Materials Science and Engineering: A最新文献

{"title":"Mechanical properties and strengthening–toughening mechanisms of the TC21 titanium alloy with different microstructures","authors":"Yang Xiang ,&nbsp;Wei Xiang ,&nbsp;Qiang Fu ,&nbsp;Wuhua Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.150156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.150156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed TC21 titanium alloy (TA) forgings with three microstructures (bimodal [BM], lamellar [LM], and basket-weave [BW]) through forging and heat treatment. Their comprehensive mechanical properties were evaluated via room-temperature tensile, fracture toughness, and impact toughness tests. Microstructural analysis was conducted using super-depth-of-field microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and laser scanning confocal microscopy to characterize the microstructure, fracture morphology, and crack propagation paths. The mechanical properties of the three samples were compared, and their strengthening and toughening mechanisms were investigated. Results indicated that the main strengthening phase in TC21 was the fine secondary α_S phase within the transformed β structure, which led to considerable strengthening through second-phase strengthening. The main toughening phase was coarse α laths (α_L), which enhanced toughness by increasing the crack propagation path length and energy consumption per unit crack length. In the BM microstructure, the equiaxed primary α_P phase exhibited excellent plastic deformation capability, providing larger slip space for dislocations and coordinating deformation through grain rotation. In the LM microstructure, slip systems propagated through numerous parallel α_L and β phases. The effective slip space for dislocations was measured within α colonies, which indicated enhanced plasticity. The BW microstructure exhibited optimal comprehensive mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 1123 MPa, an elongation of 10.4%, a fracture toughness of 96.0 MPa·m^1/2, and an impact toughness of 42.4 J/cm².</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"961 ","pages":"Article 150156"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147604570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tensile and creep properties of casting high Nb-TiAl alloy studied by hot isostatic pressing","authors":"Jun Cao ,&nbsp;Shuangzan Wang ,&nbsp;Jiabin Zuo ,&nbsp;Xianfei Ding ,&nbsp;Wen Yu ,&nbsp;Zhichao Guo ,&nbsp;Yongfeng Liang ,&nbsp;Junpin Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is an effective way to adjust the microstructure and mechanical properties of alloys, and is a commonly used hot working process. However, few studies have been conducted on the use of HIP for adjusting casting high Nb-TiAl alloys. In this paper, the effects of HIP on the tensile properties and creep properties of Ti-46Al-5Nb-0.1C alloy at room temperature (RT) and 800 °C were investigated by analyzing the microstructure characteristics, tensile and creep fracture morphology, and creep microstructure of as-cast and HIPed alloys. The results show that HIP significantly improves the RT ductility of the alloy up to 1.3% and maintains a high tensile strength. This is attributed to the elimination of casting defects such as shrinkage cavities, the increase of γ phase content, and the obtained duplex microstructure with equiaxed γ grains distributed among lamellar colonies. HIP significantly changed the creep behavior of the alloy. Numerous deformation twins were observed in the creep microstructure of HIP alloys. Creep fracture appears dimples. Plasticity characteristics are obvious. The creep life and elongation of HIPed alloy become longer. With increased plasticity, HIPed alloys occupy 81% of the creep life during the accelerated creep stage. The Ti-46Al-5Nb-0.1C alloy treated by HIP has better mechanical properties and creep life at the service temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"955 ","pages":"Article 149900"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-time annealing achieves interfacial equilibration and strength-ductility synergy in ultrasonic additive manufactured Ti/Al laminated composites","authors":"Yanyuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Hu Zong ,&nbsp;Xianmeng Tu ,&nbsp;Tongfang Wang ,&nbsp;Su Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) was employed to fabricate Ti/Al laminated composites and elucidate the relationship between interfacial microstructure and macroscopic tensile behavior. The UAM process produced thermally asymmetric interfaces, where the Ti/Al interface experienced higher local temperatures and more intense plastic deformation, promoting partial dynamic recrystallization and Al grain refinement. In contrast, the Al/Ti interface underwent limited recovery and retained a softer structure. Digital image correlation (DIC) mapping revealed pronounced strain partitioning, with shear localization concentrated near the recrystallized Ti/Al interface. Subsequent short-time annealing induced grain coarsening, dislocation recovery, and stress relaxation at both interfaces, reducing hardness mismatch and improving strain compatibility. The heat-treated laminates exhibited smoother strain fields, more uniform deformation, and a simultaneous enhancement in strength and ductility. Correlative EBSD, TEM, and DIC analyses established a clear mechanistic link between interfacial microstructural evolution and macroscopic deformation response. The findings demonstrate that achieving an optimal strength-ductility synergy in UAM Ti/Al laminates relies primarily on regulating interfacial recrystallization and residual stress rather than merely strengthening the metallurgical bond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"955 ","pages":"Article 149891"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure evolution during solution treatment and its effect on the tensile properties at 700 °C of a novel near-α high temperature titanium alloy","authors":"Bin Yao ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Han ,&nbsp;Yanchang Liu ,&nbsp;Mengyao Li ,&nbsp;Qingqing Gong ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Fan ,&nbsp;Ran Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve a synergistic combination of high strength and ductility in titanium alloys at 700 °C, a novel near-α high temperature titanium alloy Ti–5.8Al–4.0Sn–4.0Zr–0.31Nb–0.62Ta–1.26W–0.4Si was designed. The microstructure was subsequently optimized through hot forging followed by heat treatment, and its microstructural evolution was systematically investigated. Results indicated that with increasing solution temperature from 950 °C to 1050 °C, the volume fraction of primary equiaxed α phase (α_p) decreased while the transformed β phase (β_t) and secondary lamellar α phase (α_s) increased. The microstructure evolved from predominantly equiaxed α to a lamellar structure. Tensile tests conducted at 700 °C revealed that the samples solution-treated in the upper half of the α+β region (1000 °C) exhibited the superior combination of strength and ductility, achieving a tensile strength of 576.2 MPa while maintaining an elongation of 22.3%. The superior mechanical properties can be attributed to the refined α_p and β_t phases. The dislocation motion is hindered by fine α_s lamellae while interfacial pinning effects combined with an oriented arrangement of dispersed S₂ silicide precipitates contribute to synergistic strengthening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"956 ","pages":"Article 149898"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoupling the elemental contributions of Al to the creep behavior of high-temperature titanium alloys","authors":"Zhuomeng Liu ,&nbsp;Shewei Xin ,&nbsp;Yongqing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using single-phase Ti-6Al as a model system, we show that creep transitions from Al-solute-diffusion-controlled viscous glide at low temperatures/stresses to Ti-lattice-diffusion-controlled dislocation climb at higher conditions. At 550 °C/250 MPa, creep entered a damage-controlled tertiary instability regime, and the power-law relationship broke down, providing mechanistic guidance for designing high-temperature titanium alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"956 ","pages":"Article 149919"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147403400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure evolution in additively manufactured Ti-15%Nb-12%Zr alloy during plastic deformation over a wide range of strain up to 20,800 %","authors":"Kamilla Mukhtarova ,&nbsp;Guy Dirras ,&nbsp;Megumi Kawasaki ,&nbsp;Csilla Kádár ,&nbsp;Márk Windisch ,&nbsp;Anita Heczel ,&nbsp;Zoltán Dankházi ,&nbsp;György Zoltán Radnóczi ,&nbsp;Jenő Gubicza","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evolution of the microstructure during plastic deformation was studied in an additively manufactured Ti-15%Nb-12%Zr (at.%) alloy. The applied equivalent strain ranged extremely widely from 8 % to 20,800 %. Strains below 100 % were achieved by uniaxial compression, while the high strains were obtained by the high-pressure torsion (HPT) technique. In addition to the as-built material, the same investigation was conducted on the alloy after heat treatment at 550 °C for 1 h after additive manufacturing. The as-built alloy had a fully body-centered cubic structure, while the annealing step resulted in the development of a hexagonal close-packed secondary α-Ti phase with a fraction of about 10 %. Compression up to a strain of 70 % resulted in an increase in the secondary phase fraction to 12 % and 22 % for the as-built and heat-treated alloys, respectively. HPT processing at high strains yielded a lower secondary phase fraction due to reverse martensitic transformation. The dislocation density increased to 70–100 × 10¹⁴ m⁻² when the strain rose to 70 % during compression. The dislocation density reached extremely large values of 600–700 × 10¹⁴ m⁻² at a strain of about 20,800 % achieved by HPT. Although the dislocation density increased by two orders of magnitude and nanocrystallization also occurred when the strain increased to 20,800 %, the hardness was enhanced only by 10–30 %. The unexpectedly low hardness increase after HPT was attributed to unique deformation mechanisms such as the kink pair related dislocation motion and grain boundary sliding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"955 ","pages":"Article 149842"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen embrittlement mitigation via microstructural and phase control in laser powder bed–fused SAF 3207 hyper duplex stainless steel","authors":"Jalal Kangazian ,&nbsp;Soung Yeoul Ahn ,&nbsp;Bon Woo Koo ,&nbsp;Jae Heung Lee ,&nbsp;Man Jae SaGong ,&nbsp;Renhao Wu ,&nbsp;Do Won Lee ,&nbsp;Longfei Xu ,&nbsp;Ho Hyeong Lee ,&nbsp;Dong-Woo Suh ,&nbsp;Hyoung Seop Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen embrittlement severely limits the reliability of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) exposed to hydrogen-rich or corrosive environments. This study correlates microstructure with performance, showing that post-heat treatment (HT) mitigates hydrogen embrittlement in SAF 3207 hyper DSS processed via laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) additive manufacturing. The as-built (AB) microstructure consists of columnar δ-ferrite (≈74 %) decorated with nanoscale CrN precipitates and a minor fraction of γ-austenite (≈26 %), leading to high strength (≈1380 MPa) but limited ductility and pronounced hydrogen sensitivity. HT at 1150 °C transforms the AB structure into a near-balanced δ/γ duplex with reduced Cr nitrides (&lt;0.5 %) and abundant annealing and deformation twins. This modification enhances the strength–ductility synergy through twinning-induced plasticity and hetero-deformation-induced back-stress hardening. Hydrogen charging of the AB and HTed samples alters both the mechanical response and fracture mode, leading to brittle fracture via the hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism. Applying HT improved hydrogen embrittlement resistance, mainly by increasing the austenite fraction and disrupting ferrite connectivity, leading to kinetic immobilization of hydrogen. These findings establish phase balance and also twin boundary engineering as effective pathways for designing additively manufactured DSSs, leading to enhanced resistance to hydrogen-assisted failure under ex-situ charging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"955 ","pages":"Article 149861"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of arc welding-induced precipitation evolution on plastic deformation behavior in the 2195 Al-Cu-Li alloy heat-affected zone: Slip activation and slip transfer","authors":"Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Dongfeng Shi ,&nbsp;Quan Li ,&nbsp;Zhilin Liu ,&nbsp;Jin Zhang ,&nbsp;Guoqing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arc welding heat input can introduce weakened zones known as heat-affected zones (HAZs) adjacent to the fusion zone (FZ) in the 2195 Al-Cu-Li alloy. The characteristics of HAZs are crucial for determining the overall performance of the welded joints. Herein, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quasi-in-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were conducted to investigate the precipitation evolution, slip activation, and slip transfer behaviors in the base material (BM) and three typical HAZ subregions (HAZ₁, HAZ₂, HAZ₃). With decreasing distance from the FZ, <em>θʹ</em> precipitates undergo complete dissolution, while T₁ precipitates exhibit a reduction in number density and a non-monotonic change in average diameter (from 77 nm in BM to 55 nm in HAZ₁, then coarsening to 184 nm in HAZ₃). Grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) initially dissolve gradually, followed by the reprecipitation of coarse particles. Statistical analysis of slip traces in 350 grains and slip transfer across 300 grain boundaries in the BM and three typical HAZ subregions during plastic deformation revealed that a lower density of strengthening precipitates delays the activation of multiple slip systems. This delay leads to more homogeneous variations in grain orientation and enhanced intragranular deformability. Furthermore, the progressive dissolution of GBPs increases the proportion of slip transfer, rising from 5.4% in the BM to 13.7% in HAZ₂. However, the coarsely reprecipitated GBPs in HAZ₃ adjacent to the FZ act as strong obstacles to dislocation glide and slip transfer, thereby reducing the proportion of slip transfer to 5.2% and limiting intergranular deformation coordination. These experimental findings help to further reveal the effect of welding heat input on precipitation evolution and deformation mechanisms in the HAZ, and provide insights into optimizing the welding process for the 2195 Al-Cu-Li alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"955 ","pages":"Article 149819"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating the challenges in additive manufacturing of refractory complex concentrated alloys using Ti alloying via multi-material feedstock approach","authors":"Magesh Kumaravel ,&nbsp;Joachim Gussone ,&nbsp;Meaghi Sikder ,&nbsp;Amir Ardeshiri Lordejani ,&nbsp;Ida S. Berglund ,&nbsp;Jan Haubrich ,&nbsp;Sara Bagherifard ,&nbsp;Mario Guagliano","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of novel refractory complex concentrated alloy material systems for extreme environments, despite the promise, is hindered by significant processing challenges during fabrication. These challenges primarily stem from their intrinsic properties: high hardness and brittle nature restrict deposition through impact-based approaches such as cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM), while the wide variation in melting temperatures among constituent elements limits the processability by melting and solidification - based additive manufacturing techniques such as laser-based powder bed fusion (LB-PBF). In this study, a composite feedstock approach was employed to mitigate the aforementioned-challenges during CSAM and LB-PBF processing. Commercially pure Ti was employed as the secondary material and was mixed with a custom-developed TaNbTiVCr alloy at varying volumetric ratios. The CSAM and LB-PBF printed specimens were systematically characterized in terms of their microstructure and microhardness. CSAM and LB-PBF printed specimens with different volume fractions of mixing demonstrated excellent build quality, with negligible porosity and crack formations, albeit with inhomogeneous microstructures. In the case of CSAM, the specimen with highest TaNbTiVCr content retained comparable hardness to that of the feedstock powder, despite Ti addition. The Ti particles offered a cushioning effect to the impacting TaNbTiVCr particles, thereby limiting the inter-particle interaction between them, aiding the deposit build-up. On the other hand, Ti addition for the LB-PBF processing played a critical role in inhibiting the formation of hot-cracks and lack-of-fusion porosities. However, this was at an expense of lower hardness compared to the CSAM counterparts. Overall, this systematic study highlights the potential of employing a composite feedstock approach to significantly enhance the processability of the complex refractory alloys through additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"955 ","pages":"Article 149867"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using severe warm caliber rolling (SWCR) to obtain heterostructured titanium alloy","authors":"Baoxi Liu ,&nbsp;Wenhao Zhao ,&nbsp;Chuan Wu ,&nbsp;Mengbang Ding ,&nbsp;Xiangpeng Deng ,&nbsp;Puguang Ji ,&nbsp;Fuxing Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2026.149872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Severe warm caliber rolling (SWCR) at 700 °C (87% reduction) produced a 0.2 μm heterostructure in Ti6554 alloy via continuous geometric dynamic recrystallization. Aging at 525 °C/4h yielded 1630 MPa strength, 11.7% elongation, 385-555% superplasticity (600-750 °C), and delamination toughening started above 200°C, offering a new design strategy for ultrafine multiphase materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"956 ","pages":"Article 149872"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}