Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Vector-like singlet quarks: A roadmap","authors":"João M. Alves ,&nbsp;G.C. Branco ,&nbsp;A.L. Cherchiglia ,&nbsp;C.C. Nishi ,&nbsp;J.T. Penedo ,&nbsp;Pedro M.F. Pereira ,&nbsp;M.N. Rebelo ,&nbsp;J.I. Silva-Marcos","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review the theory and phenomenology of isosinglet vector-like quarks (VLQs). In recent years, interest in VLQs has been increasing, due to their contributions to new physics effects that can be tested in experiments at LHC and High-Luminosity LHC. The similarities of models with isosinglet VLQs and the seesaw framework in the leptonic sector are pointed out. The existence of VLQs leads to flavour-changing neutral currents at tree level and deviations from unitarity of the CKM matrix, introducing rich phenomenological implications. These new effects are naturally suppressed by the masses of the new quarks, that are constrained to be above the electroweak scale. In addition, striking new effects can be achieved with the inclusion of an extra complex scalar singlet. Such a minimal extension of the SM can give rise to new sources of CP violation with profound theoretical implications, allowing for a solution to the strong CP problem and a possible explanation for the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. We list and explain strong motivations to consider this class of models. We also briefly review how models with VLQs can be matched to the SM effective field theory (SMEFT). A detailed analysis of flavour observables that can be affected by the presence of VLQs is presented. Current bounds from collider searches of VLQs are summarized. We point out that the discovery of VLQs can be within the reach of present or future colliders being planned.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1057 ","pages":"Pages 1-69"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323004374/pdfft?md5=c330135e85434e888eee634a92b8301a&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157323004374-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139503965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemic spreading on higher-order networks","authors":"Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Yanyi Nie ,&nbsp;Wenyao Li ,&nbsp;Tao Lin ,&nbsp;Ming-Sheng Shang ,&nbsp;Song Su ,&nbsp;Yong Tang ,&nbsp;Yi-Cheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Gui-Quan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Gathering events, e.g., going to gyms and meetings, are ubiquitous and crucial in the spreading phenomena, which induce higher-order interactions, and thus can be described as higher-order networks. Recently, uncovering and understanding the interacting mechanisms, spatiotemporal evolving patterns, critical phenomena and phase transitions of higher-order networked epidemic spreading is a very hot challenge in network science. This review introduces recent progress in studying epidemic-spreading dynamics on higher-order networks, emphasizing the contributions from statistical mechanics and network science perspectives. The theoretical methods, critical phenomena, phase transitions, spreading mechanisms, and effects of higher-order network </span>topology for single and interacting epidemic spreading dynamics are presented in detail, and the challenges in this field and open issues for future studies are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1056 ","pages":"Pages 1-70"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139493699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum toroidal algebras and solvable structures in gauge/string theory","authors":"Yutaka Matsuo ,&nbsp;Satoshi Nawata ,&nbsp;Go Noshita ,&nbsp;Rui-Dong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This is a review article on the quantum toroidal algebras, focusing on their roles in various solvable structures of 2d conformal field theory, supersymmetric gauge theory, and string theory. Using <span><math><mi>W</mi></math></span>-algebras as our starting point, we elucidate the interconnection of affine Yangians, quantum toroidal algebras, and double affine Hecke algebras.</p><p>Our exploration delves into the representation theory of the quantum toroidal algebra of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>gl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> in full detail, highlighting its connections to partitions, <span><math><mi>W</mi></math></span>-algebras, Macdonald functions, and the notion of intertwiners. Further, we also discuss integrable models constructed on Fock spaces and associated <span><math><mi>R</mi></math></span>-matrices, both for the affine Yangian and the quantum toroidal algebra of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>gl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>.</p><p>The article then demonstrates how quantum toroidal algebras serve as a unifying algebraic framework that bridges different areas in physics. Notably, we cover topological string theory and supersymmetric gauge theories with eight supercharges, incorporating the AGT duality. Drawing upon the representation theory of the quantum toroidal algebra of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>gl</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, we provide a rather detailed review of its role in the algebraic formulations of topological vertex and <span><math><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>q</mi></mrow></math></span>-characters. Additionally, we briefly touch upon the corner vertex operator algebras and quiver quantum toroidal algebras.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1055 ","pages":"Pages 1-144"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037015732300426X/pdfft?md5=95f14e19ad4d816d4f9804f1a1ffb632&pid=1-s2.0-S037015732300426X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139103859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex systems approach to natural language","authors":"Tomasz Stanisz ,&nbsp;Stanisław Drożdż ,&nbsp;Jarosław Kwapień","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;The science of complexity aims to answer the question of what rules nature chooses when assembling the basic constituents of matter and energy into structures and dynamical patterns that cascade through the entire hierarchy of scales in the Universe. A related phenomenon – natural language – can successfully mirror such structures as reflected by its ability to encode and transmit information about them and among them. It is thus legitimate to expect that natural language carries the essence of complexity. And indeed, in the human’s speaking and writing it is particularly true that &lt;em&gt;more is different&lt;/em&gt;. Natural language thus deserves a central place in the related quantitative study within the science of complexity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;With this in mind the present review summarizes the main methodological concepts used in this domain and documents their applicability and utility in identifying universal as well as system-specific features of natural language in its written representation in several major Western languages. In particular, three main complexity-related current research trends in quantitative linguistics are exhaustively covered. The first part addresses the issue of word frequencies in texts and, in particular, demonstrates that taking punctuation into consideration largely restores scaling whose violation in the Zipf’s law for the most frequent words is commonly modelled by the so-called Mandelbrot’s correction. The second part introduces methods inspired by time series analysis, used in studying various kinds of long-range correlations in written texts. The related time series are generated on the basis of text partition into sentences or into phrases between consecutive punctuation marks. It turns out that these series develop features often found in signals generated by complex systems: the presence of long-range correlations along with fractal or even multifractal structures. Moreover, it appears that the distances between consecutive punctuation marks quite universally across languages comply with the discrete variant of the Weibull distribution&lt;span&gt;, often appearing in survival analysis. In the third part, the application of the network formalism to natural language is reviewed, particularly in the context of word-adjacency networks whose structure reflects the word co-occurrence in texts. Various parameters characterizing topology of such networks can be used for classification of texts, for example, from a stylometric perspective. Network approach can also be applied in semantic analysis to represent a hierarchy of words and associations between them based on their meaning. Structure of such networks turns out to be significantly different from that observed in random networks, revealing genuine properties of language. Finally, punctuation appears to have a significant impact not only on the language’s information-carrying ability but also on its key statistical properties, hence it seems recommended to consider punctuat","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1053 ","pages":"Pages 1-84"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139029005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dark matter in compact stars","authors":"Joseph Bramante ,&nbsp;Nirmal Raj","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>WDs and neutron stars are far-reaching and multi-faceted laboratories in the hunt for dark matter. We review detection prospects of wave-like, particulate, macroscopic and black hole dark matter that make use of several exceptional properties of compact stars, such as ultra-high densities, deep </span>fermion degeneracies, low temperatures, </span>nucleon<span><span> superfluidity, strong magnetic fields, high rotational regularity, and significant </span>gravitational wave emissivity. Foundational topics first made explicit in this document include the effect of the “propellor phase” on neutron star baryonic accretion, and the contribution of Auger and Cooper pair breaking effects to neutron star heating by dark matter capture.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1052 ","pages":"Pages 1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138553533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lectures on generalized symmetries","authors":"Lakshya Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Lea E. Bottini ,&nbsp;Ludovic Fraser-Taliente ,&nbsp;Liam Gladden ,&nbsp;Dewi S.W. Gould ,&nbsp;Arthur Platschorre ,&nbsp;Hannah Tillim","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>These are a set of lecture notes on generalized global symmetries in quantum field theory. The focus is on invertible symmetries with a few comments regarding non-invertible symmetries. The main topics covered are the basics of higher-form symmetries and their properties including ’t Hooft anomalies, gauging and spontaneous symmetry breaking. We also introduce the useful notion of symmetry topological field theories (SymTFTs). Furthermore, an introduction to higher-group symmetries describing mixings of higher-form symmetries is provided. Some advanced topics covered include the encoding of higher-form symmetries in holography and geometric engineering constructions in string theory. Throughout the text, all concepts are consistently illustrated using gauge theories as examples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1051 ","pages":"Pages 1-87"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003861/pdfft?md5=dae7beeab8e7b89a1bb883c1fa5679b6&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157323003861-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138467580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elementary vibrational model for transport properties of dense fluids","authors":"S.A. Khrapak","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A vibrational model of transport properties of dense fluids assumes that solid-like oscillations of atoms around their temporary equilibrium positions dominate the dynamical picture. The temporary equilibrium positions of atoms do not form any regular structure and are not fixed, unlike in solids. Instead, they are allowed to diffuse and this is why liquids can flow. However, this diffusive motion is characterized by much longer time scales compared to those of solid-like oscillations. Although this general picture is not particularly new, only in a recent series of works it has been possible to construct a coherent and internally consistent <em>quantitative</em><span> description of transport properties such as self-diffusion, shear viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the magnitudes of these transport coefficients have been related to the properties of collective excitations in dense fluids. Importantly, the model is simple and no free parameters are involved. Recent achievements are summarized in this overview. Application of the vibrational model to various single-component model systems such as plasma-related Coulomb and screened Coulomb (Yukawa) fluids, the Lennard-Jones fluid, and the hard-sphere fluid is considered in detail. Applications to real liquids are also briefly discussed. Overall, good to excellent agreement with available numerical and experimental data is demonstrated. Conditions of applicability of the vibrational model and a related question concerning the location of the gas–liquid dynamical crossover are discussed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1050 ","pages":"Pages 1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138448555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beginners lectures on flux compactifications and related Swampland topics","authors":"Thomas Van Riet ,&nbsp;Gianluca Zoccarato","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>These lecture notes provide a pedagogical introduction, with exercises, to the techniques used in attempts to construct vacua with stabilized moduli in string theory<span>. The reader is only assumed to have a basic knowledge of general relativity, geometry and field theory. We emphasize physical arguments and focus on the latest developments involving the Swampland program that point to a tension for the existence of AdS vacua with small extra dimensions or dS vacua with parametric control. We include a brief summary of the current status of these thorny issues. Unlike many other reviews we make almost no use of the technicalities associated to supersymmetric geometries. These notes are largely based on lectures given at the CERN Winter School on Supergravity, Strings and Gauge Theory and in the Tehran School on Swampland Program held in the summer of 2022.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1049 ","pages":"Pages 1-51"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138437840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics of the analytic S-matrix","authors":"Sebastian Mizera","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>You might have heard about various mathematical properties of scattering amplitudes such as analyticity, sheets, branch cuts, discontinuities, etc. What does it all mean? In these lectures, we will take a guided tour through simple scattering problems that will allow us to directly trace such properties back to physics. We will learn how different analytic features of the S-matrix are really consequences of causality, locality of interactions, unitary propagation, and so on.</p><p>These notes are based on a series of lectures given in Spring 2023 at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and the Higgs Centre School of Theoretical Physics in Edinburgh.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1047 ","pages":"Pages 1-92"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003502/pdfft?md5=ac820a880f04ca0ee7ae0743019c1e73&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157323003502-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135325258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operator approach in nonlinear stochastic open quantum physics","authors":"Sina Khorasani","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The success of quantum physics in description of various physical interaction phenomena relies primarily on the accuracy of analytical methods used. In quantum mechanics, many of such interactions such as those found in quantum optomechanics and quantum computing have a highly nonlinear nature, which makes their analysis extraordinarily difficult using classical schemes. Typically, modern quantum systems of interest nowadays come with four basic properties: (i) quantumness, (ii) openness, (iii) randomness, and (iv) nonlinearity. The newly introduced method of higher-order operators targets analytical solutions to such systems, and while providing at least mathematically approximate expressions with improved accuracy over the fully linearized schemes, some cases admit exact solutions. Many different applications of this method in quantum and classically nonlinear systems are demonstrated throughout. This review is purposed to provide the reader with ease of access to this recent and well-established operator algebra, while going over a moderate amount of literature review. The reader with basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and quantum noise theory should be able to start using this scheme to his or her own problem of interest.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1046 ","pages":"Pages 1-94"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92062839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}