Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Progress in the study of electron–ion coupling in nonequilibrium Warm Dense Au and Cu","authors":"A. Ng","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electron–ion coupling is a fundamental process in nonequilibrium Warm Dense Matter. It also plays a central role in governing the states resulting from the interaction of high-intensity ultrafast lasers and free-electron-lasers with matter, an area that is of growing interest. Our inadequate understanding of the process was revealed in 1992 by the discovery of much weaker than expected electron–ion coupling in the nonequilibrium state at a shock front in Si where energy was transferred from hot ions to cold electrons. This necessarily raised questions about the behavior of electron–ion coupling in states with hot electrons and cold ions. It became a new focus of the field with the discovery of apparently constant electron–ion coupling in <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>-laser heated Au, prompting a wide range of experimental and theoretical investigations of non-equilibrium warm dense Au as well as Cu for almost two decades. Fueling the pursuit were the findings of both constant and temperature-dependent coupling from subsequent experiments while the results of theoretical models were revealing reduced electron temperature dependence of electron–ion coupling. The goal of this review is to provide a concise historical account of the reported investigations, focussing on the salient characteristics of the experiments and models and how the diverse findings may be reconciled. Surprisingly, with alternative interpretations of some of the experimental results, a consistent behavior of weak electron–ion coupling has now emerged for <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>-laser heated Au and Cu for electron temperature up to 20,000 K, corroborated by the evolution of theoretical predictions towards weak coupling. This is a significant progress. It will incentivize new research to gain further understanding of electron–ion coupling in nonequilibrium Warm Dense Matter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1089 ","pages":"Pages 1-55"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142229359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of ecological systems: A theoretical review","authors":"Can Chen ,&nbsp;Xu-Wen Wang ,&nbsp;Yang-Yu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The stability of ecological systems is a fundamental concept in ecology, which offers profound insights into species coexistence, biodiversity, and community persistence. In this article, we provide a systematic and comprehensive review on the theoretical frameworks for analyzing the stability of ecological systems. Notably, we survey various stability notions, including linear stability, sign stability, diagonal stability, D-stability, total stability, sector stability, and structural stability. For each of these stability notions, we examine necessary or sufficient conditions for achieving such stability and demonstrate the intricate interplay of these conditions on the network structures of ecological systems. We further discuss the stability of ecological systems with higher-order interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1088 ","pages":"Pages 1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum engines and refrigerators","authors":"Loris Maria Cangemi ,&nbsp;Chitrak Bhadra ,&nbsp;Amikam Levy","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Engines are systems and devices that convert one form of energy into another, typically into a more useful form that can perform work. In the classical setup, physical, chemical, and biological engines largely involve the conversion of heat into work. This energy conversion is at the core of thermodynamic laws and principles and is codified in textbook material. In the quantum regime, however, the principles of energy conversion become ambiguous, since quantum phenomena come into play. As with classical thermodynamics, fundamental principles can be explored through engines and refrigerators, but, in the quantum case, these devices are miniaturized and their operations involve uniquely quantum effects. Our work provides a broad overview of this active field of quantum engines and refrigerators, reviewing the latest theoretical proposals and experimental realizations. We cover myriad aspects of these devices, starting with the basic concepts of quantum analogs to the classical thermodynamic cycle and continuing with different quantum features of energy conversion that span many branches of quantum mechanics. These features include quantum fluctuations that become dominant in the microscale, non-thermal resources that fuel the engines, and the possibility of scaling up the working medium’s size, to account for collective phenomena in many-body heat engines. Furthermore, we review studies of quantum engines operating in the strong system–bath coupling regime and those that include non-Markovian phenomena. Recent advances in thermoelectric devices and quantum information perspectives, including quantum measurement and feedback in quantum engines, are also presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1087 ","pages":"Pages 1-71"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141962563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher derivative supergravities in diverse dimensions","authors":"Mehmet Ozkan ,&nbsp;Yi Pang ,&nbsp;Ergin Sezgin","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We survey on-shell and off-shell higher derivative supergravities in dimensions <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>11</mn></mrow></math></span>. Various approaches to their construction, including the Noether procedure, (harmonic) superspace, superform method, superconformal tensor calculus, <span><math><mi>S</mi></math></span>-matrix and dimensional reduction, are summarized. Primarily the bosonic parts of the invariants and the supertransformations of the fermionic fields are provided. The process of going on-shell, solutions to the Killing spinor equations, typical supersymmetric solutions, and the role of duality symmetries in the context of <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo>,</mo><msup><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> invariants are reviewed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Pages 1-95"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141962364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dendrite growth under a forced convective flow: A review","authors":"Peter K. Galenko ,&nbsp;Dmitri V. Alexandrov ,&nbsp;Liubov V. Toropova","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As one of the representative patterns in nature and laboratory experiments, dendritic structures control the properties of a broad range of advanced materials. Dendrites arise during different phase and structural transformation processes. Generally, the formation of dendritic structures are stipulated by transport processes in bulk phases, together with thermodynamic properties and kinetic phenomena at the phase interfaces. The formation of a dendritic microstructure under the influence of external fields (electromagnetic and gravitational) is considered in this review. These fields involve the liquid and gaseous phases in a forced convective flow, causing the transfer of energy and matter in addition to the usual conductive (diffusion) transport. The formulated model takes into account rapid solidification from an undercooled liquid phase as well as intermediate and low growth velocities of dendritic crystals in pure one-component systems extended to binary mixtures and alloys. The areas of undercooling are identified, in which the influence of convection caused by the electromagnetic and/or gravitational field is most noticeable. The solidification regimes (from the diffusion-limited mode to the thermally and kinetically controlled mode) are reviewed in connection with the different liquid flow velocities that dictate various boundary conditions (conductive and convective) on the surface of growing crystals. A comparison of model predictions with experimental data and computational results provides the grounds for a discussion about the applicability of the formulated model to interpreting known and unexpected phenomena in the formation of a crystalline structure. By changing the power of the considered fields or reducing them almost to zero (for instance, in microgravity), it is possible to control the dispersion of a dendritic microstructure, as well as separate accompanying phases (eutectic, peritectic, monotectic, intermetallic phases, etc.) during the solidification of materials and, in the general case, during phase transformations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Pages 1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324002552/pdfft?md5=c097a0b478ceec47e7bc1d718c98edb5&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324002552-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141638909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-dimensional hadron structure through the lens of gluon Wigner distribution","authors":"Roman Pasechnik ,&nbsp;Marek Taševský","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this review, we present the current status of phenomenological research on constraining the multi-dimensional proton (and nucleus) structure at high energies through studies of the so-called gluon Wigner distributions. We provide a brief pedagogical introduction into the corresponding theoretical definitions and modelling of exclusive and diffractive scattering observables in terms of the Wigner distribution. Also, we present a detailed outlook into the existing and planned experimental measurements that attempt to constrain the Wigner distribution. We briefly overview possible interconnections between various manifestations of the gluon Wigner distribution emerging, for instance, in azimuthal-angle correlations in (semi)exclusive reactions and elliptic flow measurements in inclusive processes. We also summarise the current knowledge on the most important processes that would potentially enable one to constrain the elliptic gluon density in the proton and to separate it from the genuine effect of hydrodynamic evolution in the flow measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1084 ","pages":"Pages 3-57"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324002527/pdfft?md5=125785fa5488ff2415a3f308ec79a235&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324002527-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The Lagrange-mesh method” [Phys. Rep. 565 (2015) 1–107]","authors":"Daniel Baye","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1084 ","pages":"Pages 1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324002564/pdfft?md5=baabb3ff46ba42f69eb98e45676837eb&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324002564-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gravitational eikonal: From particle, string and brane collisions to black-hole encounters","authors":"Paolo Di Vecchia ,&nbsp;Carlo Heissenberg ,&nbsp;Rodolfo Russo ,&nbsp;Gabriele Veneziano","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Motivated by conceptual problems in quantum theories of gravity, the gravitational eikonal approach, inspired by its electromagnetic predecessor, has been successfully applied to the transplanckian energy collisions of elementary particles and strings since the late eighties, and to string-brane collisions in the past decade. After the direct detection of gravitational waves from black-hole mergers, most of the attention has shifted towards adapting these methods to the physics of black-hole encounters. For such systems, the eikonal exponentiation provides an amplitude-based approach to calculate classical gravitational observables, thus complementing more traditional analytic methods such as the Post-Newtonian expansion, the worldline formalism, or the Effective-One-Body approach. In this review we summarize the main ideas and techniques behind the gravitational eikonal formalism. We discuss how it can be applied in various different physical setups involving particles, strings and branes and then we mainly concentrate on the most recent developments, focusing on massive scalars minimally coupled to gravity, for which we aim at being as self-contained and comprehensive as possible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1083 ","pages":"Pages 1-169"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324002448/pdfft?md5=431388ee1bf01b337425b7e755be3110&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324002448-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141479463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamical robustness of network of oscillators","authors":"Soumen Majhi ,&nbsp;Biswambhar Rakshit ,&nbsp;Amit Sharma ,&nbsp;Jürgen Kurths ,&nbsp;Dibakar Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most complex systems are nonlinear, relying on emergent behavior resulting from many interacting subsystems, which are often characterized by oscillatory dynamics. Having collective oscillatory behavior is an essential requirement for an appropriate functioning of various real-world systems. Complex networks have proven to be exceptionally efficient in elucidating the topological structures of both natural and artificial systems, as well as describing diverse processes taking place over them. Remarkable advancements have been achieved in recent years in comprehending the emergent dynamics atop complex networks. Specifically, among other processes, a large body of works intend to explore the dynamical robustness of complex networks, which is the networks’ ability to withstand dynamical degradation in the network constituents while maintaining collective oscillatory dynamics. Indeed, various physical and biological systems are recognized to undergo a decline in their dynamic activities, whether occurring naturally or influenced by environmental factors. The impact of such damages on network performance can be significant, and the system’s robustness is indicative of its capability to maintain fundamental functionality in the face of dynamic deteriorations, often called aging. This review offers a comprehensive excerpt of notable research endeavors that scrutinize how networks sustain global oscillation under a growing number of inactive dynamical units. We present the contemporary research dedicated to the theoretical understanding and the enhancement mechanisms of the dynamical robustness in complex networks. Our emphasis lies on various network topologies and coupling functions, elucidating the persistence of networked systems. We cover variants of system characteristics from heterogeneity in network connectivity to heterogeneity in the dynamical units. Finally we discuss challenges ahead in this potential field and open areas for future studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Pages 1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141487057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of two-dimensional materials based photodetectors for on-chip applications","authors":"Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Luyao Mei ,&nbsp;Yun Li ,&nbsp;Xue Xia ,&nbsp;Nan Cui ,&nbsp;Gen Long ,&nbsp;Wenzhi Yu ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Chen ,&nbsp;Haoran Mu ,&nbsp;Shenghuang Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapidly evolving communication field demands higher data capacity, faster transmission speeds, and improved anti-interference capabilities. However, the physical limitations of silicon-based photonics technology hinder the realization of photodetectors and other active devices. The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, has opened promising opportunities for on-chip photodetection, showcasing distinctive physical and chemical properties and ultrathin nature. In this review, we first describe several representative 2D materials, including graphene, black phosphorus, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). These materials offer diverse band structures and properties, presenting a plethora of options for varied applications. Then we highlight the utilization of these 2D materials in the development of high-performance photodetection devices, including photodiodes, field-effect transistors, and photodetectors. Furthermore, we delve into the practical applications of photodetectors, including room-temperature imaging, visual sensors, spectrometers, ranging, and other optoelectronic integrated systems. These real-world applications vividly demonstrate the versatility and potential of 2D materials across diverse fields. Overall, the unique structures and properties of 2D materials offer new possibilities for applications across various domains. Future research should be devoted to further explore the properties and applications of 2D materials to advance their development in the field of science and technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1081 ","pages":"Pages 1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141324583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}