Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Current challenges in the physics of white dwarf stars” [Phys. Rep. 988 (2022) 1–63]","authors":"Didier Saumon , Simon Blouin , Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Pages 48-49"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324001650/pdfft?md5=c45b70a7f6ba2b8b7b2300819f808dba&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324001650-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141066893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topology in soft and biological matter","authors":"Luca Tubiana ,&nbsp;Gareth P. Alexander ,&nbsp;Agnese Barbensi ,&nbsp;Dorothy Buck ,&nbsp;Julyan H.E. Cartwright ,&nbsp;Mateusz Chwastyk ,&nbsp;Marek Cieplak ,&nbsp;Ivan Coluzza ,&nbsp;Simon Čopar ,&nbsp;David J. Craik ,&nbsp;Marco Di Stefano ,&nbsp;Ralf Everaers ,&nbsp;Patrícia F.N. Faísca ,&nbsp;Franco Ferrari ,&nbsp;Achille Giacometti ,&nbsp;Dimos Goundaroulis ,&nbsp;Ellinor Haglund ,&nbsp;Ya-Ming Hou ,&nbsp;Nevena Ilieva ,&nbsp;Sophie E. Jackson ,&nbsp;Slobodan Žumer","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The last years have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of the emergence and consequences of topological constraints in biological and soft matter. Examples are abundant in relation to (bio)polymeric systems and range from the characterization of knots in single polymers and proteins to that of whole chromosomes and polymer melts. At the same time, considerable advances have been made in the description of the interplay between topological and physical properties in complex fluids, with the development of techniques that now allow researchers to control the formation of and interaction between defects in diverse classes of liquid crystals. Thanks to technological progress and the integration of experiments with increasingly sophisticated numerical simulations, topological biological and soft matter is a vibrant area of research attracting scientists from a broad range of disciplines. However, owing to the high degree of specialization of modern science, many results have remained confined to their own particular fields, with different jargon making it difficult for researchers to share ideas and work together towards a comprehensive view of the diverse phenomena at play. Compelled by these motivations, here we present a comprehensive overview of topological effects in systems ranging from DNA and genome organization to entangled proteins, polymeric materials, liquid crystals, and theoretical physics, with the intention of reducing the barriers between different fields of soft matter and biophysics. Particular care has been taken in providing a coherent formal introduction to the topological properties of polymers and of continuum materials and in highlighting the underlying common aspects concerning the emergence, characterization, and effects of topological objects in different systems. The second half of the review is dedicated to the presentation of the latest results in selected problems, specifically, the effects of topological constraints on the viscoelastic properties of polymeric materials; their relation with genome organization; a discussion on the emergence and possible effects of knots and other entanglements in proteins; the emergence and effects of topological defects and solitons in complex fluids.</p><p>This review is dedicated to the memory of Marek Cieplak.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Pages 1-137"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140950959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems with long-range interactions","authors":"Nicolò Defenu ,&nbsp;Alessio Lerose ,&nbsp;Silvia Pappalardi","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Experimental progress in atomic, molecular, and optical platforms in the last decade has stimulated strong and broad interest in the quantum coherent dynamics of many <em>long-range interacting</em> particles. The prominent collective character of these systems enables novel non-equilibrium phenomena with no counterpart in conventional quantum systems with local interactions. Much of the theory work in this area either focussed on the impact of variable-range interaction tails on the physics of local interactions or relied on mean-field-like descriptions based on the opposite limit of all-to-all infinite-range interactions. In this Report, we present a systematic and organic review of recent advances in the field. Working with prototypical interacting quantum spin lattices without disorder, our presentation hinges upon a versatile theoretical formalism that interpolates between the few-body mean-field physics and the many-body physics of quasi-local interactions. Such a formalism allows us to connect these two regimes, providing both a formal quantitative tool and basic physical intuition. We leverage this unifying framework to review several findings of the last decade, including the peculiar non-ballistic spreading of quantum correlations, counter-intuitive slowdown of entanglement dynamics, suppression of thermalization and equilibration, anomalous scaling of defects upon traversing criticality, dynamical phase transitions, and genuinely non-equilibrium phases stabilized by periodic driving. The style of this Report is on the pedagogical side, which makes it accessible to readers without previous experience in the subject matter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1074 ","pages":"Pages 1-92"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324001406/pdfft?md5=cce61699016bbe48884f55dd21d44503&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324001406-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Celestial holography: An asymptotic symmetry perspective","authors":"Laura Donnay","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review the role that infinite-dimensional symmetries arising at the boundary of asymptotically flat spacetimes play in the context of the celestial holography program. Once recast into the language of conformal field theory, asymptotic symmetries provide key constraints on the sought-for celestial dual to quantum gravity in flat spacetimes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1073 ","pages":"Pages 1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140807141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shell-shaped atomic gases","authors":"Andrea Tononi ,&nbsp;Luca Salasnich","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review the quantum statistical properties of two-dimensional shell-shaped gases, produced by cooling and confining atomic ensembles in thin hollow shells. We consider both spherical and ellipsoidal shapes, discussing at zero and at finite temperature the phenomena of Bose–Einstein condensation and of superfluidity, the physics of vortices, and the crossover from the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer regime to a Bose–Einstein condensate. The novel aspects associated to the curved geometry are elucidated in comparison with flat two-dimensional superfluids. We also describe the hydrodynamic excitations and their relation with the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition for two-dimensional flat and curved superfluids. In the next years, shell-shaped atomic gases will be the leading experimental platform for investigations of quantum many-body physics in curved spatial domains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1072 ","pages":"Pages 1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140807085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On principles of emergent organization","authors":"Adam Rupe ,&nbsp;James P. Crutchfield","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After more than a century of concerted effort, physics still lacks basic principles of spontaneous self-organization. To appreciate why, we first state the problem, outline historical approaches, and survey the present state of the physics of self-organization. This frames the particular challenges arising from mathematical intractability and the resulting need for computational approaches, as well as those arising from a chronic failure to define structure. Then, an overview of two modern mathematical formulations of organization—intrinsic computation and evolution operators—lays out a way to overcome these challenges. Additionally, we show how intrinsic computation and evolution operators combine to produce a general framework showing physical consistency between emergent behaviors and their underlying physics. This statistical mechanics of emergence provides a theoretical foundation for data-driven approaches to organization necessitated by analytic intractability. Taken all together, the result is a constructive path towards principles of organization that builds on the mathematical identification of structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1071 ","pages":"Pages 1-47"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324001327/pdfft?md5=06f23893ec0a7e94dc1dfe6dda1b1c4c&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324001327-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140643806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Hall effects in quantum magnets","authors":"Xiao-Tian Zhang ,&nbsp;Yong Hao Gao ,&nbsp;Gang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the recent years, the thermal Hall transport has risen as an important diagnosis of the physical properties of the elementary excitations in various quantum materials, especially among the Mott insulating systems where the electronic transports are often featureless. Here we review the recent development of thermal Hall effects in quantum magnets where all the relevant excitations are charge-neutral. In addition to summarizing the existing experiments, we pay a special attention to the underlying mechanisms of the thermal Hall effects in various magnetic systems, and clarify the connection between the microscopic physical variables and the emergent degrees of freedom in different quantum phases. The external magnetic field is shown to modify the intrinsic Berry curvature properties of various emergent and/or exotic quasiparticle excitations in distinct fashions for different quantum systems and quantum phases, contributing to the thermal Hall transports. These include, for example, the conventional ones like the magnons in ordered magnets, the triplons in dimerized magnets, the exotic and fractionalized quasiparticles such as the spinons and the magnetic monopoles in quantum spin liquids. We review their contribution and discuss their presence in the thermal Hall conductivity in different physical contexts. We expect this review to provide a useful guidance for the physical mechanism of the thermal Hall transports in quantum magnets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1070 ","pages":"Pages 1-59"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140536831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in vircators towards high efficiency: Present state and future prospects","authors":"Sohail Mumtaz ,&nbsp;Han Sup Uhm ,&nbsp;Eun Ha Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background:</h3><p>High-power microwave (HPM) sources remain of interest to research due to their diverse range of applications The motivation of this research field is to increase the efficiency of HPM sources. One of the simplest oscillators for HPM generation is a virtual cathode oscillator (vircator), however, it has a poor beam-to-microwave conversion efficiency. Therefore, enhancement of the vircator efficiency has demanded innovative solutions since it first appeared 46 years ago.</p></div><div><h3>Aim of review:</h3><p>Finding potential methodologies, strategies, and important aspects that may help vircators for better efficiency. Thus, the progress over the last 46 years to improve vircator efficiency using various strategies was summarized in this review. Furthermore, a key idea was also provided for increasing the number of virtual cathodes (VCs) in the beam simultaneously, which might be a useful future technique to achieve high efficiency.</p></div><div><h3>Key scientific concept of review:</h3><p>A VC is a source of HPM generation. Another factor contributing to the low conversion efficiency in the vircator is that only one VC is formed, and the electron density confined within that single VC is quite modest in comparison to the overall electron density in the device. A considerable number of electrons after escaping from a single VC were lost on the conductive drift-tube wall causing electron loss. This review provides an idea of the formation of multi-VCs in the beam simultaneously. In this way, the generated power of HPM from each newborn VCs sums up to attain better efficiency in one vircator device. Vircator efficiency improved to 28.6% in experiments and 50% in simulations with multiple VCs. This review could be useful in providing a platform for discussing the collective progress made during recent years and highlighting key points for achieving high conversion efficiency that need to be addressed in future studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1069 ","pages":"Pages 1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140195727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vibrational resonance: A review","authors":"Jianhua Yang ,&nbsp;S. Rajasekar ,&nbsp;Miguel A.F. Sanjuán","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past two decades, vibrational resonance has garnered significant interest and evolved into a prominent research field. Classical vibrational resonance examines the response of a nonlinear system excited by two signals: a weak, slowly varying characteristic signal, and a fast-varying auxiliary signal. The characteristic signal operates on a much longer time scale than the auxiliary signal. Through the cooperation of the nonlinear system and these two excitations, the faint input can be substantially amplified, showcasing the constructive role of the fast-varying signal. Since its inception, vibrational resonance has been extensively studied across various disciplines, including physics, mathematics, biology, neuroscience, laser science, chemistry, and engineering. Here, we delve into a detailed discussion of vibrational resonance and the most recent advances, beginning with an introduction to characteristic signals commonly used in its study. Furthermore, we compile numerous nonlinear models where vibrational resonance has been observed to enhance readers’ understanding and provide a basis for comparison. Subsequently, we present the metrics used to quantify vibrational resonance, as well as offer a theoretical formulation. This encompasses the method of direct separation of motions, linear and nonlinear vibrational resonance, re-scaled vibrational resonance, ultrasensitive vibrational resonance, and the role of noise in vibrational resonance. Later, we showcase two practical applications of vibrational resonance: one in image processing and the other in fault diagnosis. This presentation offers a comprehensive and versatile overview of vibrational resonance, exploring various facets and highlighting promising avenues for future research in both theory and engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1067 ","pages":"Pages 1-62"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324001066/pdfft?md5=c340822d3fb93afe6fecd80ae9aa7153&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324001066-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140145347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm and its variants","authors":"Kostas Blekos ,&nbsp;Dean Brand ,&nbsp;Andrea Ceschini ,&nbsp;Chiao-Hui Chou ,&nbsp;Rui-Hao Li ,&nbsp;Komal Pandya ,&nbsp;Alessandro Summer","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a highly promising variational quantum algorithm that aims to solve combinatorial optimization problems that are classically intractable. This comprehensive review offers an overview of the current state of QAOA, encompassing its performance analysis in diverse scenarios, its applicability across various problem instances, and considerations of hardware-specific challenges such as error susceptibility and noise resilience. Additionally, we conduct a comparative study of selected QAOA extensions and variants, while exploring future prospects and directions for the algorithm. We aim to provide insights into key questions about the algorithm, such as whether it can outperform classical algorithms and under what circumstances it should be used. Towards this goal, we offer specific practical points in a form of a short guide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1068 ","pages":"Pages 1-66"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140141794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}