Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Dark matter in compact stars","authors":"Joseph Bramante ,&nbsp;Nirmal Raj","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>WDs and neutron stars are far-reaching and multi-faceted laboratories in the hunt for dark matter. We review detection prospects of wave-like, particulate, macroscopic and black hole dark matter that make use of several exceptional properties of compact stars, such as ultra-high densities, deep </span>fermion degeneracies, low temperatures, </span>nucleon<span><span> superfluidity, strong magnetic fields, high rotational regularity, and significant </span>gravitational wave emissivity. Foundational topics first made explicit in this document include the effect of the “propellor phase” on neutron star baryonic accretion, and the contribution of Auger and Cooper pair breaking effects to neutron star heating by dark matter capture.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1052 ","pages":"Pages 1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138553533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lectures on generalized symmetries","authors":"Lakshya Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Lea E. Bottini ,&nbsp;Ludovic Fraser-Taliente ,&nbsp;Liam Gladden ,&nbsp;Dewi S.W. Gould ,&nbsp;Arthur Platschorre ,&nbsp;Hannah Tillim","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>These are a set of lecture notes on generalized global symmetries in quantum field theory. The focus is on invertible symmetries with a few comments regarding non-invertible symmetries. The main topics covered are the basics of higher-form symmetries and their properties including ’t Hooft anomalies, gauging and spontaneous symmetry breaking. We also introduce the useful notion of symmetry topological field theories (SymTFTs). Furthermore, an introduction to higher-group symmetries describing mixings of higher-form symmetries is provided. Some advanced topics covered include the encoding of higher-form symmetries in holography and geometric engineering constructions in string theory. Throughout the text, all concepts are consistently illustrated using gauge theories as examples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1051 ","pages":"Pages 1-87"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003861/pdfft?md5=dae7beeab8e7b89a1bb883c1fa5679b6&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157323003861-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138467580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elementary vibrational model for transport properties of dense fluids","authors":"S.A. Khrapak","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A vibrational model of transport properties of dense fluids assumes that solid-like oscillations of atoms around their temporary equilibrium positions dominate the dynamical picture. The temporary equilibrium positions of atoms do not form any regular structure and are not fixed, unlike in solids. Instead, they are allowed to diffuse and this is why liquids can flow. However, this diffusive motion is characterized by much longer time scales compared to those of solid-like oscillations. Although this general picture is not particularly new, only in a recent series of works it has been possible to construct a coherent and internally consistent <em>quantitative</em><span> description of transport properties such as self-diffusion, shear viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the magnitudes of these transport coefficients have been related to the properties of collective excitations in dense fluids. Importantly, the model is simple and no free parameters are involved. Recent achievements are summarized in this overview. Application of the vibrational model to various single-component model systems such as plasma-related Coulomb and screened Coulomb (Yukawa) fluids, the Lennard-Jones fluid, and the hard-sphere fluid is considered in detail. Applications to real liquids are also briefly discussed. Overall, good to excellent agreement with available numerical and experimental data is demonstrated. Conditions of applicability of the vibrational model and a related question concerning the location of the gas–liquid dynamical crossover are discussed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1050 ","pages":"Pages 1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138448555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beginners lectures on flux compactifications and related Swampland topics","authors":"Thomas Van Riet ,&nbsp;Gianluca Zoccarato","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>These lecture notes provide a pedagogical introduction, with exercises, to the techniques used in attempts to construct vacua with stabilized moduli in string theory<span>. The reader is only assumed to have a basic knowledge of general relativity, geometry and field theory. We emphasize physical arguments and focus on the latest developments involving the Swampland program that point to a tension for the existence of AdS vacua with small extra dimensions or dS vacua with parametric control. We include a brief summary of the current status of these thorny issues. Unlike many other reviews we make almost no use of the technicalities associated to supersymmetric geometries. These notes are largely based on lectures given at the CERN Winter School on Supergravity, Strings and Gauge Theory and in the Tehran School on Swampland Program held in the summer of 2022.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1049 ","pages":"Pages 1-51"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138437840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics of the analytic S-matrix","authors":"Sebastian Mizera","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>You might have heard about various mathematical properties of scattering amplitudes such as analyticity, sheets, branch cuts, discontinuities, etc. What does it all mean? In these lectures, we will take a guided tour through simple scattering problems that will allow us to directly trace such properties back to physics. We will learn how different analytic features of the S-matrix are really consequences of causality, locality of interactions, unitary propagation, and so on.</p><p>These notes are based on a series of lectures given in Spring 2023 at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and the Higgs Centre School of Theoretical Physics in Edinburgh.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1047 ","pages":"Pages 1-92"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003502/pdfft?md5=ac820a880f04ca0ee7ae0743019c1e73&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157323003502-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135325258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operator approach in nonlinear stochastic open quantum physics","authors":"Sina Khorasani","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The success of quantum physics in description of various physical interaction phenomena relies primarily on the accuracy of analytical methods used. In quantum mechanics, many of such interactions such as those found in quantum optomechanics and quantum computing have a highly nonlinear nature, which makes their analysis extraordinarily difficult using classical schemes. Typically, modern quantum systems of interest nowadays come with four basic properties: (i) quantumness, (ii) openness, (iii) randomness, and (iv) nonlinearity. The newly introduced method of higher-order operators targets analytical solutions to such systems, and while providing at least mathematically approximate expressions with improved accuracy over the fully linearized schemes, some cases admit exact solutions. Many different applications of this method in quantum and classically nonlinear systems are demonstrated throughout. This review is purposed to provide the reader with ease of access to this recent and well-established operator algebra, while going over a moderate amount of literature review. The reader with basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and quantum noise theory should be able to start using this scheme to his or her own problem of interest.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1046 ","pages":"Pages 1-94"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92062839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat equations beyond Fourier: From heat waves to thermal metamaterials","authors":"R. Kovács","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the past few decades, numerous heat conduction models extending beyond Fourier’s have been developed to account for large gradients, fast phenomena, wave propagation, and heterogeneous material structures typical of biological systems, superlattices, and thermal metamaterials. Navigating through these models has become challenging due to their varying thermodynamic backgrounds and potential compatibility issues. Furthermore, recent discoveries in the field of non-Fourier heat conduction have complicated the interpretation and utilization of specific non-Fourier heat equations, especially when designing materials for the new generation of thermal metamaterials. The situation is further compounded by the existence of numerous modeling strategies in the literature, each offering different interpretations of even the same heat equation. This complexity makes it increasingly difficult to gain a comprehensive understanding of this research field. Therefore, this review aims to facilitate the navigation of advanced heat equations beyond Fourier by discussing their properties and potential practical applications in the context of experiments. We begin with the simplest models and their fundamental principles, progressing toward more complex, coupled phenomena, such as ballistic heat conduction.</p><p>We do not delve into the often intricate technical details of each thermodynamic framework or aim to compare each approach from a methodological perspective. Instead, we focus on reviewing models primarily from the Rational Extended Thermodynamics, Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics, and Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics with Internal Variables frameworks. Additionally, we discuss relevant models from kinetic theory, fractional derivatives, thermomass, and phase lag approaches. We provide background information on these models to highlight their origins, any limitations they may have, and the corresponding stability conditions, if applicable. Furthermore, as the field of non-Fourier heat conduction has become quite segmented, this paper also seeks to establish a common foundation, promoting a comprehensive mutual understanding of the fundamentals of each model and the phenomena to which they can be applied.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1048 ","pages":"Pages 1-75"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003770/pdfft?md5=fa492d9dd442eab12135d287a0fd0738&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157323003770-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91762134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovering causal relations and equations from data","authors":"Gustau Camps-Valls ,&nbsp;Andreas Gerhardus ,&nbsp;Urmi Ninad ,&nbsp;Gherardo Varando ,&nbsp;Georg Martius ,&nbsp;Emili Balaguer-Ballester ,&nbsp;Ricardo Vinuesa ,&nbsp;Emiliano Diaz ,&nbsp;Laure Zanna ,&nbsp;Jakob Runge","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Physics is a field of science that has traditionally used the scientific method to answer questions about why natural phenomena occur and to make testable models that explain the phenomena. Discovering equations, laws, and principles that are invariant, robust, and causal has been fundamental in physical sciences throughout the centuries. Discoveries emerge from observing the world and, when possible, performing interventions on the system under study. With the advent of big data and data-driven methods, the fields of causal and equation discovery have developed and accelerated progress in computer science, physics, statistics, philosophy, and many applied fields. This paper reviews the concepts, methods, and relevant works on causal and equation discovery in the broad field of physics and outlines the most important challenges and promising future lines of research. We also provide a taxonomy for data-driven causal and equation discovery, point out connections, and showcase comprehensive case studies in Earth and climate sciences, fluid dynamics and mechanics, and the neurosciences. This review demonstrates that discovering fundamental laws and causal relations by observing natural phenomena is revolutionised with the efficient exploitation of observational data and simulations, modern machine learning algorithms and the combination with domain knowledge. Exciting times are ahead with many challenges and opportunities to improve our understanding of complex systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1044 ","pages":"Pages 1-68"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003411/pdfft?md5=b9be5b06ed2ff55f1c878fa8bf3d7e05&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157323003411-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91730106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3 and FeO) as photothermal heat mediators in the first, second and third biological windows","authors":"A.G. Roca ,&nbsp;J.F. Lopez-Barbera ,&nbsp;A. Lafuente ,&nbsp;F. Özel ,&nbsp;E. Fantechi ,&nbsp;J. Muro-Cruces ,&nbsp;M. Hémadi ,&nbsp;B. Sepulveda ,&nbsp;J. Nogues","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanotherapies are gaining increased interest for the treatment diverse diseases, particularly cancer, since they target the affected area directly, presenting higher efficacy and reduced side effects than traditional therapies. A promising nanotherapy approach is hyperthermia, where the nanoparticle can induce a local temperature increase by an external stimulus in the sick tissue to selectively kill the malignant cells. Among the diverse hyperthermia methods, photothermia is based on the absorption of light by the nanoparticles and further conversion into heat. Within the very wide range of nanostructured photothermal agents, iron oxides offer remarkable features since they are already approved by the FDA/EMA for various biomedical applications, they are biodegradable, easily manipulated using magnetic fields and can be imaged by diverse techniques. Here, we summarize the advantages of using the second biological window, both from the perspective of the skin and the optical properties of iron oxides. Further, we review the photothermal performance of iron oxide nanoparticles in the first, second and third biological windows. Overall, the results show that, for different types of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄, <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-Fe₂O₃, wüstite-FeO), both the heating capacity (i.e., induced temperature increase) and the photothermal conversion efficiency, <span><math><mi>η</mi></math></span>, vary in a complex way with the light wavelength, depending critically on the measurement conditions and physiochemical properties of the materials. Despite the spread in the reported photothermal properties of iron oxides, Fe₃O₄ particles tend to perform better than their <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-Fe₂O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> counterparts, particularly in the second biological window. Interestingly, FeO, which has not been exploited so far from a photothermal perspective, shows very appealing absorption properties. Our preliminary studies using FeO/Fe₃O₄ core/shell nanoparticles evidence that they have excellent photothermal properties, outperforming Fe₃O₄ in both first and second biological windows. Finally, some applications beyond cancer treatment of iron oxide nanoparticles, exploiting the enhanced properties in the second spectral window, are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1043 ","pages":"Pages 1-35"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71725589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weizmann lectures on the numerical conformal bootstrap","authors":"Shai M. Chester","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>These lectures were given at the Weizmann Institute in the spring of 2019. They are intended to familiarize students with the nuts and bolts of the numerical bootstrap as efficiently as possible. After a brief review of the basics of conformal field theory in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> spacetime dimensions, we discuss how to compute conformal blocks, formulate the crossing equations as a semi-definite programming problem, solve this problem using <span>SDPB</span> on a personal computer, and interpret the results. We include worked examples for all steps, including bounds for 3d CFTs with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> or <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>N</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> global symmetries. Each lecture includes a problem set, which culminate in a precise computation of the 3d Ising model critical exponents using the mixed correlator <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> bootstrap. A <span>Mathematica</span> file is included that transforms crossing equations into the proper input form for <span>SDPB</span>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1045 ","pages":"Pages 1-44"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71725788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}