Materials Science and Engineering: A最新文献

{"title":"Anomalous temperature dependence of yield strength and deformation mechanisms in chemically complex intermetallic alloy","authors":"Jinxiong Hou ,&nbsp;Jie Gan ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Junhua Luan ,&nbsp;Tuanwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongkai Ren ,&nbsp;Zhixiong Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Wen ,&nbsp;Zhihua Wang ,&nbsp;Wenwen Song ,&nbsp;Tao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An ordered L1₂ structure-dominated chemically complex intermetallic alloy (CCIMA) was developed based on a Ni-Co-Cr-Al-Mo-Ti-Ta-Nb-B system. Its phase structure, mechanical behaviors, and underlying deformation mechanisms were investigated systematically at room and elevated temperatures. The CCIMA yields at a strength of 758 ± 2 MPa at room temperature, maintaining a pronounced work-hardening rate of ∼4530 ± 10 MPa throughout the entire deformation, which achieves an ultimate strength of ∼1490 ± 12 MPa attributing to the formation of anti-phase boundary (APB) together with superlattice intrinsic stacking fault (SISF). A remarkable temperature-dependent anomaly in yield strength is formed at temperatures below about 800 °C, obtaining an increment of strength for nearly 200 MPa relative to that at 20 °C. Such yield strength anomaly (YSA) is caused by the pining of Kear-Wilsdorf (K-W) locks, resulting from thermally-activated superlattice dislocations from the (111) octahedral to (010) cube plane. Furthermore, a transition of dissociation scheme from APB-type at intermediate temperatures to SISF-type at 900 °C is believed to be responsible for the absence of YSA at higher temperatures. A high peak of flow stress towards 800 °C is formed in the CCIMA, signifying a great potential for elevated temperature applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148211"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture toughness of laser-based powder bed fusion produced Ti-6Al-4V","authors":"D.F. Louw ,&nbsp;M. Neaves ,&nbsp;C. McDuling ,&nbsp;T.H. Becker","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid solidification and cooling rates, directional cooling, and the line-by-line, layer-by-layer consolidation inherent in laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) create unique microstructures, often leading to high strength but limited ductility and toughness. In load-bearing applications, where strength and toughness are critical, fracture toughness is a fundamental property and is pivotal in structural design. This study examines the relationship between these unique microstructural features, the LPBF process, post-processing heat treatments, and the fracture toughness of Ti-6Al-4V. First, elongated prior-β grains induce anisotropy in fracture toughness, which can be altered by heat treatment above the β-transus temperature. Second, a below β-transus temperature heat treatment that coarsens α laths improves fracture toughness due to a combination of lower yield strength and increased ductility. This increased ductility is attributed to a reduced strength difference between larger primary and smaller secondary and tertiary laths. Third, anisotropy in the rising J-R curve behaviour is linked to a dominant ∼45° lath orientation relative to the dominant ⟨001⟩ prior-β grain texture aligned with the build direction (Z-axis). Notably, a fracture toughness of 90 MPa <span><math><mrow><msqrt><mi>m</mi></msqrt></mrow></math></span>, yield strength of 964 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 1010 MPa, and 18 % elongation after the break is achieved, which compare favourably with the properties of the wrought counterpart.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148199"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of multiaxial deformation of 316H stainless steel at high temperature using a multiscale crystal plasticity approach","authors":"Christopher Allen ,&nbsp;Harry Coules ,&nbsp;Christopher E. Truman ,&nbsp;Mehdi Mokhtarishirazabad ,&nbsp;Simon McKendrey ,&nbsp;Amelia Billings ,&nbsp;Chen Liu ,&nbsp;Catrin M. Davies ,&nbsp;Joe Kelleher","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel components in advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGRs) are subject to multiaxial deformation at high temperatures. Neutron diffraction has been used to study the {111}, {200}, {220} and {311} grain family, also known as lattice plane, response during <em>in-situ</em> loading and relaxation of notched bars of 316H stainless steel at 550 °C. These experimental conditions have been modelled using a multiscale approach that employs finite element models at the continuum, component, scale as boundary conditions for a crystal plasticity finite element model. For the bar with the highest triaxiality factor at the diffracting region, the CPFE model was in good agreement with the experiment results. The most notable difference was the reduced accumulation of intergranular strain in the {200} grain family and significant stiffness difference in the {220} grain family in the transverse direction. For the bar with the lowest triaxiality factor at the diffraction region, the agreement between the CPFE model and experiment was acceptable but poorer than the bar with the higher triaxiality factor. This is due to the CPFE sensitivity to the macroscopic boundary conditions applied. Reasonable agreement was achieved for the relaxation dwells. The modelling has shown that multiaxial conditions, enforced by the multiscale approach, cause an increase in stiffness in the CPFE response, resulting in the reduction in the intergranular strain accumulated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148160"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving resistance to softening and strength of Cu-Fe-Mg-P alloy through inhibition of α-Fe phase growth","authors":"Chengzhi Huang ,&nbsp;Yangfan Liu ,&nbsp;Zekun Liao ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Yanbin Jiang ,&nbsp;Shen Gong ,&nbsp;Zhu Xiao ,&nbsp;Yanlin Jia ,&nbsp;Jianing Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhou Li","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a Cu-2.3Fe-0.1Mg-0.03P alloy was developed, and the influences of Mg element on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated. The Cu-2.3Fe-0.1Mg-0.03P alloy exhibited a softening temperature of 580 °C, a tensile strength of 506 MPa at room temperature and an electrical conductivity of 66.8 % IACS, which were higher than those of the Cu-2.3Fe-0.15Zn-0.03P (C19400), and the softening temperature was increased by ∼ 100 °C. Through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, combined with first-principles calculations and kinetic analyses, it was shown that the addition of Mg element reduced the solubility of Fe in the Cu matrix, thereby promoting the precipitation of Fe atoms, which enhanced the electrical conductivity of the alloy and increased the quantity of α-Fe phases. Furthermore, the incorporation of Mg element diminished the diffusion coefficient of Fe atom within the Cu matrix, consequently reducing the growth rate of α-Fe phase during aging. These two factors collectively enabled the α-Fe phases to maintain a finer, more dispersed distribution at elevated temperature, thereby impeding the recrystallization behavior of the alloy at high temperature, which primarily contributed to enhancements of both resistance to softening and strength of the Cu-Fe-Mg-P alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148210"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and damping behavior of pure magnesium in the grain size spectrum from micron to nanometer","authors":"Di Su ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Fan ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongbiao Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The damping mechanism of Mg alloys is commonly illustrated by the G-L theory, based on the configuration, movement, and interaction of dislocations in micron-scale metals. In this study, pure Mg bars were prepared with grain sizes from micron to nanometer scales, and the impacts exerted by grain size on the microstructure and the damping behavior were systematically studied. Results show that the dislocation density inside grains first increased with refining the grains, and then decreased when the grain size was less than 77 nm because a large fraction of dislocations were accommodated in grain boundaries. In samples with grain sizes 6 μm ∼131 nm, the damping property is dominated by the dislocation mechanism with close correlation to the intragranular dislocation density. However, once the grain size reaches below 77 nm, the damping performance is dominated by the grain boundary mechanism, which is significantly influenced from the grain boundary density. Thus, as the grain is refined, the strain amplitude independent damping capacity Q₀⁻¹ first increased, then decreased and increased again, that is, Q₀⁻¹ (6 μm) &lt; Q₀⁻¹ (265 nm) &lt; Q₀⁻¹ (131 nm) &gt; Q₀⁻¹ (77 nm) &lt; Q₀⁻¹ (60 nm) &lt; Q₀⁻¹ (47 nm). Meanwhile, as the grain size decreased, the strain amplitude dependent damping capacity Q_h⁻¹ decreased first, then increased, that is, Q_h⁻¹ (6 μm) &gt; Q_h⁻¹ (265 nm) &gt; Q_h⁻¹ (131 nm) &lt; Q_h⁻¹ (77 nm) &lt; Q_h⁻¹ (60 nm) &lt; Q_h⁻¹ (47 nm). This work offers a novel route for balancing the damping-mechanical performances of pure Mg.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148208"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct comparison of nanoscale plasticity in single and bi-crystal tensile tests extracted from a zinc coating","authors":"D. König ,&nbsp;T. Vermeij ,&nbsp;F. Maresca ,&nbsp;J.P.M. Hoefnagels","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc coatings are widely used for corrosion protection of steel products and are therefore crucial for their longevity. However, how commonly used mildly alloyed zinc coatings deform at the individual grain level and how the plasticity mechanism transitions towards more complex behaviour due to kinematic constraints originating from the microstructure remains unclear. We address these research questions by performing in-situ microscale tensile tests on four single crystal orientations and two combinations thereof, as a bi-crystal, resulting in nanoscale deformation fields that are analysed in detail through a novel slip identification method to yield quantitative slip system activity fields, also supported by post-mortem electron backscatter diffraction analysis. We discover that combining the two single-crystal orientations within a bi-crystal specimen leads to a transition from pyramidal II to the rarely observed pyramidal I slip. In contrast, the basal slip is abundantly present. Furthermore, we provide a relation between critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) and the size of the specimen for the basal slip system based on single-arm source theory, which clarifies important features of the deformation behaviour of microscale zinc films and can be used to guide the design of new coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"932 ","pages":"Article 148128"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach for tailoring aluminum alloys for additive manufacturing","authors":"N. Rojas-Arias ,&nbsp;F.G. Coury ,&nbsp;S.T. Amancio-Filho ,&nbsp;P. Gargarella","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wrought aluminum alloys are known for their excellent mechanical properties, but they also exhibit high hot-cracking susceptibility, limiting their use in additive manufacturing (AM). While indices such as freezing range, hot-cracking susceptibility index, and critical temperature range, based on the classic Scheil-Gulliver model, have been used to adapt wrought aluminum alloys for AM, they are unable to sufficiently capture the effects of high stresses induced during processing, which contribute to crack formation. In this study, we introduce a novel approach that combines thermodynamic calculations with laser remelting experiments to optimize aluminum alloys for AM. We applied this methodology to modify the AA2017 alloy, starting with thermodynamic calculations that screened hundreds of compositions to optimize solidification behavior using the Scheil-Gulliver model. Nine compositions were selected for further investigation through laser remelting experiments, simulating the stresses experienced during processing. The most promising alloy was then produced as powder via gas atomization and fabricated using Laser Powder Bed Fusion. This new alloy demonstrated a significantly narrower solidification range, a low hot-cracking susceptibility index, and the formation of α_Al + Al₃CeCu eutectic regions, along with a higher liquid fraction during the final stages of solidification. Unlike the original AA2017, no cracks formed during the processing optimization. This approach led to the development of a new alloy with enhanced mechanical properties, showing substantial improvements in both tensile strength and ductility compared to existing AM aluminum alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148179"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous solid-state phase transition behavior during different annealing treatments of the hybrid additive manufactured gradient dual-phase titanium alloy","authors":"Hongwei Gao ,&nbsp;Yanyan Zhu ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Ruiqi Li ,&nbsp;Xunjie Yao ,&nbsp;Xu Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid manufacturing technique that combines the additive manufacturing technologies and conventional manufacturing technologies has a great potential to form large and complex titanium alloy parts with high efficiency and low cost. The post-process heat treatment is indispensable for the hybrid manufactured titanium alloys due to the inhomogeneous microstructures and unsatisfied properties. In this study, hybrid manufactured components were made by depositing TC11 alloy on the rolled TC11 plates and three typical annealing heat treatments were designed and performed to tune the gradient microstructures. Results showed that the as-deposited sample mainly included three obvious zones which were the laser deposition zone (LDZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and substrate zone (SZ). During the subsequent heat treatment, the abnormal solid-state phase transition behavior occurred. Specifically, after 990 °C annealing treatment, the β grains morphology remained unchanged and a special bimodal structure containing the α_p lath and ultrafine lamellar secondary α (α_s) was formed in the LDZ. While the microstructure in the SZ changed significantly, it transformed into the traditional bimodal structure. After 1013 °C annealing treatment, the SZ and HAZ showed the equiaxed grain structure and these grains grown across the fusion line and swallowed the part of columnar gains at the bottom of the LDZ. When the annealing temperature raised to the 1035 °C, the microstructure in the three zones tended to be lamellar structure within the equiaxed grains. After different heat treatments, the strengths of the bonding zone samples were all increased with different degree. Especially, after 990 °C annealing heat treatment, the excellent strength (UTS = 1062 MPa, YS = 921 MPa) and plasticity (EL = 10.6 %, RA = 30 %) of the sample were achieved. Moreover, during the tensile process, the fracture positions were located in the LDZ of the bonding zone samples at different states indicated that the LDZ and SZ had the well binding. This work can provide experimental basis and theoretical guidance of the post heat treatment process for the gradient materials fabricated by the hybrid manufacturing technique, laser cladding, welding and other methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148200"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing strength and toughness of 7xxx aluminum alloys via TiC nanoparticles in electron beam rapid additive manufacturing","authors":"Longhui Yao ,&nbsp;Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Ran Cui ,&nbsp;Qi Lv ,&nbsp;Chunzhi Zhao ,&nbsp;Xuan Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Guan ,&nbsp;Liangshun Luo ,&nbsp;Qi Lai ,&nbsp;Ruirun Chen ,&nbsp;Yanqing Su ,&nbsp;Jingjie Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TiC nanoparticles play an essential role in controlling the microstructure and phase morphology of additively manufactured aluminum alloys. However, the microstructure evolution and behavior of TiC nanoparticles during the solidification of large-scale and complex-shaped nano-TiC/7xxx aluminum alloys fabricated via electron beam rapid additive manufacturing (EBRM) remain insufficiently understood. In this study, TiC nanoparticles were introduced into the molten pool via metal wires, and the solidification microstructure and distribution of TiC nanoparticles were systematically characterized using SEM-EBSD and TEM-STEM. Results reveal that TiC nanoparticles nucleate as clusters approximately 100 nm in size during solidification. Models for nucleation efficiency and effective nucleation rate were developed, and the mechanisms governing the formation and size evolution of TiC nanoclusters were analyzed. Non-nucleating TiC nanoparticles were found to interact with solutes, suppressing grain growth. The mechanism by which non-nucleating TiC nanoparticles segment the solute boundary layer and form curved nanophase interfaces to drag grain boundaries was investigated. The critical solid-liquid interface velocity required to trap non-nucleating nanoparticles within the solute boundary layer was calculated. Partial trapping of non-nucleating TiC nanoparticles within grains facilitated the adsorption of solute elements, resulting in the formation of additional precipitated phases and second-phase particles after T6 aging, which effectively hindered dislocation motion. This approach enabled the production of a fully equiaxed 7xxx aluminum alloy with a grain size of 11 μm, an ultimate tensile strength of 538 MPa, and an elongation of 6 %. The alloy's strengthening was primarily attributed to the synergistic effects of grain boundary strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and solid solution strengthening. These findings offer valuable insights into improving alloy strength and toughness by regulating nanoparticle distribution within grains through solute boundary layer interactions with TiC nanoparticles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148195"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precipitation behavior, microstructure and properties of Cu-0.48Cr-0.4Zn-0.15In-0.1Zr alloy by multi-stage thermomechanical treatment","authors":"Zhao Xin ,&nbsp;Ziye Li ,&nbsp;Zixiao Wu ,&nbsp;Yanbin jiang ,&nbsp;Xinhua Liu ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Yongda Mo ,&nbsp;Zhu Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhou Li ,&nbsp;Huafeng Lou ,&nbsp;Yongjie Pang ,&nbsp;Feng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.148192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Cu-0.48Cr-0.4Zn-0.15In-0.1Zr (wt.%) alloy with excellent comprehensive properties was designed and prepared. By optimizing the multistage thermo-mechanical treatment process, the copper alloy had tensile strength of 618 MPa, yield strength of 601 MPa, electrical conductivity of 80.2 % IACS, elongation to failure of 6.3 % and resistance to softening temperature of 562 °C. The main strengthening phases of the alloy were nanoscale Cr phases, and the orientation relationship between the Cr phases with coherent FCC structure and the Cu matrix in the early ageing state was the Cube-on-cube relationship. When the ageing time and temperature increased, the Cr phases gradually turned into semi-coherent or noncoherent BCC structure with N-W or K-S orientation relationship to the matrix. Synergistic addition of Zn and In elements effectively impeded atomic diffusion and grain boundary migration, inhibited the recrystallization behavior of the alloy, which improved the alloy's softening resistance. It was also beneficial to inhibit the long-range diffusion of the Cr atom, thus suppressing the coarsening of Cr phases and delaying the allotropic transition of the Cr phases from the FCC structure to the BCC structure, which in turn resulted in the excellent comprehensive performance of the alloy. Compared with Cu-Cr-Zr alloy, Cu-Cr-Zn-In-Zr alloy under the same process treatment showed a 15.7 % increase in tensile strength, 65.8 % increase in elongation to failure and 19 °C increase in resistance to softening temperature, which could work as an ideal material for the lead frame in very large scale integration circuit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"931 ","pages":"Article 148192"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}