Analysing quantum systems with randomised measurements

IF 23.9 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI:10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.009

Paweł Cieśliński , Satoya Imai , Jan Dziewior , Otfried Gühne , Lukas Knips , Wiesław Laskowski , Jasmin Meinecke , Tomasz Paterek , Tamás Vértesi

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Abstract

Measurements with randomly chosen settings determine many important properties of quantum states without the need for a shared reference frame or calibration. They naturally emerge in the context of quantum communication and quantum computing when dealing with noisy environments, and allow the estimation of properties of complex quantum systems in an easy and efficient manner. In this review, we present the advancements made in utilising randomised measurements in various scenarios of quantum information science. We describe how to detect and characterise different forms of entanglement, including genuine multipartite entanglement and bound entanglement. Bell inequalities are discussed to be typically violated even with randomised measurements, especially for a growing number of particles and settings. Furthermore, we also present an overview on the estimation of non-linear functions of quantum states and shadow tomography from randomised measurements. Throughout the review, we complement the description of theoretical ideas by explaining key experiments.

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分析随机测量的量子系统

利用随机选择的设置进行测量可以确定量子态的许多重要属性，而无需共享参考框架或校准。在量子通信和量子计算中，当处理嘈杂环境时，它们自然而然地出现了，并允许以简单高效的方式估计复杂量子系统的属性。在本综述中，我们将介绍在量子信息科学的各种应用场景中利用随机测量所取得的进展。我们介绍了如何探测和描述不同形式的纠缠，包括真正的多方纠缠和束缚纠缠。我们讨论了贝尔不等式的典型违反情况，即使是随机测量，尤其是在粒子数量不断增加的情况下。此外，我们还概述了量子态非线性函数的估计以及随机测量的阴影层析。在整个综述中，我们通过解释关键实验来补充理论观点的描述。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Physics Reports 物理-物理：综合

CiteScore

56.10

自引率

0.70%

发文量

102

审稿时长

9.1 weeks

期刊介绍： Physics Reports keeps the active physicist up-to-date on developments in a wide range of topics by publishing timely reviews which are more extensive than just literature surveys but normally less than a full monograph. Each report deals with one specific subject and is generally published in a separate volume. These reviews are specialist in nature but contain enough introductory material to make the main points intelligible to a non-specialist. The reader will not only be able to distinguish important developments and trends in physics but will also find a sufficient number of references to the original literature.