Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Quantum collision models: Open system dynamics from repeated interactions","authors":"Francesco Ciccarello ,&nbsp;Salvatore Lorenzo ,&nbsp;Vittorio Giovannetti ,&nbsp;G. Massimo Palma","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2022.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2022.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We present an extensive introduction to quantum collision models (CMs), also known as repeated interactions schemes: a class of microscopic system–bath models for investigating open quantum systems dynamics whose use is currently spreading in a number of research areas. Through dedicated sections and a pedagogical approach, we discuss the CMs definition and general properties, their use for the derivation of master equations, their connection with quantum trajectories, their application in non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics, their non-Markovian generalizations, their emergence from conventional system–bath microscopic models and link to the input–output formalism. The state of the art of each involved research area is reviewed through dedicated sections. The article is supported by several complementary appendices, which review standard concepts/tools of open quantum systems used in the main text with the goal of making the material accessible even to readers possessing only a basic background in </span>quantum mechanics.</p><p>The paper could also be seen itself as a friendly, physically intuitive, introduction to fundamentals of open quantum systems theory since most main concepts of this are treated such as quantum maps, Lindblad master equation, steady states, POVMs, quantum trajectories and stochastic Schrödinger equation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"954 ","pages":"Pages 1-70"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2281898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platicon microcomb generation using laser self-injection locking.","authors":"Grigory Lihachev, Wenle Weng, Junqiu Liu, Lin Chang, Joel Guo, Jijun He, Rui Ning Wang, Miles H Anderson, Yang Liu, John E Bowers, Tobias J Kippenberg","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-29431-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41467-022-29431-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The past decade has witnessed major advances in the development and system-level applications of photonic integrated microcombs, that are coherent, broadband optical frequency combs with repetition rates in the millimeter-wave to terahertz domain. Most of these advances are based on harnessing of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKS) in microresonators with anomalous group velocity dispersion (GVD). However, microcombs can also be generated with normal GVD using localized structures that are referred to as dark pulses, switching waves or platicons. Compared with DKS microcombs that require specific designs and fabrication techniques for dispersion engineering, platicon microcombs can be readily built using CMOS-compatible platforms such as thin-film (i.e., thickness below 300 nm) silicon nitride with normal GVD. Here, we use laser self-injection locking to demonstrate a fully integrated platicon microcomb operating at a microwave K-band repetition rate. A distributed feedback (DFB) laser edge-coupled to a Si₃N₄ chip is self-injection-locked to a high-Q ( > 10⁷) microresonator with high confinement waveguides, and directly excites platicons without sophisticated active control. We demonstrate multi-platicon states and switching, perform optical feedback phase study and characterize the phase noise of the K-band platicon repetition rate and the pump laser. Laser self-injection-locked platicons could facilitate the wide adoption of microcombs as a building block in photonic integrated circuits via commercial foundry service.</p>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"478 1","pages":"1771"},"PeriodicalIF":14.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8975808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41282988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flag manifold sigma models","authors":"Ian Affleck ,&nbsp;Dmitri Bykov ,&nbsp;Kyle Wamer","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2021.09.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review is dedicated to two-dimensional sigma models with flag manifold target spaces, which are generalizations of the familiar <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>CP</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> and Grassmannian models. They naturally arise in the description of continuum limits of spin chains, and their phase structure is sensitive to the values of the topological angles, which are determined by the representations of spins in the chain. Gapless phases can in certain cases be explained by the presence of discrete ’t Hooft anomalies in the continuum theory. We also discuss integrable flag manifold sigma models, which provide a generalization of the theory of integrable models with symmetric target spaces. These models, as well as their deformations, have an alternative equivalent formulation as bosonic Gross–Neveu models, which proves useful for demonstrating that the deformed geometries are solutions of the renormalization group (Ricci flow) equations, as well as for the analysis of anomalies and for describing potential couplings to fermions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"953 ","pages":"Pages 1-93"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2305740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conformal field theory in momentum space and anomaly actions in gravity: The analysis of three- and four-point function","authors":"Claudio Corianò ,&nbsp;Matteo Maria Maglio","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>After a brief outline of general aspects of conformal field theories in coordinate space, in a first part we review the solution of the conformal constraints of three- and four-point functions in momentum space in dimensions </span><span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, in the form of conformal Ward identities (CWIs). We center our discussion on the analysis of correlators containing stress–energy tensors <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, conserved currents <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, and scalar operators <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>O</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>. For scalar four-point functions, we briefly discuss our method for determining the dual conformal solutions of such equations, identified only by the CWIs, and related to the conformal Yangian symmetry, introduced by us in previous work. In correlation functions with <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span> tensors, evaluated around a flat spacetime, the conformal anomaly is characterized by the (non-local) exchange of massless poles in specific form factors, a signature that has been investigated both in free field theory and non-perturbatively, by solving the conformal constraints. We discuss the anomaly effective action, and illustrate the derivation of the CWIs directly from its path integral definition and its Weyl symmetry, which is alternative to the standard operatorial approach used in conformal field theories in flat space. For two- and three-point functions, we elaborate on the matching of these types of correlators to free-field theories. Perturbative realizations of CFTs at one-loop provide the simplest expressions of the general solutions identified by the CWIs, for generic operators <span><math><mi>T</mi></math></span>, <span><math><mi>J</mi></math></span>, and scalars of specific scaling dimensions, by an appropriate choice of their field content. In a technical appendix we offer details on the reconstruction of the <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math></span> correlators in the approach of Bzowski, McFadden and Skenderis, and specifically on the secondary Ward identities of the method, in order to establish a complete match with the perturbative description.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"952 ","pages":"Pages 1-95"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2305742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum physics in space","authors":"Alessio Belenchia ,&nbsp;Matteo Carlesso ,&nbsp;Ömer Bayraktar ,&nbsp;Daniele Dequal ,&nbsp;Ivan Derkach ,&nbsp;Giulio Gasbarri ,&nbsp;Waldemar Herr ,&nbsp;Ying Lia Li ,&nbsp;Markus Rademacher ,&nbsp;Jasminder Sidhu ,&nbsp;Daniel K.L. Oi ,&nbsp;Stephan T. Seidel ,&nbsp;Rainer Kaltenbaek ,&nbsp;Christoph Marquardt ,&nbsp;Hendrik Ulbricht ,&nbsp;Vladyslav C. Usenko ,&nbsp;Lisa Wörner ,&nbsp;André Xuereb ,&nbsp;Mauro Paternostro ,&nbsp;Angelo Bassi","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advances in quantum technologies are giving rise to a revolution in the way fundamental physics questions are explored at the empirical level. At the same time, they are the seeds for future disruptive technological applications of quantum physics. Remarkably, a space-based environment may open many new avenues for exploring and employing quantum physics and technologies. Recently, space missions employing quantum technologies for fundamental or applied studies have been proposed and implemented with stunning results. The combination of quantum physics and its space application is the focus of this review: we cover both the fundamental scientific questions that can be tackled with quantum technologies in space and the possible implementation of these technologies for a variety of academic and commercial purposes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"951 ","pages":"Pages 1-70"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2141547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kitaev materials","authors":"Simon Trebst,&nbsp;Ciarán Hickey","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In transition-metal compounds with partially filled 4<span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> and 5<span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> shells spin–orbit entanglement, electronic correlations, and crystal-field effects conspire to give rise to a variety of novel forms of topological quantum matter. This includes Kitaev materials — a family of spin–orbit assisted Mott insulators, in which local, spin–orbit entangled <span><math><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> moments form that are subject to dominant bond-directional Ising exchange interactions. On a conceptual level, Kitaev materials attract much interest for their potential for unconventional forms of magnetism, such as spin liquid physics in two- and three-dimensional lattice geometries or the formation of non-trivial spin textures. Experimentally, a number of Kitaev materials have been synthesized, which includes the honeycomb materials Na<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>2</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>IrO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>3</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>-Li<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>2</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>IrO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>3</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>LiIr<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, and, most prominently, <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>-RuCl<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>3</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, the triangular materials Ba<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>Ir<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>Ti<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, as well as the three-dimensional hyper-honeycomb and stripy-honeycomb materials <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>-Li<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>2</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>IrO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>3</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-Li<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>2</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>IrO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>3</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. We provide a short review of the current status of the theoretical and experimental exploration of these Kitaev materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"950 ","pages":"Pages 1-37"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2013332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The synchronized dynamics of time-varying networks","authors":"Dibakar Ghosh ,&nbsp;Mattia Frasca ,&nbsp;Alessandro Rizzo ,&nbsp;Soumen Majhi ,&nbsp;Sarbendu Rakshit ,&nbsp;Karin Alfaro-Bittner ,&nbsp;Stefano Boccaletti","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2021.10.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Over the past two decades, complex network theory provided the ideal framework for investigating the intimate relationships between the topological properties characterizing the wiring of connections among a system’s unitary components and its emergent synchronized functioning. An increased number of setups from the real world found therefore a representation in terms of graphs, while more and more sophisticated methods were developed with the aim of furnishing a realistic description of the connectivity patterns under study. In particular, a significant number of systems in physics, biology and social science features a time-varying nature of the interactions among their units. We here give a comprehensive review of the major results obtained by contemporary studies on the emergence of </span>synchronization in time-varying networks. In particular, two paradigmatic frameworks will be described in detail. The first encompasses those systems where the time dependence of the nodes’ connections is due to adaptation, external forces, or any other process affecting each of the links of the network. The second framework, instead, corresponds to the case in which the structural evolution of the graph is due to the movement of the nodes, or agents, in physical spaces and to the fact that interactions may be ruled by space-dependent laws in a way that connections are continuously switched on and off in the course of the time. Finally, our report ends with a short discussion on promising directions and open problems for future studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"949 ","pages":"Pages 1-63"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2305741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social physics","authors":"Marko Jusup ,&nbsp;Petter Holme ,&nbsp;Kiyoshi Kanazawa ,&nbsp;Misako Takayasu ,&nbsp;Ivan Romić ,&nbsp;Zhen Wang ,&nbsp;Sunčana Geček ,&nbsp;Tomislav Lipić ,&nbsp;Boris Podobnik ,&nbsp;Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Luo ,&nbsp;Tin Klanjšček ,&nbsp;Jingfang Fan ,&nbsp;Stefano Boccaletti ,&nbsp;Matjaž Perc","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2021.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent decades have seen a rise in the use of physics methods<span> to study different societal phenomena. This development has been due to physicists venturing outside of their traditional domains of interest, but also due to scientists from other disciplines taking from physics the methods that have proven so successful throughout the 19th and the 20th century. Here we characterise the field with the term ‘social physics’ and pay our respect to intellectual mavericks who nurtured it to maturity. We do so by reviewing the current state of the art. Starting with a set of topics that are at the heart of modern human societies, we review research dedicated to urban development and traffic, the functioning of financial markets, cooperation as the basis for our evolutionary success, the structure of social networks, and the integration of intelligent machines into these networks. We then shift our attention to a set of topics that explore potential threats to society. These include criminal behaviour, large-scale migration, epidemics, environmental challenges, and climate change. We end the coverage of each topic with promising directions for future research. Based on this, we conclude that the future for social physics is bright. Physicists studying societal phenomena are no longer a curiosity, but rather a force to be reckoned with. Notwithstanding, it remains of the utmost importance that we continue to foster constructive dialogue and mutual respect at the interfaces of different scientific disciplines.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"948 ","pages":"Pages 1-148"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3076660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calculating black hole shadows: Review of analytical studies","authors":"Volker Perlick ,&nbsp;Oleg Yu. Tsupko","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2021.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this article, we provide a review of the current state of the research of the black hole shadow, focusing on analytical (as opposed to numerical and observational) studies. We start with particular attention to the definition of the shadow and its relation to the often used concepts of escape cone, critical impact parameter and particle cross-section. For methodological purposes, we present the derivation of the angular size of the shadow for an arbitrary spherically symmetric and static<span><span> space–time, which allows one to calculate the shadow for an observer at arbitrary distance from the center. Then we discuss the calculation of the shadow of a Kerr black hole, for an observer anywhere outside of the black hole. For observers at large distances we present and compare two methods used in the literature. Special attention is given to calculating the shadow in space–times which are not asymptotically flat. Shadows of </span>wormholes and other black-hole impostors are reviewed. Then we discuss the calculation of the black hole shadow in an expanding universe as seen by a comoving observer. The influence of a plasma on the shadow of a black hole is also considered.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"947 ","pages":"Pages 1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2305743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances on the fundamental physical phenomena behind stability, dynamic motion, thermophysical properties, heat transport, applications, and challenges of nanofluids","authors":"Zafar Said ,&nbsp;L. Syam Sundar ,&nbsp;Arun Kumar Tiwari ,&nbsp;Hafiz Muhammad Ali ,&nbsp;Mohsen Sheikholeslami ,&nbsp;Evangelos Bellos ,&nbsp;Hamza Babar","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2021.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;In the past decade, nanotechnology’s rapid developments have created quite a lot of prospects for researchers and engineers to check up on. And nanofluids are important consequences of this progression. Nanofluids are created by suspending &lt;/span&gt;nanoparticles&lt;span&gt; with average diameters below 100 nm in conventional heat transfer carriers such as water, oil, ethylene glycol, etc. Nanofluids are considered to offer substantial advantages over usual heat transfer fluids. When dispersed in a uniform way and suspended stably in the base fluids, a minimal amount of nanoparticles can significantly improve the thermal properties&lt;span&gt; of host fluids. Present work attempts to address this challenge considering state-of-the-art advances in understanding, discussing, and mitigating problems about nanofluids’ stability. Stable and highly conductive nanofluids are produced by generally, one-step and two-step production methods. Both approaches suffer from problems with the nanoparticles’ agglomeration to be an important one. Thus, numerous numerical models and the principal physical phenomena affecting the stability (fundamental physical principles that govern the interparticle interactions, clustering and deposition kinetics, and colloidal stability theories) have been analyzed. Concerning the particles’ dynamic motion, the significance of different forces in nanofluid in particulate flows such as drag, lift (Magnus and Saffman), Brownian, thermophoretic, Van der Waals, electrostatic double-layer forces are investigated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, an overview of nanofluids’ thermophysical properties&lt;span&gt;, physical models, and heat transfer models is​ included in this work. In order to realize the unexpected discoveries and overcome classical models’ limitations, several researchers have suggested new physical concepts&lt;span&gt; and mechanisms, and they have created new models to enhance the transport properties. This review study includes numerous aspects of the nanofluids’ science by investigating applications, thermal properties and giving critical chronological milestones about the nanofluids’ evolution. Also, the present review discusses in detail various modeling and slip mechanisms for the heat transfer of nanofluids. Potential novel 2D materials as nanofluids have also been discussed and reported. A brief overview of the potential applications utilizing nanofluids has been reviewed, and future research gaps have been reported. Furthermore, recommendations were extracted regarding current scientific gaps and future research directions to cover the physical phenomenon, stability, thermophysical properties, overview of some applications, and the limitations hindering these nanofluids’ deployment. The review is presumed to be valuable for scholars and researchers working in the area of numerical simulations of nanofluids and experimental aspects and help them understand the fundamental physical phenomena taking place during these numeri","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"946 ","pages":"Pages 1-94"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.physrep.2021.07.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2305748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}