{"title":"Current mechanisms in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis","authors":"M. Engin, Ö. Özdemir","doi":"10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2028","url":null,"abstract":"Pulmonary fibrosis is a diverse group of lung disorders defined by varying degrees of fibrosis and inflammation in the pulmonary parenchyma. While it may be caused by a known disease, e.g., autoimmune or connective tissue disorder, drugs, hypersensitivity to inhaled organic antigens, or sarcoidosis, it also occurs to be idiopathic. When we examine the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis, we see that cellular aging plays a major role. Lung fibroblasts play an active role in the regeneration process. However, despite all the information, the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis is not clearly understood. It is not yet clear how senescent cells in the lung mingle and cause fibrosis. The pathogenesis of lung fibrosis will be understood more clearly following future studies.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127958611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafeezul Mohamed, M. M. Ramli, A. Reshak, N. Osman, M. Aziz, Mohd Syahir Mansor
{"title":"Revolutionizing cancer treatment by boosting dendritic cell vaccine efficacy with graphene oxide","authors":"Rafeezul Mohamed, M. M. Ramli, A. Reshak, N. Osman, M. Aziz, Mohd Syahir Mansor","doi":"10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2039","url":null,"abstract":"Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells that play a crucial role in stimulating T cell responses against cancer. DC vaccines have been utilized as an immunotherapy approach for cancer treatment, but their effectiveness is hampered by challenges in the tumor microenvironment. Graphene oxide (GO), a cutting-edge carbon-based nanomaterial, has shown promise in modulating DC activation and function. This review highlights the recent advancements in DC vaccines and explores how GO can enhance their efficacy for cancer treatment. By leveraging the unique properties of GO, such as its biocompatibility and immunomodulatory effects, DC vaccines can potentially be optimized to overcome the limitations of the tumor microenvironment and achieve improved outcomes in cancer immunotherapy.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"8 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132545794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shiva, Shokoufeh Khanzadeh, Farzad Rashidi, B. Lucke-Wold
{"title":"Association of anticardiolipin antibodies with epilepsy in children","authors":"S. Shiva, Shokoufeh Khanzadeh, Farzad Rashidi, B. Lucke-Wold","doi":"10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2021","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the association of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) with epilepsy development and characteristics in children. This prospective case-control study included 40 epileptic children and 40 sex- and age-matched controls. Epileptic children had higher levels of aCL compared to healthy controls (5.66 ± 5.41 versus 2.37 ± 2.28; p value = 0.001). The novel finding of elevated levels of aCL predicted response to IVIg therapy (p value = 0.009). Patients with normal EEG had lower levels of aCL compared to those with EEG abnormal findings (p value = 0.015). Patients with the combined type of epilepsy had statistically significant higher levels of aCL compared to other types (p value = 0.046). Also, aCL levels were correlated with seizure frequency (p value = 0.019). These results declare the possible involvement of such antibodies in the onset or pathogenesis of epilepsy. Screening for aCL may help in the timely diagnosis of epilepsy and initiation of appropriate treatment.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"482 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127576257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Pandey, Fahad Khan, K. Yadav, Kartikey Singh, Akhlakur Rehman, A. Mazumder, M. Khan
{"title":"Screen natural terpenoids to identify potential Jab1 inhibitors for treating breast cancer","authors":"P. Pandey, Fahad Khan, K. Yadav, Kartikey Singh, Akhlakur Rehman, A. Mazumder, M. Khan","doi":"10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2055","url":null,"abstract":"Jab1 (c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1) overexpression has been extensively linked to cancer development (or metastasis) in various malignancies by positively regulating cancer cell proliferation or inactivating several tumor suppressors. Recent research has focused on utilizing plant products to target crucial elements of dysregulated signaling pathways to elucidate a potent cancer therapeutic approach. Terpenoids have shown significant anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous properties in a broader range of carcinomas by inducing apoptosis. Through an extensive literature search, we have selected only those terpenoids (from the NPACT database) that have not been explored against Jab1 (CSN5, COP9 signalosome subunit 5) in breast cancer for our research study. We have used two docking servers, PATCH DOCK, and CB DOCK, to find the binding interaction between selected terpenoids and Jab1. Further, we have also used SWISS ADME to investigate the pharmacokinetics of selected ligands. Amongst all selected ligands, lutein (belongs to the xanthophylls class) has displayed maximum binding energy in both CB Dock and Patch Dock analysis. Hence, our preliminary in silico results have shown lutein as the potent lead candidate for developing a better drug against breast cancer. However, more in silico and in vitro studies are still needed to validate the inhibitory potential of lutein terpenoid against Jab1 in breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124503729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sakshi, R. Mazumder, M. Monika, Neha Singh, B. Kumar
{"title":"Novel approaches for allergen-specific immunotherapy—An overview","authors":"S. Sakshi, R. Mazumder, M. Monika, Neha Singh, B. Kumar","doi":"10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2026","url":null,"abstract":"Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an allergen-specific treatment for people with IgE-related allergies. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is used to treat allergic disorders when symptoms persist despite medication and allergen avoidance. The therapy is presumed effective if it reduces the use of medications, improves the quality of life even after discontinuation of treatment, as well as prevents the conversion of one type of allergy to the other and the development of new sensitization. The allergen-specific immunotherapeutic agents can be administered sublingually, subcutaneously, or through some other routes, such as intra-lymphatically and epicutaneously to induce allergen tolerance by modifying immune responses (innate and adaptive). The primary mechanism of AIT is the induction of functional regulatory cells, such as regulatory T cells, follicular T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, and natural killer cells, which results in the control of the functions of type 2 inflammatory cells. However, there are several downsides to AIT, including the contentious treatment period resulting in high cost, systemic allergic reactions, and the lack of a biomarker for forecasting treatment responders. Vaccine adjuvants, adjunctive therapies, and novel vaccine technologies are currently being researched to address the issues associated with AIT. This article focuses on defined molecular approaches for improving the potential of specific immunotherapy that use recombinant allergen derivatives, allergen-derived peptides, virus-coupled allergens, nanoparticles, and specific adjuvants.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115539662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neha Singh, R. Mazumder, M. Monika, S. Sakshi, Fahad Khan, B. Kumar
{"title":"Development in therapeutic strategies for allergic conjunctivitis","authors":"Neha Singh, R. Mazumder, M. Monika, S. Sakshi, Fahad Khan, B. Kumar","doi":"10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i1.2025","url":null,"abstract":"Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is a conjunctival inflammation. It is brought on by bacteria, viruses, toxins, and allergies, including coronaviruses, the most frequent reason being allergic conjunctivitis (AC), which is brought on by exposure to pollutants like pollen, animal hair, or mold. The primary contributor to it is the linkage of immunoglobulin E caused by allergens and receptors on stimulated conjunctival mast cells. As a consequence, mast cells are degranulated, along with the release of histamine, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. The particular eye tissues impacted and the immune mechanism(s) (both local and systemic) that are involved all play a role in the clinical course, length, intensity, and co-morbidities. It frequently occurs in conjunction with allergic rhinitis, also known as allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and other allergy conditions. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, seasonal and perennial conjunctivitis, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis are the different types of allergic conjunctivitis. Ocular allergies are frequently misdiagnosed and undertreated, despite the emergence of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on several previously published studies to discuss the available therapeutic options for treating allergic conjunctivitis as well as the potential targets for the therapies. The association of conjunctivitis with COVID-19, along with recent patents and research, has also been explored.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129200193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Targeting the ACE2 receptor using nanomedicine: Novel approach to lung cancer therapy","authors":"Dillon Sivalingam, Moganavelli Singh","doi":"10.24294/ti.v7.i1.1838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v7.i1.1838","url":null,"abstract":"The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor gained prominence in 2020, having been identified as a prime receptor for entry of the novel coronavirus COVID-19, which has led to the current global pandemic. Many studies have reported that lung cancer patients have a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 due to the up-regulated expression of ACE2 in lung cancer cells. Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease and the most frequently occurring cancer globally. It is more prevalent in men than in women and accounts for an estimated 40% of cancer cases. Over the years, many studies have reported on the ACE2 expression in lung cancer. Conventional methods currently available for the detection and treatment of lung cancer face numerous challenges. Nanomedicine has risen to many challenges facing cancer therapy and drug delivery. With the array of nano delivery systems available, nanomedicine can be used to develop alternative methods to help overcome these challenges and improve the therapeutic efficiency in cancer therapy. Hence, this review focuses on lung cancer, the ACE2 receptor, and the use of nanomedicine in formulating a novel targeted cancer treatment strategy directed at the ACE2 receptor. This may serve as a stepping stone for exploring further targeting strategies and therapies.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126751909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Complement system as the potential therapeutic target in the management of COVID-19 patients","authors":"Gilda Parsamanesh, Pooya Farhangnia, M. Karimi, Amirhossein Khosrozadeh Ghomi, Shiva Dehrouyeh, Azin Aghamajidi","doi":"10.24294/ti.v6.i2.1834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v6.i2.1834","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been raised as a global health challenge. Despite the breakthrough in the development of the COVID-19 vaccine, it still continues as a serious crisis, worldwide. The aberrant immune responses are strongly associated with the severity of the disease and an increased rate of morbidity and mortality among COVID-19 patients. The complement cascade activation is mediated by classical, lectin, and alternative pathways which could induce an inflammatory state during the COVID-19 infection. The growing body of research suggests that complement system activation plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the blockade of complement cascades may be an effective approach to prevent the multi-organ complications of COVID-19. In this review, we will highlight the role of the complement system in the immunopathology of COVID-19, emphasizing the potential therapeutical targets to ameliorate COVID-19 infection.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133680821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azita Azarpoor, A. Ardeshirylajimi, Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh, Elham Pourmatrood, Z. Dehghan, Fattaneh Farifteh Nobijari, M. Salehi
{"title":"Expressions of miR-199a-5p and miR-125b-5p and their target genes in the endometrium of recurrent implantation failure patients following in uterus infusion of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells","authors":"Azita Azarpoor, A. Ardeshirylajimi, Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh, Elham Pourmatrood, Z. Dehghan, Fattaneh Farifteh Nobijari, M. Salehi","doi":"10.24294/ti.v6.i2.1457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v6.i2.1457","url":null,"abstract":"Despite numerous advances in fertility techniques, some individuals experience implantation failure. One of the therapeutic approaches is the study of immunological aspects of the implantation process in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) therapy and platelet-rich plasma are currently available cell therapies. The aim of this study was to determine the expressions of the FGFR-2 and LIF genes that are regulated by miR-199a-5p and miR-125b-5p. These genes play a fundamental role in implantation in RIF patients treated with PBMCs. 20 patients clinically diagnosed with RIF were randomly assigned to a RIF patient with PBMCs intrauterine infusion group (n = 10) and RIF group (n = 10). Normal, healthy females (n = 10) comprised the control group. In order to examine the efficacy of the PBMCs injection in the treatment group, expressions of miR-199a-5p and miR-125-5p and FGFR-2 and LIF as their target genes, were evaluated in all three groups and were compared the results. We discovered that the RIF group had higher expressions of miR-199a-5p and miR-125-5p along with decreased expressions of their target genes. However, both FGFR-2 and LIF gene had elevated expressions in the RIF patients with PBMCs intrauterine infusion group compared to the RIF group, with significant decrease in miR-199a-5p and miR-125b-5p reciprocally. The treatment with PBMCs can be effective in changing the expression of microRNAs and genes associated with endometrial receptivity and by changes in the expression of them and their role during embryo development improve this process.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"393 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116668077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer","authors":"Yin A He, Xiaosheng Wang","doi":"10.24294/ti.v6.i2.1793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/ti.v6.i2.1793","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a typical subtype of breast cancer with lack of estrogen and progesterone receptors and has low expression levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), accounting for 15%–20% of all BC cases. In comparation with other subtypes of BC, TNBC displays stronger invasiveness, higher recurrence rate and poorer prognosis. Due to lack of targeted therapies and limited benefit from chemotherapy, abundant investigations have been committed to discover effective molecular targets and treatment approaches for TNBC patients. During the past decade, emerging evidence has shown that compared to other subtypes of BC, TNBC is more immunogenic, has higher expression levels of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and higher rates of CD8+ T cell infiltration. Thus, TNBC is deemed to be most suitable for immunotherapy among all BC subtypes.","PeriodicalId":401129,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Immunotherapy","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132194202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}