Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating the biomechanical properties of 3D-milled and 3D-printed restorative dental materials","authors":"Shimaa Hathan ,&nbsp;Dayane Oliveira ,&nbsp;Karina G. Amorim ,&nbsp;Panagiotis Zoidis ,&nbsp;Alex J. Delgado ,&nbsp;Jason A. Griggs ,&nbsp;Patricia Pereira ,&nbsp;Mateus G. Rocha","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to evaluate the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) and modulus (BFM) of 3D-milled and 3D-printed restorative materials and assess their biomechanical behavior when bonded to dentin analog.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Five dental material classes were tested: lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (Emax CAD), leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic (Empress CAD), polymer-infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic), 3D-milled resin-based composite (Lava Ultimate), and 3D-printed resin-based composite (Crown X). Disk-shaped specimens (n = 20, d = 12 mm, t = 1 mm) were fabricated. BFS and BFM were measured using biaxial flexural testing. Additional specimens were bonded to dentin analog (NEMA G10) and tested for BFS. Finite element analysis (FEA) evaluated stress distribution. Fractographic analysis used digital optical and scanning electron microscopy. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Weibull distribution (α = 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Emax CAD exhibited highest mean BFS (312.71 ± 51.89 MPa) and BFM (41.30 ± 0.76 GPa), significantly superior to other materials (P &lt; 0.05). Crown X demonstrated second-highest BFS (156.55 ± 30.88 MPa) but lowest BFM (10.77 ± 0.40 GPa). When bonded to dentin analog, BFS ranking changed: Emax CAD &gt; Empress CAD &gt; Enamic &gt; Lava Ultimate &gt; Crown X. FEA revealed materials with higher moduli retained stress within restoration, while lower modulus materials transferred stress to dentin analog. Weibull analysis showed Vita Enamic had highest Weibull modulus when bonded, indicating lowest variability, while Emax CAD showed lowest despite superior strength.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>3D-milled lithium disilicate (Emax CAD) demonstrated superior mechanical properties and stress distribution. While 3D-printed composite (Crown X) showed promising strength when tested alone, performance significantly decreased when bonded to dentin analog.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107202"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical characterization of the human auricle for earable device design","authors":"Y. Li ,&nbsp;M.L. Bance ,&nbsp;M.P.F. Sutcliffe","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human auricle, despite its intricate anatomy and biomechanical significance, remains relatively under-studied in terms of its mechanical properties. This work aims to characterise the mechanical behaviour of human auricles and provide novel experimental and modelling tools to simulate this response, with a focus on informing the design of wearable ear devices, or ‘earables’. A realistic phantom auricle model was constructed with the aim of providing an experimental tool for use in researching auricle mechanical properties. This tool proved its worth by being used to develop a methodology for testing the mechanical response of human auricles. A volunteer study was then conducted using this methodology to characterise the mechanical and structural behaviour of the human auricle. In static loading tests, the force required to bend human auricles was found to vary from 0.09 N to 0.15 N for an applied displacement equal to 25% of the auricle’s width. In dynamic loading tests, the measured natural frequency of the human auricle ranged from 13 Hz to 27 Hz. Finally, a finite element computational model was developed to simulate the measured mechanical behaviour of the human auricle. The aim was to provide a computational tool to use alongside the experimental phantom tool to explore the mechanical response of human auricles in conjunction with earables. This model was validated by comparison with the measured human auricle data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145152468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of shear wave elastography and biaxial testing for accurate soft tissue mechanical assessment","authors":"Zachary Ross ,&nbsp;Gregory Hirst ,&nbsp;Adam Rose ,&nbsp;North Graff ,&nbsp;Christopher R. Dillon ,&nbsp;Benjamin Terry","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to validate the efficacy of shear wave elastography for biomedical research by demonstrating its ability to accurately and non-destructively characterize tissue stiffness in-situ. While this study validated a specific device, the underlying physical principle - shear wave propagation speed for stiffness measurement - suggests these results should generalize to other shear wave elastography systems operating with similar specifications and measurement protocols.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To validate the ability of the shear wave elastography function to measure absolute tissue stiffness at low strains, porcine intestinal tissue samples were embedded in saline-infused gelatin and assessed for stiffness using the ultrasound machine. Samples also underwent traditional biaxial tensile testing, allowing for a direct comparison of stiffness values between the two methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Stiffness values at low strains produced by shear wave elastography were not statistically different from values produced by traditional biaxial testing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Shear wave elastography can accurately and non-destructively measure stiffness values of soft tissue at low strains comparable to traditional destructive testing methods.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>By employing these methodologies and comparative analyses, this study contributes to establishing the credibility and utility of shear wave elastography in biomedical research and quantitative clinical therapeutics, affirming its potential for in-situ tissue stiffness characterization and accurate mechanical property assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiTaMo medium entropy alloys with synergistic biomechanical properties for long term implantation","authors":"Jing Li ,&nbsp;Xi Rao ,&nbsp;Guannan Li ,&nbsp;Peitao Guo ,&nbsp;Tingting Liu ,&nbsp;Yuan Yuan ,&nbsp;Liqun Xu ,&nbsp;Xianquan Jiang ,&nbsp;Shengfeng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ti-based multi-principal element alloys exhibit excellent comprehensive properties and hold great promise as biomaterials for hard tissue implants. In the present study, a novel equiatomic TiTaMo medium entropy alloy (MEA) was designed and fabricated via vacuum arc melting followed by rapid solidification (cooling rate ∼10³ K/s) to address the limitations of conventional Ti-based alloys. The microstructures, mechanical properties, wear behavior and corrosion resistance in Hank's solution were thoroughly investigated. The as-cast TiTaMo MEA, characterized by a body-centered cubic structure with a lattice parameter of 3.229 Å, demonstrated a yield strength of 1230.79 MPa, an elastic modulus suitable for bone compatibility, and a plastic deformation strain exceeding 30 % under compression. Additionally, it exhibited a Vickers microhardness of approximately 471 HV. Although the overall wear resistance of the TiTaMo MEA was slightly inferior to that of Ti6Al4V, its coefficient of friction was notably lower and more stable level (<em>μ</em> ≈ 0.11) during the initial 200 s of testing. Moreover, in comparison with biomedical-grade pure Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy, the TiTaMo MEA displayed superior corrosion resistance with a stable passivation plateau extending beyond 4.5 V_SCE and no detectable pitting corrosion. These preliminary findings indicate that the TiTaMo MEA has significant potential as a candidate for next-generation orthopedic and dental implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of cross-sectional area determining methods for tensile testing of iliotibial band","authors":"Michael Werner ,&nbsp;Welf-Guntram Drossel ,&nbsp;Sabine Löffler ,&nbsp;Niels Hammer","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining accurate values on specimen cross-sectional areas is crucial when conducting biomechanical experiments in an effort to derive meaningful properties such as ultimate tensile strength and elastic modulus. Several studies have investigated various methods for cross-section measurements using various soft tissues and applications. Comparison between methods is missing to date especially for (human) biological soft tissues.</div><div>This given study determined the cross-sectional areas of ten synthetic polyamide 12 and twenty-nine human iliotibial band specimens. It used the following four commonly deployed methods: caliper gauge (CG), molding compound (MC), X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) and digital image correlation (DIC). The repeatability coefficient was calculated for the four methods and the agreement between the four methods were compared using Bland-Altman plots.</div><div>All methods but CG offer consistent and reliable measurements of iliotibial band cross section determination, with no difference in their performance levels. In the polyamide specimens, cross-section determination using μCT appeared to provide the best repeatability coefficient RC (0.09 mm² and 0.18 mm² with reduced voxel resolution). It shows also for iliotibial band specimens the best agreements especially when compared to MC with a bias less than 1 % and limits of agreements lower ±25 %.</div><div>The given data suggest that any of the given methods, μCT, MC or DIC can be used effectively for CSA measurements of soft tissues. Minor methodological discrepancies were observed exclusively in specimens with highly uniform geometries. The principal limiting factor appears to be inherent tissue-specific variability rather than the measurement precision of the applied systems. In contrast, due to systematic bias and poor concordance with all other methods investigated, CG cannot be recommended for accurate CSA determination of soft tissue specimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale design of the structure and mechanical performance of the deep-sea hydrothermal mussel (Bathymodiolus aduloides) shell","authors":"Xue Hou ,&nbsp;Yin Liu ,&nbsp;Tingting Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhi Zheng ,&nbsp;Jianhui Sun ,&nbsp;Mengjun Xiong ,&nbsp;Wenting Li ,&nbsp;Jianbao Li ,&nbsp;Shenghua Mei ,&nbsp;Yabin Yuan ,&nbsp;Shuangquan Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are renowned for being among the most extreme environments on Earth. However, the mussel shells found in these vent sites demonstrate remarkable productivity, despite being subjected to high pressure as well as unusual levels of heavy metals, pH, temperature, CO₂, and sulphides. To comprehend how these mussels endure such extreme conditions, a systematic comparative study was conducted, focusing on the unique chemical composition, structural designs, and mechanical properties of hydrothermal vent mussels (<em>Bathymodiolus aduloides</em>) in comparison to shallow-water mussels (<em>Mytilus edulis</em>). The results revealed that the shell of <em>B. aduloides</em> exhibited a multilayered structure and a higher curved cross section compared to <em>M. edulis</em>. The cross section primarily consisted of a thicker periostracum layer and a highly mineralized calcium carbonate layer, exhibiting distinct changes in chemical composition and microstructures. Furthermore, the shell of <em>B. aduloides</em> demonstrated higher modulus and toughness, as well as lower density and hardness, when compared to the shell of <em>M. edulis</em>. Various toughening mechanisms of <em>B. aduloides</em> were observed on broken surfaces, including crack deflection, mineral bridges, and nano-particles. The chemical composition and multiscale design strategy of the <em>B. aduloides</em> shell, as revealed in this study, are expected to provide valuable insights for the development of novel bioinspired materials suitable for extremely high-pressure environments, such as deep-sea submersibles and mining equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 107188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Double 4-bar shear: A novel apparatus and method for simple shear mechanical analysis of membranes” [J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 171 (2025) 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107113]","authors":"R. Lalitha Sridhar ,&nbsp;M. Jiang ,&nbsp;A.D. Freed ,&nbsp;A. Jastram ,&nbsp;A.B. Robbins ,&nbsp;M.R. Moreno","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 107184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of human bone morphology on sawing forces","authors":"Ali Ramezani ,&nbsp;Izadyar Tamadon ,&nbsp;Quint Meinders ,&nbsp;Michael van Emden ,&nbsp;Nico Verdonschot ,&nbsp;Gabrielle Tuijthof","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In orthopaedic surgical procedures, bone cutting is often performed with an oscillating saw. Achieving an optimal cut requires high accuracy, low temperature, minimal surgeon effort, and time efficiency, all of which may be influenced by the forces applied on the sawing device, and the microstructure of the cut bone. The relation between bovine bone microstructure and sawing forces has been studied. However, transition to human bone remains limited. This study investigates the relationship between human bone microstructure and sawing forces.</div><div>Transverse cross-sections of seven fresh-frozen human cadaveric femoral bone samples were obtained and their porosity and osteon density were captured by a microscope. Samples were sawed in four quadrants using a single-tooth saw blade in a dedicated test setup at 0.39 ± 0.01 m/s, while forces on the tooth were measured. Subsequently, the relationship between porosity and osteon density with cutting and thrust forces was analysed by regression analysis for each one/third of the sawing area.</div><div>Microstructure analysis of the sawed areas showed a porosity varying between 5 and 86 % and an osteon density between 1 and 31 osteons/mm². A logarithmic regression model revealed a significant relationship between these properties and cutting forces (1.58–16.37 N) and thrust forces (1.94–14.19 N), explaining 68 % of the variance of the applied forces on the saw tooth.</div><div>The proposed regression model adequately predicts sawing forces depending on human bone porosity. Hence, this study introduces a methodology and data set which can serve as a first step towards optimizing machining parameters of saw blades in orthopaedic bone sawing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 107185"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of autoinjector applied force and shield size on abdominal skin and subcutaneous tissue deformation – An in-vivo ultrasound and digital image correlation study","authors":"Anne-Sofie Madsen Staples ,&nbsp;Adam Bo Mandel ,&nbsp;Leyre Azcarate ,&nbsp;Marie Sand Traberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Shield-triggered autoinjectors (AIs) aim to reduce needle phobia and accidental needlestick injuries and improve usability. However, they may cause deeper injections due to tissue compression. This study investigates the mechanical response of AI application into abdominal tissue in-vivo.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Tissue thickness/compression level, skin strain, and indentation depth were measured in 10 healthy participants. Digital image correlation (DIC) captured the skin surface, while an ultrasound (US) probe attached to a 3D-printed shield recorded the underlying skin and subcutaneous tissue (SCT) during application of forces up to 20 N using two indenter sizes (Ø15 mm and Ø30 mm).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Increased force correlated with reduced skin + SCT layer thickness; however, a non-linear tissue lockup/plateau around 8–10 N was evident. The Ø30 indenter caused a 45 % mean compression, while the Ø15 resulted in 55 %. ANOVA revealed statistical differences between shield sizes for indentation depth and skin + SCT thickness reduction (p &lt; 0.05). ANOVA further revealed a statistical difference between mean indentation depth for Ø15 (50.39 mm) versus Ø30 (34.84 mm) (p &lt; 0.05). Average strain rates were higher (10.5 % versus 15 %) and skin surface deflection curves were steeper for Ø15 compared to Ø30.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Skin + SCT compression increases until it reaches a lock-up state, but indentation depth responds linearly to increases in force. The high level of tissue compression will increase the risk of intramuscular injections when using shield-triggered AIs, depending on needle length, activation force, and shield size. Therefore, increasing shield sizes to reduce tissue compression and indentation depth can enhance user experience and the probability of reaching the subcutaneous layer. Conclusions are drawn from a small, homogenous cohort, and although the trends are clear, variation between participants highlight the complex nature of human skin tissue. More user groups and injection sites should be investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 107186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of COMP and TIMP-3 in preserving cartilage integrity compromised by proteases: A histo-mechanical study","authors":"Asif Istiak ,&nbsp;Austin Lawrence ,&nbsp;Joseph Boesel ,&nbsp;Md Imrul Kayes ,&nbsp;Ahmed Suparno Bahar Moni ,&nbsp;Tanvir R. Faisal","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107183","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) significantly impact articular cartilage biomechanical properties in osteoarthritis (OA). However, comprehensive understanding of biomechanical responses and the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions remains limited. This study investigates how MMPs and ADAMTS synergistically degenerate cartilage biomechanical properties under different loading conditions, and evaluates the preventive role of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3). Bovine tibiofemoral cartilage disks (N = 80) with subchondral bone from 8 cows were harvested and incubated with MMP-9, MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, COMP, and TIMP-3 in four distinct combinations: Group A (MMP-9+MMP-13+ADAMTS-5), Group B (Group A + COMP), Group C (Group A + TIMP-3), Group D (Group B + TIMP-3) and Group E (negative control). Comprehensive biomechanical assessment included indentation, unconfined compression, and dynamic testing to simulate various physiological activities. Safranin O and Picrosirius red staining were used for histological analysis. Group A demonstrates reduced Young's modulus &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;71.7&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;95&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;confidence&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;interval&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;CI&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;:&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;64.3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;85.2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, instantaneous modulus &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;71.4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;95&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;CI&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;:&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;50.0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;83.6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and equilibrium modulus &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;61.7&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;95&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;CI&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;:&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;24.6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;80.6&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; compared to controls. Adding COMP substantially improved Young's modulus &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;41.4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;95&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;CI&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;:&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;9.9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;102.2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and equilibrium modulus &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;18.9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;95&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;CI&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;:&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;31.9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;107.8&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; relative to Group A. Supplementation ","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 107183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}