Materials Science and Engineering: A最新文献

{"title":"Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of hundred-kilometer-scale ultra-fine tungsten wires during the forming process","authors":"Yuan Yao ,&nbsp;Liujie Xu ,&nbsp;Zhou Li ,&nbsp;Jinghong Yang ,&nbsp;Shizhong Wei ,&nbsp;Hongan Geng ,&nbsp;Yunchao Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the demand for hundred-kilometer-scale ultra-fine and high-strength tungsten wires in the photovoltaic industry for silicon wafer cutting, W-0.5 wt%La₂O₃ alloy billets (φ23mm) were prepared by powder metallurgy. Subsequently, through forging and multiple drawing processes, ultrafine tungsten wires with diameters of 33–35 μm were obtained. The changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of the tungsten wire during the thermal processing were investigated. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was employed to characterize the microstructure after deformation. The average grain size of the sintered tungsten matrix was approximately 20.11 μm, while the equivalent circular diameter of La₂O₃ was about 2.965 μm. When the wire diameter was 0.035 mm, the fiber width of tungsten grains was approximately 25–55 nm, and the length and width of lanthanum oxide were refined to approximately 44.3 nm and 3 nm. The tensile strength of the tungsten wire reached 5706.82 MPa. The &lt;111&gt; texture gradually formed during plastic deformation, with the orientation intensity increasing progressively. The dislocation density also increased with the increase in deformation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to explore the strengthening mechanisms of the alloy wire during the cumulative strain process. When the tungsten wire diameter was less than 0.6 mm, the W-0.5 wt%La₂O₃ alloy maintained a relatively constant fibrous structure, which increased the grain boundary area and dislocation density. Meanwhile, La₂O₃ transformed into strip-like structures parallel to the tungsten matrix with increasing deformation, residing at grain boundaries. The interface between La₂O₃ and the tungsten matrix evolved from a non-coherent to a coherent interface. Grain boundary strengthening is an important mechanism for the reinforcement of W-0.5 wt%La₂O₃ alloy wire. The strengthening mechanism of the alloy wire during the cumulative strain process was analyzed, and a predictive formula for the strength of tungsten alloy wire was derived, with an error margin within 7 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149178"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of SA508Gr.1 steels with different microstructures","authors":"Jiyan Liu ,&nbsp;Yuhao Wang ,&nbsp;Yaxin Gu ,&nbsp;Yang Hai ,&nbsp;Fengshan Du","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microstructure of SA508Gr.1 modified by intercritical heat treatment(IHT) processes and pre-strain. The double-stage IHT achieves grain refinement and generates a higher proportion of bainite. The results reveal a decrease in Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) sensitivity with increasing pre-strain. The specimens treated with double-stage IHT exhibit lower HE sensitivity compared to those treated with single-stage IHT. The effect of hydrogen on fracture morphology are verified by analyzing dislocations and grain boundaries(GBs). The combined effects arising from the interaction between hydrogen and microstructures induced by different pre-strain exert a significant influence on yield strength (YS) and dislocation density. At 0 % and 3 % pre-strain, hydrogen has been observed to promote dislocation emission, which in turn leads to a significant increase in the dislocation density within the grains, resulting in an elevated YS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149193"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation of static, dynamic, and extreme dynamic strain rate properties in binder jetting tungsten heavy alloys","authors":"Hao Xue ,&nbsp;Kai-yang Wang ,&nbsp;Peng Xiao ,&nbsp;Ding-xuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Tong Zhou ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Guang-yan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) fabricated via binder jetting (BJT)—an indirect additive manufacturing technique—versus conventional liquid-phase sintering (LPS) across wide strain-rate regimes. A 93W-5Ni-2Fe alloy printed by BJT with subsequent heat treatment exhibits a microstructure of W particles within a Ni-Fe binder phase. BJT-processed WHAs demonstrate approximately doubled W particle size and marginally higher W-W contiguity (<em>C</em>_W-W≈0.307) than LPS counterparts (<em>C</em>_W-W≈0.291). Quasi-static tensile tests reveal 17.3 % and 4.8 % higher yield and tensile strength for BJT WHAs relative to LPS, yet reduced elongation (24.5 % vs. 39.0 %). The dominant fracture mode transitions from ductile (LPS) to mixed brittle-ductile in BJT, characterized by tungsten cleavage (\"river patterns\") and binder-phase dimples. Dynamic compression (1000–5000 s⁻¹) indicates lower compressive strength and strain-rate sensitivity in BJT WHAs. Ballistic evaluations confirm comparable penetration performance (within 3 %) between BJT and LPS long-rod penetrators under extreme conditions. Residual penetrator analysis identifies penetration failure mechanisms: mushroom-head segmentation via structural-design-induced macrocracks and adiabatic shear band (ASB)-derived microcracks. This work establishes a foundation for BJT WHAs in the field of impact dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149192"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving excellent strength-ductility synergy in TWIP-assisted Fe25CoxCr25Ni50-x high-entropy alloys via Co/Ni ratio and stacking fault energy manipulation","authors":"Liang Liu ,&nbsp;Lei Tang ,&nbsp;Shaoxu Huang ,&nbsp;Lu Liu ,&nbsp;Linfeng Ji ,&nbsp;Guofu Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloys frequently suffer from inadequate room-temperature strength, which imposes limitations on structural applications. By manipulating the Co/Ni ratio, a non-equimolar Fe₂₅Co₃₀Cr₂₅Ni₂₀ alloy was designed with simultaneously enhanced yield strength (increase by 24 %, to 431 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (increase by 29 %, to 832 MPa), and ductility (increase by 27 %, to 62 % elongation) compared to a lower Co/Ni ratio counterpart. This breakthrough can be attributed to the Co/Ni-induced reduction in stacking fault energy (SFE), which was quantitatively determined though thermodynamic model (from ∼42.6 mJ/m² to ∼17.0 mJ/m²) and X-ray diffraction line profile analysis (from ∼24.25 mJ/m² to ∼14.56 mJ/m²). The lowered SFE promoted a 38.8 % annealing twin area fraction and intensified deformation twin fraction, synergistically enhancing strain hardening behaviors. Quantitative strengthening analysis confirms the synergy of Hall-Petch strengthening from a refined effective grain size of 3.9 μm and dislocation strengthening from an initial density of 5.9 × 10¹³ m⁻², aligning well with experimental measurements. This work establishes a Co/Ni ratio mediated SFE design strategy for developing multicomponent alloys with remarkable strength-ductility combinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149180"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructures and properties of in-situ formed core-shell (TaTiCr)B2 particles reinforced copper matrix composites prepared via casting","authors":"Di Huang ,&nbsp;Yihui Jiang ,&nbsp;Fei Cao ,&nbsp;Xingde Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengtao Li ,&nbsp;Yihang Pang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Yang ,&nbsp;Tian Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou ,&nbsp;Yanfang Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Sun ,&nbsp;Shuhua Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To avoid the macro-segregation and micro-agglomeration of reinforcements during the preparation of copper matrix composites via casting, redesigning the reinforcements to match the density with that of the matrix may effectively avoid macro-segregation. However, addressing micro-agglomeration remains a significant obstacle limiting broader application. In this work, the finer and more uniform (TaTiCr)₂B/Cu composites were successfully prepared through the design of core-shell (TaTiCr)B₂ ceramic particles. Furthermore, the formation and dispersion mechanisms of core-shell (TaTiCr)B₂ particles were elucidated. During the growth process of novel diboride particles, the Ta and Ti elements exhibit relatively high adsorption energy to facilitate the formation of homogeneous distribution of components, but their higher interfacial energies induce severe micro-agglomeration of (TaTi)B₂ particles. Conversely, the Cr element displays low adsorption energy, resulting in the formation of core-shell (TaCr)B₂ structure. However, the Cr element may significantly reduce the interfacial energy, causing the particles to tend to be dispersed. Ultimately, by co-selecting Ta, Ti and Cr elements, the high-strength and high-conductivity copper matrix composites reinforced with finer and more dispersed (TaTiCr)B₂ particles were prepared.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149177"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of dot-ring and Gaussian beams on epitaxial grain growth and crack suppression of DD6 superalloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Boyang Wu ,&nbsp;Hairui Gao ,&nbsp;Yuanxi Huang ,&nbsp;Shuai Li ,&nbsp;Zhichao Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Qingsong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy distribution profile of the laser beam plays a crucial role in determining melt pool stability and the mechanisms of defect formation during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. In this study, DD6 nickel-based superalloy specimens were fabricated using Gaussian and dot-ring beam(sometimes referred to as a flat-top laser) to investigate the influence of laser energy distribution on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties.The results reveal that the dot-ring beam with a uniform energy profile significantly increases the melt pool's width-to-depth ratio and promotes melt pool stability. Samples produced using the dot-ring beam exhibited a pronounced [001] crystallographic texture, with an average grain misorientation angle of 13.6°. Due to the reduced presence of defects and high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), these samples achieved the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1205 MPa and an elongation at break of 15.2 %. Compared to samples fabricated using the Gaussian beam, this represents an improvement of 20.1 % in UTS and 46.15 % in elongation. The tensile fracture surfaces displayed a mixed brittle–ductile fracture mode.Moreover, the adoption of the dot-ring beam significantly expanded the process window. High-density parts could be achieved as long as the volumetric energy density (VED) met the minimum threshold. This study provides theoretical guidance and practical reference for the LPBF processing of high-performance nickel-based superalloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149181"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of friction stir processing and heat treatment sequences on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of wire arc additively manufactured aluminum alloys","authors":"Siyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Likang Xu ,&nbsp;Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Han Xie ,&nbsp;Yili Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhonggang Sun ,&nbsp;Guoqing Dai ,&nbsp;Guang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Friction stir processing (FSP) is an effective method to improve the porosity, microstructure, and properties of aluminum alloys produced by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Solution treatment followed by aging is essential to achieve peak strength in heat-treatable aluminum alloys. The sequence of FSP and heat treatment significantly affects the microstructure and properties of additively manufactured aluminum alloys. This study employed three different sequences of FSP and heat treatments—FSP followed by solution and aging (FSA), solution and aging followed by FSP (SAF), and solution followed by FSP and then aging (SFA)—to regulate the microstructure and properties of ZL205A aluminum alloy produced via WAAM. Microstructural analysis reveals that the as-deposited (AD) sample features a coarse-grained microstructure with an average grain size of 42.87 μm, along with a network-like θ phase predominantly precipitated at the grain boundaries. The tensile strength in the vertical direction is relatively low at 249.7 MPa, with an elongation of only 9.6 %. After FSA processing, the network-like θ phase at the grain boundaries completely dissolves and reprecipitates as finely dispersed needle-like θ'' phase, resulting in the highest tensile strength (425.4 MPa) among the three processing conditions. However, the fine-grained structure formed by dynamic recrystallization during FSP underwent abnormal grain growth (AGG) during the solution treatment owing to insufficient thermal stability, reducing ductility and limited an elongation to merely 3.3 %. By contrast, the SAF and SFA processes altered the formation of metastable phases during FSP, yielding substantially lower tensile strengths compared to FSA. During the SAF process, some metastable phases were not fully re-dissolve, retaining more metastable phases which contributed to higher tensile strength than the SFA sample, with tensile strengths of 328.5 MPa and 289.9 MPa, respectively. Both SAF and SFA samples maintained the fine-grained structure produced by dynamic recrystallization during FSP, with average grain sizes refined to 3.10 μm and 2.88 μm, respectively. This significant grain refinement greatly enhanced the elongations of the SAF and SFA samples, reaching 24.4 % and 20.7 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149133"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of long-term service exposure at elevated temperatures on Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model parameters for P91 steels","authors":"Tairui Zhang ,&nbsp;Weiwei Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiandong Shang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingzhi Fu ,&nbsp;Qinghua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The P91 steel, which is widely used in critical components of power generation systems, undergoes significant microstructural deteriorations during long-term service under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. These microstructural deteriorations highly coupled with parameters in meso-damage models like GTN, leading to the continuous decreasing mechanical performance, and ultimately posing serious challenges to the safety of the whole systems. In this case, this study aims to extensively investigate the influence of long-term service exposure on GTN parameters. Experiments, as well as the corresponding finite element calculations, are conducted on four P91 steels at different service stages (as-received, 50,000 h service exposure, 100,000 h service exposure and more than 200,000 h service exposure). It is found that extended service exposure can result in coarsening of secondary phase particles and interface degradation, increasing the number of initial damage and effective nucleation sites, leading to increasing <em>f</em>₀ and void nucleation parameters (<em>f</em>_N, <em>s</em>_N, <em>ε</em>_N). In addition, long-term service decreases dislocation densities, which reduces yield strength but enhances subsequent hardening behavior, resulting in decreasing trends for constitutive parameters (<em>q</em>₁ and <em>q</em>₂). Both failure parameters (<em>f</em>_C and <em>f</em>_F) depend on initial damage (<em>f</em>₀) and damage evolution. Short-term service exposure exhibits negligible effects, whereas long-term service causes higher void volume fraction at the same strain levels and enhanced matrix ductility, thus resulting in an increasing trend of failure parameters. Furthermore, the influence of parameter mismatching (referring GTN parameters from P91-New to serviced ones) on failure predictions of long-term serviced P91 pipelines is also discussed. This study provides technical guidance for failure predictions by meso-damage mechanics models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149176"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slip mode analysis in BCC tantalum with HRDIC","authors":"Guowei Zhou ,&nbsp;David T. Fullwood ,&nbsp;Robert H. Wagoner ,&nbsp;Stephen R. Niezgoda ,&nbsp;Tristan Russell ,&nbsp;David Lunt","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Slip in BCC metals is reported to include pencil glide on maximum shear stress planes (MSSPs) as well as slip on various standard crystallographic slip systems. High-resolution digital image correlation (HRDIC) often enables unambiguous grain-scale slip analysis and was used to characterize the slip modes in large-grained BCC tantalum tensile specimens in the current work. Slip of {110}, {112} and MSSP types was observed based on the slip trace analysis. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for {112} slip is approximately 9.5 % higher than {110} slip while the CRSS for pencil glide is approximately 7.3 % higher than for {110} slip. Activation of unexpected slip systems near grain boundaries was found to be dependent on the local stress states. HRDIC reveals the size of the grain boundary zone (GBZ), with strain decreasing toward the grain centers, and the width of the GBZ is determined to be approximately 140 μm in the region of GBs that exhibited clear strain gradients, for grains of average diameter 10 mm, and with little slip transmission across the GB observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"947 ","pages":"Article 149179"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toughening an ultra-strong medium Mn steel by interface delamination","authors":"Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Cheng ,&nbsp;Bo Yang ,&nbsp;Wuli Su ,&nbsp;Xue Chen ,&nbsp;Qingyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Wenquan Cao ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Ma ,&nbsp;Yuntian Zhu ,&nbsp;Chongxiang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.msea.2025.149174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overcoming the inherent trade-off relationship between strength and crack resistance has always been the pursuit goal in the development of engineering materials. This study assessed the fracture toughness of a steel with directionally distributed fibrous ferrites in martensite. The fracture toughness reaches 145.3 ± 4.9 MPa m^1/2, with the yield and tensile strengths of 1310 ± 40 and 1516 ± 55 MPa, respectively. Interface strength between fibrous ferrite and martensite is 840.5 ± 40.3 MPa, which is predicted by experimental data on void nucleation. The \"high mechanical stress\" and \"relatively weak interface\" activate the interface delamination, altering the crack propagation path and creating hierarchical bridging structure. It is astounding that the divergence between the predicted and observed paths of the principal crack reaches as much as ∼85°. Based on the fracture energy principle, the energy release rate is reduced to ∼29 % of the initial value, which needs to be compensated by substantially improving the external load. The individual contributions of different toughening mechanisms have been quantified. Specifically, the intrinsic toughness is 74.7 ± 3.5 MPa m^1/2, and the extrinsic toughness is mainly attributed to the deflection (43.2 ± 9.9 MPa m^1/2) and bridge (27.4 ± 1.5 MPa m^1/2) of the main crack. The research methodology is expected to be applicable to various hetero-structured materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":385,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: A","volume":"946 ","pages":"Article 149174"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}