, the transverse spin of the evanescent waves<span> is locked to the momentum and the surface normal of their propagation plane. This chirality thereby acts as a generalized spin–orbit interaction, which leads to the discovery of various chiral interactions between magnetic, phononic, electronic, photonic, and plasmonic excitations in </span></span>spintronics that mediate the excitation of </span></span>quasiparticles<span><span> into a single direction, leading to phenomena such as chiral spin and phonon pumping, chiral spin Seebeck, spin skin, magnonic trap, </span>magnon<span> Doppler, chiral magnon damping, and spin diode effects. Intriguing analogies with electric counterparts in the nano-optics and plasmonics exist. After a brief review of the concepts of chirality that characterize the ground state chiral magnetic textures and chirally coupled magnets in spintronics, we turn to the chiral phenomena of excited states. We present a unified electrodynamic picture for dynamical chirality in spintronics in terms of generalized spin–orbit interaction and compare it with that in nano-optics and plasmonics. Based on the general theory, we subsequently review the theoretical progress and experimental evidence of chiral interaction, as well as the near-field transfer of the transverse spins, between various excitations in magnetic, photonic, electronic and phononic nanostructures at GHz time scales. We provide a perspective for future research before concluding this article.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1009 ","pages":"Pages 1-115"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3456703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resonant leaky modes in all-dielectric metasystems: Fundamentals and applications","authors":"Lujun Huang ,&nbsp;Lei Xu ,&nbsp;David A. Powell ,&nbsp;Willie J. Padilla ,&nbsp;Andrey E. Miroshnichenko","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span><span>All-dielectric metamaterials and </span>metasurfaces<span> have been demonstrated as ideal platforms to manipulate electromagnetic waves and enhance light–matter interaction. Analogous to guided modes in a </span></span>dielectric waveguide<span>, high refractive index dielectric metasurface supports leaky modes (also known as quasi-normal modes), including electric and magnetic resonant modes, which are represented by a complex eigenfrequency. Such leaky modes play a dominant role in governing the optical properties of dielectric </span></span>nanoparticles and metasurfaces (i.e., absorption, scattering and emission). These unique properties enable researchers to design dielectric metasurfaces with desired functionalities without resorting to computationally expensive parameter scanning with full-wave simulation. Moreover, leaky modes underpin many exciting topics, such as Fano resonances, bound states in the continuum (leaky modes with Q=+</span><span><math><mi>∞</mi></math></span><span>), coherent perfect absorption, parity-time symmetry, and exceptional points. This review provides an overview of the recent progress on leaky modes of all-dielectric-based metasystem, from fundamental physics to their applications. We start with surveying the fundamental physics of leaky modes and discussing leaky mode engineering in either a passive or active way. Then, we discuss the recent progress on the leaky modes’ application in the perfect light absorber, solar cells, photodetectors, enhanced light emission and lasing, strong coupling, enhanced nonlinear harmonic generation, and structural color. Next, we present an overview of recent advances in bound states in the continuum and their application in enhanced light–matter​ interactions. Also, we review other interesting topics: parity-time symmetry and exceptional points, and discuss their application in manipulating light in an unprecedented way. Finally, we present our vision of the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly developing field of research.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1008 ","pages":"Pages 1-66"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3207833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling laws for the energy transfer in space plasma turbulence","authors":"Raffaele Marino ,&nbsp;Luca Sorriso-Valvo","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2022.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2022.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One characteristic trait of space plasmas<span> is the multi-scale dynamics resulting from non-linear transfers and conversions of various forms of energy. Routinely evidenced in a range from the large-scale solar structures down to the characteristic scales of ions and electrons, turbulence is a major cross-scale energy transfer mechanism in space plasmas. At intermediate scales, the fate of the energy in the outer space is mainly determined by the interplay of turbulent motions and propagating waves. More mechanisms are advocated to account for the transfer and conversion of energy, including magnetic reconnection, emission of radiation and particle energization, all contributing to make the dynamical state of solar and heliospheric plasmas difficult to predict. The characterization of the energy transfer in space plasmas benefited from numerous robotic missions. However, together with breakthrough technologies, novel theoretical developments and methodologies for the analysis of data played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of how energy is transferred across the scales in the space. In recent decades, several scaling laws were obtained providing effective ways to model the energy flux in turbulent plasmas. Under certain assumptions, these relations enabled to utilize reduced knowledge (in terms of degrees of freedom) of the fields from spacecraft observations to obtain direct estimates of the energy transfer rates (and not only) in the interplanetary space<span><span>, also in the proximity of the Sun and planets. Starting from the first third-order exact law for the magnetohydrodynamics by Politano and Pouquet (1998), we present a detailed review of the main scaling laws for the energy transfer in </span>plasma turbulence<span> and their application, presenting theoretical, numerical and observational milestones of what has become one of the main approaches for the characterization of turbulent dynamics and energetics in space plasmas.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1006 ","pages":"Pages 1-144"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2891254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical Casimir effect: Exact results","authors":"D.M. Dantchev ,&nbsp;S. Dietrich","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2022.12.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2022.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In any medium there are fluctuations due to temperature or due to the quantum nature of its constituents. If a material body is immersed into such a medium, its shape and the properties of its constituents modify the properties of the surrounding medium and its fluctuations. If in the same medium there is a second body then — in addition to all direct interactions between them — the modifications due to the first body influence the modifications due to the second body. This mutual influence results in a force between these bodies. If the excitations of the medium, which mediate the effective interaction between the bodies, are massless, this force is long-ranged and nowadays known as a Casimir force. If the fluctuating medium consists of the confined electromagnetic field in vacuum, one speaks of the quantum mechanical Casimir effect. In the case that the order parameter of material fields fluctuates – such as differences of number densities or concentrations – and that the corresponding fluctuations of the order parameter are long-ranged, one speaks of the critical Casimir effect. This holds, e.g., in the case of systems which undergo a second-order phase transition and which are thermodynamically located near the corresponding critical point, or for systems with a broken continuous symmetry exhibiting Goldstone mode excitations. Here we review the currently available exact results concerning the critical Casimir effect in systems encompassing the one-dimensional Ising, XY, and Heisenberg models, the two-dimensional Ising model, the Gaussian and the spherical models, as well as the mean field results for the Ising and the XY model. Special attention is paid to the influence of the boundary conditions on the behavior of the Casimir force. We present results both for the case of classical critical fluctuations if the system possesses a critical point at a non-zero temperature, as well as the case of quantum systems undergoing a continuous phase transition at zero temperature as function of certain parameters. As confinements we consider the film, the sphere–plane, and the sphere–sphere geometries. We discuss systems governed by short-ranged, by subleading long-ranged (i.e., of the van der Waals type), and by leading long-ranged interactions. In order to put the critical Casimir effect into the proper context and in order to make the review as self-contained as possible, basic facts about the theory of phase transitions, the theory of critical phenomena in classical and quantum systems, and finite-size scaling theory are recalled. Whenever possible, a discussion of the relevance of the exact results towards an understanding of available experiments is presented. The eventual applicability of the present results for certain devices is pointed out, too.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1005 ","pages":"Pages 1-130"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3019337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}