{"title":"Deep Learning-Powered Electrical Brain Signals Analysis: Advancing Neurological Diagnostics","authors":"Jiahe Li;Xin Chen;Fanqi Shen;Junru Chen;Yuxin Liu;Daoze Zhang;Zhizhang Yuan;Fang Zhao;Meng Li;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3625973","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3625973","url":null,"abstract":"Neurological disorders pose major global health challenges, driving advances in brain signal analysis. Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) and intracranial EEG (iEEG) are widely used for diagnosis and monitoring. However, dataset heterogeneity and task variations hinder the development of robust deep learning solutions. This review systematically examines recent advances in deep learning approaches for EEG/iEEG-based neurological diagnostics, focusing on applications across 7 neurological conditions using 46 datasets. For each condition, we review representative methods and their quantitative results, integrating performance comparisons with analyses of data usage, model design, and task-specific adaptations, while highlighting the role of pre-trained multi-task models in achieving scalable, generalizable solutions. Finally, we propose a standardized benchmark to evaluate models across diverse datasets and improve reproducibility, emphasizing how recent innovations are transforming neurological diagnostics toward intelligent, adaptable healthcare systems.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"337-351"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Technical Parameters and Feedback Control for Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Enhancement by Focused Ultrasound","authors":"Yuexi Huang;Kullervo Hynynen","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3636806","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3636806","url":null,"abstract":"Focused ultrasound combined with intravenously infused microbubbles has been shown to effectively enhance the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, facilitating drug delivery to the brain. A wide range of technical parameters has been evaluated through preclinical studies and clinical trials. Generally, a low frequency between 200 and 300 kHz is preferred for the transcranial approach, while 1 MHz is used in implantable devices. Standard parameters include a burst length of 5 to 10 ms, a pulse repetition frequency of 0.2 to 10 Hz, and sonication durations of 90 to 180 seconds. A pressure magnitude around 0.46 mechanical index appears to be near the threshold for BBB permeability enhancement at standard microbubble dosage without causing hemorrhage. Various microbubble and nanobubble types have been tested at different doses, which in principle can be normalized by gas volume. Control methods that use harmonic emmisions for power feedback have been proposed to enhance consistency and account for patient variability, and these methods are currently being tested in several clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"216-226"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11272135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145662286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lorenzo Vianello;Matthew Short;Julia Manczurowsky;Emek Barış Küçüktabak;Francesco Di Tommaso;Alessia Noccaro;Laura Bandini;Shoshana Clark;Alaina Fiorenza;Francesca Lunardini;Alberto Canton;Marta Gandolla;Alessandra L. G. Pedrocchi;Emilia Ambrosini;Manuel Murie-Fernández;Carmen B. Román;Jesus Tornero;Natacha Leon;Andrew Sawers;Jim Patton;Domenico Formica;Nevio Luigi Tagliamonte;Georg Rauter;Kilian Baur;Fabian Just;Christopher J. Hasson;Vesna D. Novak;Jose L. Pons
{"title":"Robot-Mediated Physical Human–Human Interaction in Rehabilitation: A Position Paper","authors":"Lorenzo Vianello;Matthew Short;Julia Manczurowsky;Emek Barış Küçüktabak;Francesco Di Tommaso;Alessia Noccaro;Laura Bandini;Shoshana Clark;Alaina Fiorenza;Francesca Lunardini;Alberto Canton;Marta Gandolla;Alessandra L. G. Pedrocchi;Emilia Ambrosini;Manuel Murie-Fernández;Carmen B. Román;Jesus Tornero;Natacha Leon;Andrew Sawers;Jim Patton;Domenico Formica;Nevio Luigi Tagliamonte;Georg Rauter;Kilian Baur;Fabian Just;Christopher J. Hasson;Vesna D. Novak;Jose L. Pons","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3632161","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3632161","url":null,"abstract":"Neurorehabilitation conventionally relies on the interaction between a patient and a physical therapist. Robotic systems can improve and enrich the physical feedback provided to patients after neurological injury, but they under-utilize the adaptability and clinical expertise of trained therapists. In this position paper, we advocate for a novel approach that integrates the therapist’s clinical expertise and nuanced decision-making with the strength, accuracy, and repeatability of robotics: <italic>Robot-mediated physical Human–Human Interaction</i>. This framework, which enables two individuals to physically interact through robotic devices, has been studied across diverse research groups and has recently emerged as a promising link between conventional manual therapy and rehabilitation robotics, harmonizing the strengths of both approaches. Although current findings are largely based on pilot studies and conceptual frameworks, integrating therapists’ expertise with the functionalities offered by robotic systems represents a promising direction for improving rehabilitation outcomes. This paper presents the rationale of a multidisciplinary team—including engineers, doctors, and physical therapists—for conducting research that utilizes: a unified taxonomy to describe robot-mediated rehabilitation, a framework of interaction based on social psychology, and a technological approach that makes robotic systems seamless facilitators of natural human-human interaction.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"267-282"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145606676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin Davidson;Franziska A Schmidt;Oliver Bichsel;Mohammad Mehdi Hajiabadi;Andres M Lozano
{"title":"Transcranial Focused Ultrasound: A Transformative Tool for Intracranial Ablation, Drug Delivery, and Neuromodulation","authors":"Benjamin Davidson;Franziska A Schmidt;Oliver Bichsel;Mohammad Mehdi Hajiabadi;Andres M Lozano","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3624970","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3624970","url":null,"abstract":"Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is an emerging neuromodulation and therapeutic technology offering noninvasive, submillimeter precision for targeting deep brain structures. Unlike transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (tES), which are limited by depth-focality tradeoffs, or deep brain stimulation (DBS), which is invasive and costly, tFUS enables precise modulation with minimal risk. Its applications include ablation for movement and psychiatric disorders, blood-brain barrier opening (BBBO) for drug delivery in neuro-oncology and neurodegeneration, and neuromodulation for circuit-based interventions in addiction, mood/anxiety disorders, and chronic pain. Advances in phased-array transducers, holographic focusing, and real-time imaging continue to refine its accuracy and safety. Ongoing research explores closed-loop systems and wearable devices to expand clinical accessibility. This review outlines the physics, current applications, and future directions of tFUS, positioning it as a transformative tool in personalized neuromodulation and neurotherapeutics.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"201-215"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145497061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theekshana Dissanayake;Klaus-Robert Müller;Alexander von Lühmann
{"title":"Deep Learning From Diffuse Optical Oximetry Time-Series: An fNIRS-Focused Review of Recent Advancements and Future Directions","authors":"Theekshana Dissanayake;Klaus-Robert Müller;Alexander von Lühmann","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3617858","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3617858","url":null,"abstract":"Human neuroscience is undergoing a paradigm shift from traditional lab settings to natural environments. Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and its variant, High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography (HD-DOT) are rapidly evolving techniques that are increasingly adopted across disciplines. The high ease of use of advanced systems can enable continuous brain monitoring and thus the acquisition of large amounts of data. Integrating these data with modern deep learning (DL) promises to offer robust and generalizable solutions to ongoing challenges in fNIRS-related domains. As DL is a rather new field in fNIRS, we conduct a method-focused review, discussing 100 papers in the context of architectures, applications, and learning strategies. Based on the limitations in literature and the research gap between fNIRS and other domains, we conduct a tutorial study with guidelines from the wider DL field. We focus on: straightforward pre-processing pipelines; the trade-off between available data and model complexity of different architectures, including transformers; the generalizability of models for unseen data; and explainability. Finally, we provide a problem-focused discussion, gathering essential problems in the community, and introduce advanced DL solutions. This review serves as a strategic guide for advancing the current methodology for DL approaches in the fNIRS field.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"352-373"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optogenetics: Pinpoint Light on Precise Neuromodulation","authors":"Jiusi Guo;Kelvin W.K. Yeung;Chaoqiang Jiang;Liting Duan;Xianglong Han;Wei Qiao","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3624697","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3624697","url":null,"abstract":"Optogenetics has emerged as a pivotal tool in neuroscience, enabling intricate modulation of targeted neurons within the nervous system. Despite its transformative potential, achieving high spatiotemporal resolution in neuromodulation remains a significant challenge, particularly in free-behaving animals. This review aims to highlight recent advances in optogenetic systems for neuromodulation, focusing on the efforts to achieve superior precision in spatiotemporal control. We provide a comprehensive overview of the breakthroughs in optogenetic tools that offer ultrafast responsiveness, strategies for targeted tissue- and cell-specific optogene delivery, and methods for precise optical stimulation with minimal impact on the behavior of subjects. Additionally, we review the applications of optogenetics in neurological diseases, emphasizing its potential to advance therapeutic interventions. These innovations are poised to propel optogenetics into a new era, accelerating its clinical translation for precision neuromodulation and treatment of neurological disorders.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"86-110"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuan Zhang;Xinfeng Zhang;Xiaoming Qi;Xinyu Wu;Feng Chen;Guanyu Yang;Huazhu Fu
{"title":"Content Generation Models in Computational Pathology: A Comprehensive Survey on Methods, Applications, and Challenges","authors":"Yuan Zhang;Xinfeng Zhang;Xiaoming Qi;Xinyu Wu;Feng Chen;Guanyu Yang;Huazhu Fu","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3619086","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3619086","url":null,"abstract":"Content generation modeling has emerged as a promising direction in computational pathology, offering capabilities such as data-efficient learning, synthetic data augmentation, and task-oriented generation across diverse diagnostic tasks. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent progress in the field, organized into four key domains: image generation, text generation, molecular profile–morphology generation, and other specialized generation applications. By analyzing over 150 representative studies, we trace the evolution of content generation architectures—from early generative adversarial networks to recent advances in diffusion models and generative vision–language models. We further examine the datasets and evaluation protocols commonly used in this domain and highlight ongoing limitations, including challenges in generating high-fidelity whole slide images, clinical interpretability, and concerns related to the ethical and legal implications of synthetic data. The review concludes with a discussion of open challenges and prospective research directions, with an emphasis on developing integrated and clinically deployable generation systems. This work aims to provide a foundational reference for researchers and practitioners developing content generation models in computational pathology.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"374-395"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145393889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toward Clinical Applications of Intelligent Robotic Ultrasound Systems","authors":"Taiyu Han;Guochen Ning;Hanying Liang;Zihan Li;Zhongliang Jiang;Fang Chen;Yan Kang;Jianwen Luo;Hongen Liao","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3610605","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3610605","url":null,"abstract":"The Robotic Ultrasound System (RUSS) has the potential to transform medical imaging by addressing limitations such as operator dependency, diagnostic variability, and reproducibility in traditional ultrasound (US) examination. Despite rapid technological advancements, a substantial gap remains between RUSS research progress and clinical adoption. This review examined the clinical roles and engineering advances of RUSS, identifying key barriers to translation. Clinically, it evaluated the current applications of RUSS in supporting US procedures, while from an engineering standpoint, it summarized recent innovations and remaining technical challenges. This review examined the current state-of-the-art RUSS technologies, categorizing them based on diverse organ-specific applications while also analyzing their core functional capabilities. This review revealed a focus disparity: while abdominal US is the most commonly used in clinical practice, vascular-targeted RUSS dominates current research. It also highlighted a misalignment between research priorities and actual clinical tasks. Current studies predominantly focused on autonomous scanning and imaging, with limited attention to downstream tasks such as disease diagnosis and analysis. Building on these observations, it identified critical challenges and future trends in RUSS development. This work provides a foundation for future research, fostering collaboration between clinicians and engineers to accelerate the translation of next-generation RUSS from bench to bedside.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"227-247"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arnault H Caillet;Andrew T M Phillips;Christopher Carty;Dario Farina;Luca Modenese
{"title":"Hill-Type Models of Skeletal Muscle and Neuromuscular Actuators: A Systematic Review","authors":"Arnault H Caillet;Andrew T M Phillips;Christopher Carty;Dario Farina;Luca Modenese","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3593185","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3593185","url":null,"abstract":"Backed by a century of research and development, Hill-type models of skeletal muscle, often including a muscle-tendon complex and neuromechanical interface, are widely used for countless applications. Lacking recent comprehensive reviews, the field of Hill-type modeling is, however, dense and hard-to-explore, with detrimental consequences on innovation. Here we present the first systematic review of Hill-type muscle modeling. It aims to clarify the literature by detailing its contents and critically discussing the state-of-the-art by identifying the latest advances, current gaps, and potential future directions in Hill-type modeling. For this purpose, fifty-eight criteria-abiding Hill-type models were assessed according to a completeness evaluation, which identified the modelled muscle properties, and a modeling evaluation, which considered the level of validation and reusability of the models, as well as their modeling strategy and calibration. It is concluded that most models (1) do not significantly advance beyond historical foundational standards, (2) neglect the importance of parameter identification, (3) lack robust validation, and (4) are not reusable in other studies. Besides providing a convenient tool supported by extensive supplementary materials for navigating the literature, the results of this review highlight the need for global recommendations in Hill-type modeling to optimize inter-study consistency, knowledge transfer, and model reusability.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"159-181"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11162721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145055984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luoting Zhuang;Stephen H. Park;Steven J. Skates;Ashley E. Prosper;Denise R. Aberle;William Hsu
{"title":"Advancing Precision Oncology Through Modeling of Longitudinal and Multimodal Data","authors":"Luoting Zhuang;Stephen H. Park;Steven J. Skates;Ashley E. Prosper;Denise R. Aberle;William Hsu","doi":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3577587","DOIUrl":"10.1109/RBME.2025.3577587","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer evolves continuously over time through a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, microenvironmental, and phenotypic changes. This dynamic behavior drives uncontrolled cell growth, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapy resistance, posing challenges for effective monitoring and treatment. However, today’s data-driven research in oncology has primarily focused on cross-sectional analysis using data from a single modality, limiting the ability to fully characterize and interpret the disease’s dynamic heterogeneity. Advances in multiscale data collection and computational methods now enable the discovery of longitudinal multimodal biomarkers for precision oncology. Longitudinal data reveal patterns of disease progression and treatment response that are not evident from single-timepoint data, enabling timely abnormality detection and dynamic treatment adaptation. Multimodal data integration offers complementary information from diverse sources for more precise risk assessment and targeting of cancer therapy. In this review, we survey methods of longitudinal and multimodal modeling, highlighting their synergy in providing multifaceted insights for personalized care tailored to the unique characteristics of a patient’s cancer. We summarize the current challenges and future directions of longitudinal multimodal analysis in advancing precision oncology.","PeriodicalId":39235,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","volume":"19 ","pages":"182-200"},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}