{"title":"RRAM Motifs for Mitigating Differential Power Analysis Attacks (DPA)","authors":"Ganesh Khedkar, D. Kudithipudi","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.68","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid Resistive Random Access Memory(RRAM)/CMOS architectures offer several opportunities in the next generation high performance systems. These systems are vulnerable to side channel attacks(SPA), including Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks. An architecture with cryptoco processors integrated on a dedicated CMOS layer and the associated memory on the RRAM layer, can help mitigate the side channel attacks on these systems. In particular, we focus on the DPA attacks which can compromise the system performance, by statistically analyzing information of intermediate results in a cryptographic computation. In this paper we propose the use of RRAM to obscure the power signals that mitigate the DPA attacks. RRAM motifs are dynamically reconfigurable hardware crossbar structures that can be programmed on-the-fly in to a memory or sensing elements. We investigate a 4x64 RRAMmotif that can perform memory and sensing in tandem. Our analysis shows that we cannot easily distinguish between the memory access and sensing operations. Though the power dissipated in the best and worst case scenarios when reading from an RRAM motif varied by 9%, it does not provide any additional information on the specific access. Additionally, it was observed that the variations in the voltage and temperature of the RRAM generate noise in guessing the sub key and enhances the DPA resiliency of the system.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127217968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marios Evripidou, C. Nicopoulos, V. Soteriou, Jongman Kim
{"title":"Virtualizing Virtual Channels for Increased Network-on-Chip Robustness and Upgradeability","authors":"Marios Evripidou, C. Nicopoulos, V. Soteriou, Jongman Kim","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.44","url":null,"abstract":"The Network-on-Chip (NoC) router buffers are instrumental in the overall operation of Chip Multi-Processors (CMP), because they facilitate the creation of Virtual Channels (VC). Both the NoC routing algorithm and the CMP's cache coherence protocol rely on the presence of VCs within the NoC for correct functionality. In this article, we introduce a novel concept that completely decouples the number of supported VCs from the number of VC buffers physically present in the design. Virtual Channel Renaming enables the virtualization of existing virtual channels, in order to support an arbitrarily large number of VCs. Hence, the CMP can (a) withstand the presence of faulty VCs, and (b) accommodate routing algorithms and/or coherence protocols with disparate VC requirements. The proposed VC Renamer architecture incurs minimal hardware overhead to existing NoC designs and is shown to exhibit excellent performance without affecting the router's critical path.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133225797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ravindhiran Mukundrajan, M. Cotter, V. Saripalli, M. J. Irwin, S. Datta, N. Vijaykrishnan
{"title":"Ultra Low Power Circuit Design Using Tunnel FETs","authors":"Ravindhiran Mukundrajan, M. Cotter, V. Saripalli, M. J. Irwin, S. Datta, N. Vijaykrishnan","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.70","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of ubiquitous and mobile computing systems has created a new segment in the design space where energy efficiency is the most critical design parameter. With the end user expecting more functionality from these types of systems, there is a pressing need to evaluate emerging technologies that can overcome the limitations of CMOS. This work evaluates the potential of one such prospective MOSFET replacement device - the Tunnel FET (TFET). Novel circuit designs are presented to overcome unique design challenges posed by TFETs. The impacts of the proposed design techniques are characterized and a sparse prefix tree adder employing the proposed designs is presented. A considerable improvement in delay and significant reduction in energy is observed due to the combined impact of circuit and technology co-exploration.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129626744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PTL: PCM Translation Layer","authors":"Z. Shao, N. Chang, N. Dutt","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.75","url":null,"abstract":"PCM (Phase Change Memory) has been used as NOR flash replacement in embedded systems, and poses interesting system-level challenges for transparent exploitation of these memory structures by embedded systems software. We propose such a system-level transparent framework, called PTL (PCM Translation Layer), to efficiently manage PCM. PTL's translation layer conceals the physical constraints of the PCM architecture so that embedded systems software can use PCMs in a transparent manner, while efficiently exploiting the idiosyncrasies of the PCM architecture. We study the requirements for transparently managing PCM in embedded systems, and propose the system architecture of PTL. As a case study, we propose a simple yet effective wear leaveling technique by exploiting application-specific features in embedded systems. The experimental results show that our wear leveling technique can effectively improve the lifetime of PCM chips compared with the previous work. We expect this work can serve as a first step towards the full exploration of PCM in embedded systems.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115589108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Design of Low Cost Power Supply Noise Detection Sensor for Microprocessors","authors":"Arunkumar Vijayakumar, Raghavan Kumar, S. Kundu","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.32","url":null,"abstract":"Recent trends in CMOS technology scaling have resulted in increased transistor density, higher clock speed and reduced cost per transistor. However technology scaling has also resulted in increased Power Supply Noise (PSN). Power supply noise can result in erroneous computation, reduced performance and lower reliability. Current PSN detectors require either golden supply voltage as reference or bulky analog to digital conversion circuits. This paper introduces a novel PSN detector for active power management in Microprocessors. The proposed detector makes use of the dynamic shift in Voltage Transfer Characteristics(VTC) of an inverter due to supply noise. Simulation results of the proposed PSN detector in 45-nm CMOS technology shows that the detector can detect overshoots or undershoots as small as 10 mV and 100 ps wide. Moreover, the detector works with 10 mV accuracy for a wide temperature range.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115499465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Mitra, Sudip Roy, K. Chakrabarty, B. Bhattacharya
{"title":"On-Chip Sample Preparation with Multiple Dilutions Using Digital Microfluidics","authors":"D. Mitra, Sudip Roy, K. Chakrabarty, B. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.52","url":null,"abstract":"In many biochemical protocols, solution preparation is a preprocessing step for mixing two or more fluids in a given ratio. Dilution of a biochemical sample/reagent is the special case of mixing or solution preparation where only two different type of fluids, one of which is a buffer solution, are mixed at a certain ratio corresponding to the desired concentration factor. Bioassays implemented on digital micro fluidic biochips may require several different concentration values of the same sample/reagent. In this paper, we present a scheme in which a set of different target droplets (with concentration values ranged between 0% and 100%) can be produced with an acceptable error bound in minimum mix-split steps. The method does not require any intermediate storage since, at each step, the current droplet is mixed only with the sample (with 100% concentration) or with the buffer (with 0% concentration) droplet. The problem of generating multiple target concentrations has been formulated based on a binary de Bruijn graph. The proposed technique outperforms the existing single target based methods in terms of both the number of mix-split steps and the number of waste droplets. This in turn, reduces the execution time, the number of electrode actuations, and sample/reagent requirement. A digital micro fluidic platform can also be easily designed to implement such on-chip sample preparation.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121542851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pei-Wen Luo, Tao Wang, C. Wey, L. Cheng, Bih-Lan Sheu, Yiyu Shi
{"title":"Reliable Power Delivery System Design for Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits (3D ICs)","authors":"Pei-Wen Luo, Tao Wang, C. Wey, L. Cheng, Bih-Lan Sheu, Yiyu Shi","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.73","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) have drawn groundswell of interest in both academia and industry in recent years. However, the power integrity of 3D ICs is threatened by the increased current density brought by vertical integration. To enhance reliability, the locations of power/ground through-silicon-vias (P/G TSVs), which are used to deliver power/ground signals to different layers, must be carefully placed to minimize IR-drop. However, the currents in 3D ICs are not deterministic and exhibit both spatial and temporal correlations. In view of this, we propose a correlation based heuristic algorithm for P/G TSV placement. Unlike most existing works, the proposed algorithm does not need iterations of full-grid simulations. Thus, it is especially attractive for large designs with millions of nodes. Experimental results on TSMC 90nm industrial designs indicate that the proposed method can achieve up to 70% reduction in IR-drop compared with the current industry practice, which uniformly distributes P/G TSVs.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129300657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oghenekarho Okobiah, S. Mohanty, E. Kougianos, Oleg Garitselov, Geng Zheng
{"title":"Stochastic Gradient Descent Optimization for Low Power Nano-CMOS Thermal Sensor Design","authors":"Oghenekarho Okobiah, S. Mohanty, E. Kougianos, Oleg Garitselov, Geng Zheng","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.13","url":null,"abstract":"The drive for ultra efficient and low-cost portable devices continues to push the need for low power circuit designs. The increasing transistor density and complexity of IC designs aggravates the task of producing efficient low power and low cost design. The short time to market (TTM) also increases this burden on designers, as optimal designs have to be produced in an ever decreasing amount of time. This paper presents an optimization design flow methodology that optimizes the power (accounting leakage) consumption of integrated circuits (ICs). The design flow incorporates a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) based algorithm and is implemented using a 45 nm thermal sensor circuit as case study. Power-efficient high-sensitive thermal sensors are important to reduce the burden on the systems or circuits that they are implanted to sense. Experiments are performed to apply the proposed design flow methodology on the thermal sensor with the power consumption as the design objective while keeping the temperature resolution as a constraint. Experiments on full-blown (RCLK) netlist of sense amplifier show a reduction in power consumption by 38%.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127811127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohsen M. Arjmand, M. Soryani, K. Navi, Mohammad A. Tehrani
{"title":"A Novel Ternary-to-Binary Converter in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","authors":"Mohsen M. Arjmand, M. Soryani, K. Navi, Mohammad A. Tehrani","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.41","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) a new paradigm, ternary QCA, has been especially investigated and also is being advanced. In order to have a versatile platform of designing, it should be possible to make interactions between binary QCA and ternary QCA circuits. A novel interface with such capability is proposed here. In fact, a ternary-to-binary (and vice versa) converter has been designed and reported in this paper. Detailed circuit design and results are presented to show correct functionality of the proposed converter.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127141683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Aging-Aware Instruction Cache Design by Duty Cycle Balancing","authors":"Tao Jin, Shuai Wang","doi":"10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2012.30","url":null,"abstract":"The degradation of CMOS devices over the lifetime can cause the severe threat to the system performance and reliability at deep sub micron semiconductor technologies. The negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is among the most important sources of the aging mechanisms. Applying the traditional guard banding technique to address the decreased speed of devices is too costly. Due to the unbalanced duty cycle ratio of the SRAM cells, the instruction cache suffers a heavy NBTI stress and this will further exacerbate the aging effect in the instruction cache. In this paper, we propose an aging-aware design to combat the NBTI-induced aging in the instruction cache. First, the detailed lifetime behaviors of the cache lines in the instruction cache are studied. Then, different schemes are proposed to mitigate the negative aging effects by balancing the duty cycle ratio of the SRAM cells in the cache lines according to their different lifetime phases. By applying our proposed idle-time-based cache line invalidation and bit-flipping /complementing schemes, the duty cycle ratio of the instruction cache can be well balanced and the NBTI stress will be significantly reduced.","PeriodicalId":398850,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133755478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}