Materials Science and Engineering: A最新文献

{"title":"Grain size dependence of <hkl> intergranular lattice strain generated by plastic deformation in ferritic steel","authors":"Yo Tomota ,&nbsp;Hongxing Li ,&nbsp;Noriyuki Tsuchida ,&nbsp;Wu Gong ,&nbsp;Stefanus Harjo ,&nbsp;Takahito Ohmura","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The uniaxial deformation behavior of low-carbon ferritic steels with grain sizes of 0.47 μm and 1.5 μm was investigated using <em>in situ</em> neutron diffraction measurements under both tensile and compressive loading. The analysis focused on the evolution of &lt;hkl&gt; lattice (elastic) strains, originating from anisotropy in &lt;hkl&gt; elastic moduli and differences in plastic flow among grains. Such plastic strain incompatibilities produce &lt;hkl&gt; intergranular lattice strains (or stresses). The experiments revealed substantial residual &lt;hkl&gt; intergranular lattice strains following both tensile and compressive plastic deformation. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the grain-size dependence of dislocation structures formed during plastic flow, suggesting that plastic relaxation near grain boundaries becomes increasingly constrained with grain refinement. Overall, the results demonstrate that the magnitude of residual &lt;hkl&gt; intergranular lattice strains increases as grain size decreases from several tens of micrometers down to 0.5 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149136"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moderating martensitic transformation rate enables simultaneous enhancements of ductility and strength","authors":"Yindong Shi ,&nbsp;Xinrui Yang ,&nbsp;Lina Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Ren ,&nbsp;Xiliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiarui Guo ,&nbsp;Zhenguo Xing ,&nbsp;Yuntian Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rate of martensitic transformation plays a pivotal role in determining mechanical properties of TRIP materials. However, optimizing this rate to simultaneously achieve high strength and ductility in single-phase materials remains challenging. Here we report a moderate martensitic transformation rate can enable a maximum uniform elongation and improved yield strength in a gradient-dislocation structured 321 stainless steel, significantly outperforming its coarse-grained counterpart. The gradient dislocation structure was produced by cyclic twisting processing, which introduced dislocation entanglements and Lomer-Cottrell (L-C) locks. During the tensile testing, dislocation slip, stacking faults, nanotwinning and martensitic transformation were activated. This synergistic interplay effectively moderated the martensitic transformation kinetics. Notably, the sustained emission of Shockley partials from L-C locks and <em>γ/α′</em> interfaces facilitated persistent nanotwinning at comparatively low stress levels, contributing to continuous work hardening. This study presents a promising strategy for regulating the martensitic transformation kinetics to enhance the mechanical properties of TRIP materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149164"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural evolution in wire-fed electron-beam directed energy deposition Ni-Al bronze and its implications for mechanical properties and corrosion behavior","authors":"Yong Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunzhi Zhao ,&nbsp;Baoxian Su ,&nbsp;Binbin Wang ,&nbsp;Weikun Zhang ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhe Li ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Li ,&nbsp;Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Yanqing Su","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nickel–aluminum bronze (NAB) alloys are widely employed in marine engineering owing to their excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Electron beam directed energy deposition (EB-DED), a wire-fed additive manufacturing technique, was employed to fabricate high-performance NAB alloys. However, its intrinsic layer-by-layer deposition process tends to induce microstructural gradients, thereby compromising the uniformity of material properties. This work systematically investigates the influence of build height on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of an EB-DED fabricated NAB alloy. The results reveal the following: (1) The synergistic effect of cyclic thermal input and heat accumulation leads to a gradient microstructure. In the middle and bottom regions, cyclic thermal input decomposes the β′ phase into α and κ phases, while rapid cooling in the bottom region results in a refined α+κ microstructure with uniformly distributed κ phases. In contrast, heat accumulation in the middle and upper regions causes microstructural coarsening. (2) The bottom region exhibits optimal mechanical properties, with a yield strength of 394.11 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 786.59 MPa, and elongation of 32.87 %, attributed to grain refinement, κ-phase dispersion strengthening, and the absence of the brittle β′ phase. (3) Corrosion resistance varies significantly with build height. The upper region, containing the β′ phase, shows the poorest corrosion resistance due to preferential dissolution of the β′ phase. The bottom region demonstrates superior corrosion resistance, owing to the absence of the β′ phase, a refined microstructure, uniform elemental distribution, and rapid depletion of fine κ phases, which promote the formation of a stable passive film and mitigate galvanic corrosion. This work elucidates the build height-microstructure-property relationship in EB-DED fabricated NAB alloy, providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing thermal management strategies and developing high-performance homogeneous NAB components, which is crucial for enhancing the reliability of critical parts under harsh operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149162"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of repetitive energy absorption properties of LPBF NiTi porous structures by compositional gradient design","authors":"Zheng Xiang ,&nbsp;Tao Zhu ,&nbsp;Qin Yang ,&nbsp;Jingang Tang ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Shen ,&nbsp;Shijie Hao ,&nbsp;Ji Zhang ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Shuke Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>NiTi porous structures fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibit significant potential for application in repetitive energy absorption scenarios. However, the existing NiTi porous structures typically exhibit stress concentration, which limits their repetitive energy absorption performance. In this paper, a compositional gradient design method based on LPBF is proposed. The gradient NiTi honeycombs with a gradient distribution of Ni content, phase transition behaviour, microstructure and mechanical properties are prepared. The energy absorption and shape recovery properties of gradient NiTi honeycombs under cyclic loading-unloading-heating are investigated. The findings demonstrate that the LPBF-based compositional gradient design method can effectively regulate the local stress distribution and deformation behaviour of the NiTi porous structure without altering its geometrical shape, thereby enhancing its repetitive energy absorption performance. In addition, a Ni evaporation prediction model has been developed to elucidate the controlling mechanism of process parameters on Ni evaporation in the melt pool. Furthermore, the influence mechanism of gradient distribution on the stress distribution and deformation behavior of NiTi honeycombs is explored. This study proposes a novel approach for the regulation and optimization of the repetitive energy absorption properties of NiTi porous structures, thereby further expanding their design space.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149148"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing bulk-like properties in freestanding PVD copper foils","authors":"Rohit Berlia ,&nbsp;Chetan Singh ,&nbsp;Zhaosen Qu ,&nbsp;Rayna T. Mehta ,&nbsp;Timothy P. Weihs","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of novel metallic alloys with superior properties for structural applications is needed to address current challenges and enable technological advances. However, high-throughput fabrication of structural materials to explore a broad range of new chemistries is difficult using conventional bulk processing methods. Combinatorial sputter deposition of thin films is commonly used to rapidly explore wide compositional spaces for functional materials but typically produces fine-scale, columnar microstructures that differ from bulk counterparts and remain fixed to a substrate. Here, we demonstrate that a combination of sputter deposition, thermal annealing, and mechanical processing can be used to fabricate thick, free-standing foils with bulk-like microstructures for use in alloy design and discovery. To evaluate this concept, we selected pure copper as a model system, given its well-documented physical and mechanical properties and the extensive prior research available for meaningful comparison. Specifically, we sputter-deposit 200 μm thick Cu foils, remove them from their substrates for thermal and mechanical processing, and show that their mechanical and physical properties closely resemble those of conventionally processed bulk Cu foils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149163"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving ultra strain hardening of laser powder bed fusion-fabricated 316L through controlled periodic dislocation structure","authors":"Qirui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xing Li ,&nbsp;Minze Xin ,&nbsp;Mingxuan Yang ,&nbsp;Yingchun Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional strengthening strategies for 316L stainless steel (SS) often improve strength at the cost of reduced work hardening and uniform ductility. This study proposes a dislocation architecture design strategy by adjusting laser energy density during the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process to tailor the spatial distribution of dislocation density. Higher energy density promotes the transition from low-to high-density dislocation regions, forming a gradient dislocation density structure. The periodic thickness of this gradient can be further tuned by varying the number of layers processed under specific parameters. The resulting Periodic Dislocation Structure (PDS) significantly enhances mechanical properties, increasing uniform elongation from 32 % to 42 % without compromising strength. Microstructural evolution shows that PDS stabilizes the strain hardening rate and reduces strain localization. Unlike homogeneous materials that primarily undergo either dislocation slip or twinning, the PDS benefits from heterogeneous deformation-induced strengthening (HDI) and high interface density, promoting twin formation and the generation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs), which refine the microstructure. These effects collectively enable a superior combination of strength and ductility. This work demonstrates a promising LPBF-based approach for tailoring dislocation structures in stainless steel to overcome the traditional trade-off between strength and ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149157"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic control of precipitate architecture and ultrafine grain-boundary engineering for enhanced mechanical performance in L12-strengthened FCC-type multi-principal element alloys","authors":"Jiafeng Wu ,&nbsp;Zhenlu Cui ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Han ,&nbsp;Ruixin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Qi Liu ,&nbsp;Chaoyu Xie ,&nbsp;Jianhong Gong ,&nbsp;Chongde Cao ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Rie Y. Umetsu ,&nbsp;Kaikai Song ,&nbsp;Ran Li","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) offer exceptional mechanical properties for structural applications, yet their microstructural complexity poses challenges in optimizing performance. This study investigates the impact of initial microstructures—homogenized equiaxed grains (EG) with dot-like L1₂ nanoprecipitates versus as-cast columnar grains (CG) with rod-like L1₂ nanoprecipitates—on the mechanical behavior of Ni₄₀Co₃₅Cr₁₅Al₅Ti₅ MPEAs under identical thermomechanical processing. The processed EG samples develop a bimodal grain structure, comprising ultrafine recrystallized and coarse unrecrystallized grains. Detailed analysis reveals that coherent L1₂ nanoprecipitates predominantly form within unrecrystallized regions, while recrystallized grains contain both continuous and discontinuous L1₂ nanoprecipitates, alongside submicron semi-coherent L1₂ particles at grain boundaries (GBs). Particularly, Lamellar L1₂ precipitates in the recrystallized-unrecrystallized transition zone initiate microcracks, compromising strength-ductility synergy. Conversely, the processed CG samples exhibit a uniform ultrafine-grained matrix with comparable L1₂ precipitation but spatially modulated distributions, enhancing plastic deformation through stacking faults, Lomer-Cottrell locks, and distorted 9R structures near annealing twins. Submicron L1₂ particles at GBs impede crack propagation, resulting in superior mechanical properties: an ultimate tensile strength of ∼1833 MPa and a total elongation of ∼14.8 %. This study reveals the strategic control of initial microstructures and thermomechanical processing to optimize grain refinement and L1₂ phase precipitation, advancing the development of high-performance structural materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149161"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and properties of (Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10)95.3Ti4.7 high-entropy alloys regulated by homogenizing treatment","authors":"Jun Zhou ,&nbsp;Jialin Qin ,&nbsp;Hengcheng Liao ,&nbsp;Fei Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaoru Zhuo ,&nbsp;Hongmei Chen ,&nbsp;Di Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The influence of homogenizing treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of the (Fe35Ni35Cr20Mn10)_95.3Ti_4.7 high-entropy alloy (HEA) was systematically investigated. Microstructural characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while mechanical properties were evaluated via tensile testing using a CMT5105 machine. Experimental findings revealed that as the homogenization temperature increased from 800 °C to 900 °C, the η-Ni₃Ti phase evolved from grain-boundary precipitation to intragranular dispersion, adopting fine sheet-like or rod-like morphologies. At 1000 °C for 12 h, the intragranular η-Ni₃Ti phases dissolved into the matrix, leaving only grain-boundary precipitates. Further elevating the temperature to 1100 °C resulted in complete dissolution of the grain-boundary η-Ni₃Ti phases into the matrix, forming a single-phase structure. Correspondingly, the prepared HEAs exhibited a progressive decline in strength but a marked enhancement in plasticity, with the fracture mode transitioning from brittle to ductile. Prolonged homogenization at 1000 °C led to a gradual reduction in grain-boundary η-Ni₃Ti phases with increasing treatment duration, concomitantly improving both strength and plasticity. Optimal comprehensive mechanical properties were achieved after 15 h of treatment at 1000 °C. The increase in yield strength is attributed to η-Ni₃Ti phases pinning of dislocations and dislocations proliferation during deformation. Enhanced ductility results from coordinated deformation between the η-Ni₃Ti phase and matrix, driven by dislocation cell formation. These cells alleviate local stress concentrations, while coherent interfaces enable limited dislocation transfer across phase boundaries, delaying necking and fostering work hardening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149155"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving excellent strength and ductility via constructing high-density nanoprecipitate self-organized structure in an interstitial carbon alloyed multi-principal elements alloy","authors":"Zhaowen Teng ,&nbsp;Liyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhongwu Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijing Zuo ,&nbsp;Junpeng Li ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Lixin Sun ,&nbsp;Jianhong Yi ,&nbsp;Caiju Li","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread adoption of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) is hindered by a strength–ductility trade-off: adding interstitial carbon increases strength but often triggers carbides at the grain boundaries (GBs) that severely degrade ductility. In this work, a novel strategy is proposed to overcome this dilemma by constructing the high-density nanoprecipitate self-organized structure (NSOS) within the grains. By introducing 0.2 wt% interstitial C and employing spark plasma sintering (SPS), an ultrafine dispersion of coherent L1₂-nanoprecipitates was spontaneously achieved during consolidation, without any post heat-treatment. This NSOS acts as an effective barrier to dislocation motion, blocking dislocation transmission to carbide and avoiding weakening of GBs. As a result, the alloy achieves an exceptional combination of strength and ductility: a yield strength of ∼1824 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of ∼1972 MPa with ∼7.6 % elongation, outperforming both the base alloy and lower/higher C variants. Mechanistically, the strength is elevated by dislocation and precipitation strengthening, while the NSOS enhances ductility through stress delocalization. The NSOS compels dislocations to expend their energy cutting through numerous nanoparticles instead of accumulating at GBs. This delayed and reduced stress localization at GBs carbides enables the activation of additional hardening mechanisms (stacking fault networks and deformation twinning), imparting high strain-hardening capacity. The findings showcase a new route to tailor MPEA microstructures via minor interstitial alloying and rapid sintering, yielding simultaneous high strength and ductility. This NSOS-mediated design strategy offers a promising pathway for developing advanced structural alloys with improved performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149146"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural characteristics and dislocation mechanisms governing the mechanical properties of GTAW-WAAM deposited Inconel 625 alloy","authors":"Gaurav Kishor ,&nbsp;Krishna Kishore Mugada ,&nbsp;Raju Prasad Mahto ,&nbsp;Aravindan Sivanandam ,&nbsp;Ravi Kumar Digavalli ,&nbsp;Murugaiyan Amirthalingam ,&nbsp;Muralimohan Cheepu","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal cycling during the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process significantly influences the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of the components. In this study, an Inconel 625 block sample comprising three parallel deposits of eight layers each was fabricated, and four regions, top, middle, bottom, and side, were analyzed. Variations in grain morphology and orientation occur primarily due to differences in the solidification rate and temperature gradient across the build. Electron Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis is employed to quantitatively characterize the grain geometry and to investigate the distribution of geometrically necessary dislocations across different regions of the build. Transmission Electron Microscopy characterization further reveals the presence of strengthening phases (<em>γ/γ′</em>) throughout the build, with the <em>γ</em>′-phase being most prevalent in the top region. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the dominance of <em>γ</em>-phase (FCC) and <em>γ/γ′</em> phases across different regions. The dislocation density calculated from XRD data indicates that the top region exhibits the highest, whereas the middle region has the lowest. The results indicate that regions with lower Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) values correspond to lower dislocation density, typically representing recrystallized grains. Conversely, higher KAM values signify regions with greater dislocation density, indicative of deformed grains or areas with accumulated thermal strain. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was highest in the side region (780 ± 15 MPa) compared to other regions, while the lowest UTS was observed in the middle region (690 ± 10 MPa). The UTS in the side region was approximately 13 % higher than that in the middle region. A similar trend was also observed for hardness, stiffness, and elastic modulus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149134"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}