IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging最新文献

{"title":"Contact-Resistance Data Processing Using an On-Line Digital Microprocessor","authors":"H. Kalvonjian, L. Jedynak","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135165","url":null,"abstract":"Instrumentation which automatically measures and records dry-circuit contact resistance as lying within one of five adjustable resistance ranges has been previously devised and reported by Jedynak [ 1 ]. In this paper, we report on a major modification and improvement of the equipment involving the use of a cation and improvement of the equipment involving the use of an on-line digital microprocessor, to greatly improve the resistance measurement resolution and to convert the voluminous stream of data into more useful forms. The new system uses a special-function digital-to-analog converter controlled by the microprocessor to measure and record, for each operation of the contact, the dry-circuit contact resistance as lying within any one of 4096 contiguous 0.1-m12 resistance bins ranging from 0 to 0.41 Omeg . The microprocessor also computes a running mean and standard deviation of the contact resistance based on the previous several hundred measurements. After every several thousand contact operations and concurrent measurements, the mean and standard deviation are printed out on a standard Teletype. During this normal printout time, the contact-resistance distribution of the last several hundred measurements is graphically displayed on the Teletype also. Numerical guard bands are placed on the mean and deviation computations so that if the contact resistance characteristic changes significantly between normal display points then the on-going results are automatically printed out on the Teletype on what amounts to an expanded time base: Thus the experimenter is assured that his data always accurately reflect the dry-circuit contact behavior even over millions of contact operations.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116798065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oscillator Devices Using Thick-Film Technology","authors":"J. Williams","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135173","url":null,"abstract":"The Electrical Engineering Department of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University has developed a microelectronics laboratory as a result of research involving microelectronics and metallic oxide studies over the past five years. Work on characterization and applications of metallic oxide devices is currently being conducted. This paper reports on the fabrication of eight oscillator devices on a l-in square alumina substrate using metallic oxide materials developed at NC A&T State University as a result of the research program. Significant technological capabilities of the laboratory relative to the microelectronics industry in the area of microelectronic component evaluation is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128212548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standards in the Field of Electrical Contacts","authors":"E. Shobert","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135169","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will cover the various organizations, particularly in the United States, that are doing work on standardization of electrical contacts. Also listed will be the various standards which have been prepared, together with their identification and source.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122354487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IOAP-A Novel Process for the Manufacture of Long-Life Silver-Cadmium Oxide AC Contact Material","authors":"D. Pedder, P. Douglas, J. McCarthy, F. Brugner","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135174","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a new more versatile internal oxidation technique for the manufacture of silver-cadmium oxide contact tips. The process allows precise control in producing a fine homogeneous microstrueture, it avoids the occurrence of a central denuded core in contacts and uses oxidation times which are several orders of magnitude less than in the conventional method. This novel technique essentially combines internal oxidation and powder metallurgical methods of compaction and densification. By correct control of the processing of the powder into high-density contact parts, a wide range of microstructures may be obtained from a single powder. The first stage of the process is the formation of a silvercadmium alloy powder of fine particle size by the low-temperature reduction and alloying of a silver and cadmium oxide powders mixture. This powder is produced in spherical aggregates in preparation for the second internal oxidation step. Internal oxidation of the fine alloy powder is then carried out at relatively low temperatures in times typically 103 times shorter than are required in conventional internal oxidation. This results in powder which contains extremely fine cadmium oxide particles in a simple orientation relationship with the matrix within and on the surface of each powder particle. This internally oxidized alloy powder (IOAP) is then compacted to provide green compacts for sintering and coining to provide high-density contact tips. During the sintering stage of the IOAP process, the ultrafine cadmium oxide particles within each powder particle grow by an Ostwald ripening process. The extent of this coarsening is governed by the time and temperature of the sintering operation and the oxygen potential of the furnace atmosphere: these parameters can be controlled to provide a specific final material selectable from a very wide range of possible microstructures. The coining operation increases the density to a value approaching the theoretical. The IOAP process also allows the addition of selected elements or compounds to the basic material at several stages in the process and retains the ability to control the microstructure independently from the chemical composition. This feature of the IOAP process is in sharp contrast to more common internal oxidation techniques.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122296537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contact Behavior of Telephone Relays and Connectors in Various Aggressive Environments","authors":"J. Baron, J. L. Traon, M. Riou, M. Auregan","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135168","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution contributes to the degradation of the reliability of telephone switching relays. To study pollution effects on the French crossbar telephone exchange system we conducted three studies: first, atmospheric analysis in some telephone central offices; second, surface analysis of contacts from telephone exchanges; and, third, laboratory simulation tests in order to accelerate the harmful effects of natural exposure. This paper reports the methods used, and gives some results on the 'behavior of connectors and relays in some aggressive atmospheres.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134506085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the Contact on Electrical Systems","authors":"H. Wagar","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135166","url":null,"abstract":"Many electrical systems, for example, telephone systems or computer systems, use great numbers of contacts. This paper will indicate how such extensive contact usage must in turn influence the architecture of the system as a whole, to a degree that is not commonly realized. One illustration relates especially to the case of electromechanical switching, using relays and connectors; and a second example refers to applications using electronic technology, where connector use continues to expand. This paper reviews those variables that control the physical design of contacting units, with emphasis on relays and connectors. Consideration is given to the influence of contact material and contact force; to the related effects of these on spring materials and shapes; and the consequences of these on magnet design if relay action is needed. The interplay of these relationships determines the structural design of the contacting unit-and this in its turn must influence the system as a whole.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124969424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver-Metal Oxide Contact Materials Fabricated by Spray Coprecipitation","authors":"T. Stewart, P. Douglas, J. McCarthy, A. Schulte","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135175","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the development of a highly versatile technique for fabricating improved silver-metal oxide contact materials. The spray coprecipitation method, invented at The Allen Clark Research Centre and patented [1] for Plessey Inc., offers both economic and technical advantages over existing processes for making silvercadmium oxide such as conventional internal oxidation of fabricated alloy, conventional powder metallurgy, and internal oxidation of alloy powder/shot. The main technical advantages are the following: a) controlled microstructural perfection in the uniform fineness and long-range homogeneity of the oxide dispersion; b) unlimited composition with respect to both quantity and type of oxide (not limited to oxides of metals with solid solubility in silver); c) ease of doping with beneficial ternary additons without influencing the microstructure, which is simply controlled by the sintering time and temperature. The method relies on converting, to some extent, the intimate dispersion provided on a molecular scale in mixed aqueous solutions to the solid state by instantaneous coprecipitation from small sprayed droplets of mixed nitrates solutions. This paper concentrates in the main on the application of the process to the fabrication of traditional silver-cadmium oxide, but examples are also given of the production of silver-zinc oxide, silver-tin oxide, and silver-lanthanum oxide materials which demonstrate the versatility and simplicity of the method. IEC AC-4 erosion test results are presented for spray coprecipitated Ag-15 weight percent CdO.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125458415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Erosion Characteristics of Ag Contacts and the Effect of Adding a Small Percentage of W","authors":"F. Holmes, P. Slade","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135177","url":null,"abstract":"Silver and Ag-W (10 weight percent W) were operated in a 5.I-A (peak) 308-V (peak) full-wave rectified dc circuit. The experimental switching system was operated 1.5 times per minute; the opening and closing velocities were 4 x 10-2 and 3 x 10-4 cm/s, respectively; the fully open contact spacing was 200 µm; and the contacts were closed for 3 s. The opening and closing of the contacts were controlled by a heater-bimetal combination attached to the moving contact. The following contact pairs were used: Ag versus Ag, Ag-W versus Ag-W and Ag versus Ag-W. All combinations of contact material and contact polarity were used. The experimental results showed that there was always a net transfer of contact material from the cathode to the anode. The volume of material transferred was strongly dependent upon whether the anode was the moving (hotter) or the fixed (cooler) contact: the greater erosion occurring when the anode was the hotter contact. For Ag versus Ag contacts thc erosion pattern resulted inone pip on the anode and one crater on the cathode. For Ag-W versus AgW contacts the presence of the small percentage of W resulted in multiple pip and crater formations. The experiments with the Ag versus Ag-W showed that the cathode electrode material determined the erosion pattern observed, i.e., when the Ag-W was the cathode, multiple pip and crater'formations occurred, but when Ag was the cathode, only a single pip and crater structure was observed. The presence of the W either in the cathode or in the anode decreased the observed erosion. These experimental results are discussed in terms of how the presence of W affects the emission characteristics of the cathode region and also affects the movement of the arc roots.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115741707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformer Winding Design Presented in Programmable Form","authors":"R. Seeley","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135179","url":null,"abstract":"A programmable technique is shown implemented for cup-core ferrites with the primary/secondary copper losses constrained. The starting point is with a selected core and the electrical circuit in which it is imbedded. The technique assures no magnetic saturation and fills the winding space with any desired combination of taped or untaped layer windings. The result is then characterized for the designer.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124171490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Surface Segregation of Mg on the Contact Resistance of Al-0.5-Percent Mg","authors":"M. Braunovic, L. Pomathiod, J. Bailon","doi":"10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPHP.1977.1135176","url":null,"abstract":"Silver and Ag-W (10 weight percent W) were operated in a 5.I-A (peak) 308-V (peak) full-wave rectified dc circuit. The experimental switching system was operated 1.5 times per minute; the opening and closing velocities were 4 x 10-2 and 3 x 10-4 cm/s, respectively; the fully open contact spacing was 200 µm; and the contacts were closed for 3 s. The opening and closing of the contacts were controlled by a heater-bimetal combination attached to the moving contact. The following contact pairs were used: Ag versus Ag, Ag-W versus Ag-W and Ag versus Ag-W. All combinations of contact material and contact polarity were used. The experimental results showed that there was always a net transfer of contact material from the cathode to the anode. The volume of material transferred was strongly dependent upon whether the anode was the moving (hotter) or the fixed (cooler) contact: the greater erosion occurring when the anode was the hotter contact. For Ag versus Ag contacts thc erosion pattern resulted inone pip on the anode and one crater on the cathode. For Ag-W versus AgW contacts the presence of the small percentage of W resulted in multiple pip and crater formations. The experiments with the Ag versus Ag-W showed that the cathode electrode material determined the erosion pattern observed, i.e., when the Ag-W was the cathode, multiple pip and crater'formations occurred, but when Ag was the cathode, only a single pip and crater structure was observed. The presence of the W either in the cathode or in the anode decreased the observed erosion. These experimental results are discussed in terms of how the presence of W affects the emission characteristics of the cathode region and also affects the movement of the arc roots.","PeriodicalId":387212,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Parts, Hybrids, and Packaging","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123846192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}