Journal of Creative Behavior最新文献_第3页

Association Between the Creative Experience of Haiku Poetry and a Tendency Toward Self-Transcendent Emotions 俳句诗创作经验与自我超越情感倾向之间的联系

IF 2.8 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.657

Juri Kato, Jimpei Hitsuwari

{"title":"Association Between the Creative Experience of Haiku Poetry and a Tendency Toward Self-Transcendent Emotions","authors":"Juri Kato, Jimpei Hitsuwari","doi":"10.1002/jocb.657","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jocb.657","url":null,"abstract":"Haiku is the world's shortest form of poetry, describing nature and ordinary everyday life. Previous studies and quotes from professional haiku poets suggest that haiku can foster self-transcendent emotions, such as gratitude and awe. This study compares how those who did and did not create at least one haiku in the past month experience self-transcendent emotions. A total of 192 haiku writers and 177 non-writers responded to scales related to self-transcendent emotions, such as gratitude for serenity, gratitude trait, and trait awe. The results of the Bayesian implementation of Generalized Linear Mixed models revealed that haiku writing increased the frequency of gratitude for serenity and awe, rather than general gratitude. These effects persisted even after controlling for interest in art and educational level, indicating that haiku writing has unique characteristics, including encouragement of attention to nature and a different perspective on daily life. Even in the absence of special events, a change in perspective toward everyday life occurs through creating haiku, and people appreciate and feel awe toward ordinary, everyday things. These novel findings contribute to the study of creativity and emotion.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"58 3","pages":"313-320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jocb.657","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unveiling the Associative Mechanisms Underlying the Additive Bias: Using an Implicit Association Test to Gain Insight into People's Preference for Additive Actions 揭示加法偏差的联想机制：利用内隐联想测试深入了解人们对加法行动的偏好

IF 2.8 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.660

Maria Adriana Neroni, Nathan Crilly, Maria Antonella Brandimonte

{"title":"Unveiling the Associative Mechanisms Underlying the Additive Bias: Using an Implicit Association Test to Gain Insight into People's Preference for Additive Actions","authors":"Maria Adriana Neroni, Nathan Crilly, Maria Antonella Brandimonte","doi":"10.1002/jocb.660","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jocb.660","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 When faced with the need to transform an object, idea, or situation, people have a tendency to favor adding new components rather than removing existing ones. This is called the additive bias. Previous research, along with historical and anecdotal examples, shows that this bias may significantly reduce problem-solving abilities and have a detrimental impact on the innovation process. In this study, our objective was to develop a novel tool, the additive bias implicit association test (ad-IAT), to investigate the reasons underlying people's preference for additive actions. By using this tool, we empirically demonstrated that people displayed an inherent tendency to assign a positive valence to additive concepts and to perceive additive actions as safer and more functional than subtractive concepts. Importantly, we also found that implicit preference for addition resulted in participants favoring additive actions while neglecting subtractive alternatives when engaged in a problem-solving task. Collectively, our series of experiments substantiated the effectiveness of our ad-IAT in uncovering and quantifying the additive bias. This, in turn, provided a deeper comprehension of the underlying factors contributing to the bias and its impact on people's behavior.\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"58 3","pages":"388-411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141121673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How Much Retrieval Ability Is in Originality? 原创性的检索能力有多强？

IF 2.8 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.659

Selina Weiss, Benjamin Goecke, Oliver Wilhelm

{"title":"How Much Retrieval Ability Is in Originality?","authors":"Selina Weiss, Benjamin Goecke, Oliver Wilhelm","doi":"10.1002/jocb.659","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jocb.659","url":null,"abstract":"Creative fluency and originality are pivotal indicators of creative potential. Both have been embedded in hierarchical intelligence models as part of the ability to retrieve information from long-term memory; an ability that is often measured with indicators of retrieval fluency. Creative fluency and retrieval fluency, both expressed by the count of correct responses, are procedurally highly similar. This raises the question how creative fluency and originality are related with retrieval fluency and how both are predicted by other cognitive abilities. In a multivariate study (N = 320), we found that retrieval fluency is very strongly related with creative fluency (r = .87) and substantially related with originality (r = .59). A combined fluency factor still fitted the data well. Cognitive abilities accounted for 63% variance in fluency and 47% variance in originality. After controlling for established cognitive abilities, latent variables for fluency and originality were unrelated with one another. This suggests that the procedural proximity of the ability to fluently generate either information from long-term memory or ad-hoc solutions to unusual tasks and the ability to come up with original ideas needs reconsideration. Locating originality below an overarching retrieval factor is contradicted by the present data.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"58 3","pages":"370-387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jocb.659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140964408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Automated Scoring of Scientific Creativity in German 德语科学创造力自动评分系统

IF 2.8 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.658

Benjamin Goecke, Paul V. DiStefano, Wolfgang Aschauer, Kurt Haim, Roger Beaty, Boris Forthmann

{"title":"Automated Scoring of Scientific Creativity in German","authors":"Benjamin Goecke, Paul V. DiStefano, Wolfgang Aschauer, Kurt Haim, Roger Beaty, Boris Forthmann","doi":"10.1002/jocb.658","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jocb.658","url":null,"abstract":"Automated scoring is a current hot topic in creativity research. However, most research has focused on the English language and popular verbal creative thinking tasks, such as the alternate uses task. Therefore, in this study, we present a large language model approach for automated scoring of a scientific creative thinking task that assesses divergent ideation in experimental tasks in the German language. Participants are required to generate alternative explanations for an empirical observation. This work analyzed a total of 13,423 unique responses. To predict human ratings of originality, we used XLM-RoBERTa (Cross-lingual Language Model-RoBERTa), a large, multilingual model. The prediction model was trained on 9,400 responses. Results showed a strong correlation between model predictions and human ratings in a held-out test set (n = 2,682; r = 0.80; CI-95% [0.79, 0.81]). These promising findings underscore the potential of large language models for automated scoring of scientific creative thinking in the German language. We encourage researchers to further investigate automated scoring of other domain-specific creative thinking tasks.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"58 3","pages":"321-327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jocb.658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140976304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is Creativity Expressed at Home Related to Creativity Expressed at School? A Re-Examination of the Creativity Gap with Gifted and Nongifted Students 在家中表现出的创造力与在学校表现出的创造力有关吗？重新审视资优和非资优学生的创造力差距

IF 2.8 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.656

Ahmed M. Abdulla Alabbasi, Mark A. Runco, Maha S. Almutairi, Alaa Eldin A. Ayoub

{"title":"Is Creativity Expressed at Home Related to Creativity Expressed at School? A Re-Examination of the Creativity Gap with Gifted and Nongifted Students","authors":"Ahmed M. Abdulla Alabbasi, Mark A. Runco, Maha S. Almutairi, Alaa Eldin A. Ayoub","doi":"10.1002/jocb.656","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jocb.656","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research suggests that environment can play an important role in encouraging or discouraging creative expression and productivity. Additional research has uncovered a discrepancy between the creativity students express at school and the creativity they express outside of school. The fact that, in previous research, students expressed more creativity outside of school than when in school implies that school discourages creativity. So far, the creativity gap has only been studied with nongifted students. One objective of the present investigation was to check for a similar discrepancy among gifted learners. Four hundred and eighty-seven middle school and high school students from the State of Kuwait (240 gifted and 247 nongifted) were recruited. The Creativity Activities and Accomplishment Checklist (CAAC) was administered to compare students' creative activities at home and school. The primary finding of this investigation was that the strength of the relationship between creativity at home and creativity at school differed in gifted and nongifted students. What was called a creativity gap existed in both groups, but it was smaller in the gifted group. A second finding was that gifted students expressed more creativity at school compared with the nongifted group, in particular CAAC domains. There were no differences between the gifted and the nongifted groups in the creativity expressed at home, except for one subscale, namely everyday creativity. Although gifted students expressed more creativity at school, compared with their nongifted peers, they were nonetheless more creative at home compared with school. Finally, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that measure of personality significantly moderated the relationship between creativity at home and creativity at school. Limitations and future directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"58 3","pages":"356-369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jocb.656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140929030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance and Perception of Creativity and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Students: A Normal Mixture Modeling Study 小学生创造力和学业成绩的表现与感知：正态混合模型研究

IF 3.9 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.646

Alisa Scherbakova, Denis Dumas, Selcuk Acar, Kelly Berthiaume, Peter Organisciak

{"title":"Performance and Perception of Creativity and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Students: A Normal Mixture Modeling Study","authors":"Alisa Scherbakova, Denis Dumas, Selcuk Acar, Kelly Berthiaume, Peter Organisciak","doi":"10.1002/jocb.646","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jocb.646","url":null,"abstract":"Creativity can be assessed using various methods, including divergent thinking performance, self-ratings, and teacher ratings. However, these measures may not always align, as they may not consistently identify creative potential in the same manner. The present study aimed to identify latent subgroups of students based on their observed originality, creative self-efficacy, teacher-rated originality, academic achievement in reading and mathematics, and demographic background characteristics. Data were collected from 243 elementary school students. We applied the normal mixture technique to classify participants into latent subgroups. Five latent subgroups of students were identified: Overconfident Low Performers, Creative High Achievers, Under-Confident Below-Average Achievers, Mathematically Oriented Students, and Calibrated Above-Average Achievers. Female students tended to fall disproportionately into the subgroup of Creative High Achievers. Students receiving free/reduced lunch had a lower probability of being Creative High Achievers. Special education students had a higher probability of falling into the subgroup Overconfident Low Performers. Teacher ratings of students' originality were more in line with student academic performance rather than with their performance-based originality scores. Students' self-ratings of creativity bifurcated across subgroups, with Creative High Achievers and Overconfident Low Performers reporting the highest self-ratings of originality, despite displaying very different levels of performance on the divergent thinking assessment.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"58 2","pages":"245-261"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jocb.646","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140929032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contributions of Metacognition to Creative Performance and Behavior 元认知对创造性表现和行为的贡献

IF 3.9 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.652

Izabela Lebuda, Mathias Benedek

{"title":"Contributions of Metacognition to Creative Performance and Behavior","authors":"Izabela Lebuda, Mathias Benedek","doi":"10.1002/jocb.652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.652","url":null,"abstract":"How are ideas born? Contrary to commonly held beliefs, creative performance, like any goal‐oriented action, requires understanding and managing one's own cognitive processes – thus, efficient metacognition. Recently, a systematic framework of creative metacognition (CMC) has been proposed, assuming the relevance of metacognitive knowledge, monitoring, and control in creative performance. Here, we provide the first comprehensive empirical examination of this conception. Specifically, an online sample (N = 425) performed divergent thinking (DT) tasks and gave insight in relevant aspects of metacognitive processes during task performance. The study revealed that all three proposed components of CMC played independent roles in enhancing creative cognitive performance, including divergent thinking creativity and fluency. Among these components, metacognitive control showed the strongest positive association with creative cognitive performance. As expected, CMC was especially relevant to imminent creative task performance but showed some association with real‐life creativity. These findings provide the first empirical evidence that all three postulated components of CMC support creative performance and, to a lesser degree, to creative behavior. In the discussion, we delve deeper into the specific roles of these metacognitive subcomponents in enhancing creative cognitive performance and touch upon the differences between the roles of self‐regulation and metacognition in creativity.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140830426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reeling in Stories: An Investigation of Creative Behaviors and Creativity‐Support on Instagram 缫丝故事：Instagram上的创意行为和创意支持调查

IF 3.9 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.653

Simon M. Ceh, Mathias Benedek

{"title":"Reeling in Stories: An Investigation of Creative Behaviors and Creativity‐Support on Instagram","authors":"Simon M. Ceh, Mathias Benedek","doi":"10.1002/jocb.653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.653","url":null,"abstract":"Creative behaviors are increasingly impacted by digital technologies, but little is known about the way digital technologies support everyday creativity and what factors predict their creative use. We investigated to what extent individual differences in person‐specific (creativity, personality) and platform‐specific (e.g., perceived creativity support) characteristics relate to the creative use of Instagram. The results from a sample of 191 Instagram users revealed that more frequent creative use of Instagram was related to greater engagement in everyday creative behaviors, creative self‐beliefs, the openness facet of creative imagination, extraversion, a more positive attitude toward Instagram, greater platform‐related self‐efficacy, and greater perceived creativity‐support. Regression analysis further revealed a unique contribution of everyday creativity, creative personal identity, extraversion, attitude toward Instagram, Instagram self‐efficacy, and perceived creativity‐support for creative use of Instagram. Although creativity was not the most central motive for using Instagram, the results from the present study indicated considerable levels of creative use, suggesting that common online spheres are important for everyday creative behavior. Together, this study identified relevant person‐ and platform‐specific factors predicting creative behavior at Instagram, while also highlighting the relevance of creativity in the digital world even outside of devoted digital creativity tools.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140830181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Embodied and Enactive Creativity: Moving Beyond the Mind–Body Dichotomy in School Education 体现式创造力和主动式创造力：超越学校教育中的身心二分法

IF 3.9 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-04-27 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.651

Anne Bertin‐Renoux

{"title":"Embodied and Enactive Creativity: Moving Beyond the Mind–Body Dichotomy in School Education","authors":"Anne Bertin‐Renoux","doi":"10.1002/jocb.651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.651","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the ways in which embodied creativity is conceived and implemented in french schools through the study of a corpus of professional articles published since the 1960s in a journal dedicated to physical education. The analysis focuses on pedagogical experiments to foster bodily creativity carried out in primary schools, as part of a wide‐ranging educational reform during the 1970s. Those practices mark a radical break with the grammar of schooling whose worldwide spread is linked to the colonial expansion of western Europe. They revealed many similarities with indigenous pedagogies through the willingness to go beyond the mind–body dichotomy, to value a sensitive and intuitive body, to anchor knowledge in lived experience and to move from a top‐down relationship between teacher and pupil to a more horizontal one. The 1980s marked a return to more traditional methods, but these pedagogical experiments nurtured a conception of embodied and enactive creativity that sought to go beyond a western vision of the body, of action and of the relationship with the world in school education. The convergences with non‐western pedagogies underline the interest of these approaches to explore and foster embodied and enactive creativity.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140809939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are Children with Autistic Traits More or Less Creative? Links between Autistic Traits and Creative Attributes in Children 具有自闭症特征的儿童创造力更强还是更弱？自闭症特质与儿童创造力之间的联系

IF 2.8 2区心理学

Journal of Creative Behavior Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1002/jocb.650

Rebecca Smees, Julia Simner, Louisa J. Rinaldi

{"title":"Are Children with Autistic Traits More or Less Creative? Links between Autistic Traits and Creative Attributes in Children","authors":"Rebecca Smees, Julia Simner, Louisa J. Rinaldi","doi":"10.1002/jocb.650","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jocb.650","url":null,"abstract":"Autistic traits are found throughout the general population, but their link to creative attributes has received little attention in childhood populations. In adults, autistic traits are linked to both creative benefits and disadvantages, moderated by the autistic trait and the creative domain under investigation. The current study investigates the link between autistic traits and creative attributes (creative personality traits, creative talent, creative artistic choices) in children aged 10–14 years. Autistic traits were measured using the Adolescent-AQ, both globally (AQ-Total) and for individual subscales (AQ-Attention to detail, AQ-Imagination, and “AQ-Core”, i.e., combining AQ-Social skills, AQ-Attention switching, AQ-Communication). Using child and parent reports, data from 149 children revealed an association between autistic traits and creative personality traits (both positive and negative) while also showing a (weaker) relationship with creative artistic choices. Global and core autistic symptoms negatively predicted creative personality traits. At the same time, AQ-Imagination predicted lower creative attributes across nearly all creative domains. Finally, and in contrast, AQ-Attention to detail positively predicted a number of creative attributes (i.e., creative personality traits, creative talent). Our results show how autistic traits map to a range of creative attributes, across children in the general population.","PeriodicalId":39915,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Creative Behavior","volume":"58 3","pages":"328-341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jocb.650","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140670251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0