{"title":"Shear-induced rotation mechanism of VWF A2 domain plays important role in mediating platelet adhesion","authors":"Kuan-Yu Pan , Shu-Wei Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>von Willebrand Factor (VWF) is a blood glycoprotein which plays an important role in mediating platelet adhesion to damaged blood vessel during hemostasis. It is known that the shear stress in blood stretches the A2 structural domain and regulates the platelet adhesion behavior through the cleavage by the metalloprotease ADAMTS13. The mechanical forces mediating the cleavage rate and the unfolding mechanism of A2 domain where the cleavage site (Tyr1605–Met1606 in <em>β</em><sub>4</sub>) resides is highly related to proper regulation of VWF proteolysis for maintaining normal hemostasis. Past studies have addressed the unfolding mechanism by conducting AFM experiments or SMD simulations. However, the local interaction of VWF with the surrounding fluid under shear flow were not considered, which might influence the unfolding pathway and the force required to facilitate the exposure of the cleavage site. Therefore, it's intriguing to study the unfolding pathway under shear flow at the molecular level to identify the conformational intermediates and force responses. In this study, we perform a molecular dynamics simulation with imposed shear flow on the VWF A2 domain to reveal how shear flow alters its molecular structure. Our results reveal that the loading condition strongly affects the molecular unfolding of VWF on its capability of rotation, which is crucial for stabilizing the βsheet and reducing the unfolding force under physiological condition. These findings provide fundamental knowledge for the development of future treatments of related diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philipp Ruf , Kilian Richthofer , Vincenzo Orassi , Claudius Steffen , Georg N. Duda , Max Heiland , Sara Checa , Carsten Rendenbach
{"title":"Biomechanical evaluation of shape-optimized CAD/CAM magnesium plates for mandibular reconstruction","authors":"Philipp Ruf , Kilian Richthofer , Vincenzo Orassi , Claudius Steffen , Georg N. Duda , Max Heiland , Sara Checa , Carsten Rendenbach","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnesium CAD/CAM miniplates are a promising alternative to titanium plates for mandibular reconstruction. However, gas formation is an inherent part of the magnesium degradation process, and thus, the quantity of magnesium used in fixation scenarios should be limited. Previous studies described several strategies to limit material volume, such as plate thickness reduction and shape-optimization. In particular, shape-optimization has been described as a strategy to limit material volume while maintaining mechanical integrity.</div><div>In consequence, the present study compared a shape-optimized CAD/CAM magnesium miniplate with standard CAD/CAM magnesium miniplates of varying thicknesses using a biomechanical finite element model. A single-segment mandibular reconstruction was chosen as the investigative scenario, evaluated under different biting tasks to assess the different plate shapes.</div><div>The shape-optimized magnesium plate demonstrated similar primary fixation stability compared to standard CAD/CAM magnesium miniplates, despite having reduced plate material and surface area. Shape optimization could help minimize magnesium volume and surface area to mitigate the issue of gas formation during the degradation process <em>in vivo</em> while maintaining biomechanical performance comparable to common CAD/CAM miniplates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhongxuan Shi , Hao Lv , Yu Wang , Danyang Zhao , Dong Han
{"title":"A review of strategies for improving the mechanical properties of 3D bioprinted skin grafts","authors":"Zhongxuan Shi , Hao Lv , Yu Wang , Danyang Zhao , Dong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the largest organ of the human body, the skin serves as a crucial protective barrier against external damage. While traditional approaches to skin injury treatment increasingly struggle to meet clinical demands, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as an innovative approach for tissue-engineered skin regeneration. Nevertheless, challenges persist regarding the mechanical integrity of bioprinted constructs, particularly post-printing graft shrinkage. This review systematically examines three key strategies for enhancing the mechanical properties of 3D bioprinted skin grafts: (i) Biomaterial innovation through novel material development and composite systems that substantially improve structural stability; (ii) Advanced structural design incorporating bioinspired architectures, topological optimization, and gradient configurations to achieve biomimetic mechanical performance; (iii) Post-fabrication processing techniques involving novel crosslinking methods and parameter modulation to reinforce mechanical strength. By critically analyzing these synergistic enhancement strategies, this work establishes a conceptual framework to guide future research in developing clinically viable 3D bioprinted skin substitutes with optimal biomechanical functionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107223"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefan Schroeder , Jens Gibmeier , Phuong Thao Mai , Maximilian C.M. Fischer , Moritz M. Innmann , Tobias Renkawitz , J. Philippe Kretzer
{"title":"Increasing the fatigue strength of laser-powder bed fusion manufactured Ti6Al4V hip stems by means of appropriate post-treatments","authors":"Stefan Schroeder , Jens Gibmeier , Phuong Thao Mai , Maximilian C.M. Fischer , Moritz M. Innmann , Tobias Renkawitz , J. Philippe Kretzer","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the lower fatigue resistance of LPBF manufactured Ti6Al4V alloy compared to wrought material, hip stems are still manufactured conventionally, despite the advantages of patient-specific joint replacements. Therefore, the aim of the study was the investigation of appropriate post-treatments to increase the fatigue resistance of LPBF manufactured Ti6Al4V alloy using a four-point bending setup and a Locati-test. The results showed that only a combination of a hot isostatic pressing process and a sufficient surface treatment can lead to similar fatigue results as wrought material. Thereby, machining, deep rolling and shot peening turned out to be suitable surface treatments. For complex geometries like hip stems, shot peening is the most sufficient surface treatment. A combined surface treatment of shot peening and polishing led to similar fatigue results as the shot peening process alone. It can be followed that a combination of shot peening with a previous hot isostatic pressing process leads to satisfying fatigue results comparable to the wrought material and can be applied on complex geometries like hip stems. In addition, shoulder and neck area of a hip stem can be polished after the HIP process and the shot peening procedure without any reduction in fatigue strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Génesis Ríos Adorno , Kyle B. Timmer , Raul A. Sun Han Chang , Jiachun Shi , Simon A. Rogers , Brendan A.C. Harley
{"title":"Shaping the mechanical properties of a gelatin hydrogel interface via amination","authors":"Génesis Ríos Adorno , Kyle B. Timmer , Raul A. Sun Han Chang , Jiachun Shi , Simon A. Rogers , Brendan A.C. Harley","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Injuries to musculoskeletal interfaces, such as the tendon-to-bone insertion of the rotator cuff, present significant physiological and clinical challenges for repair due to complex gradients of structure, composition, and cellularity. Advances in interface tissue engineering require stratified biomaterials able to both provide local instructive signals to support multiple tissue phenotypes while also reducing the risk of strain concentrations and failure at the transition between dissimilar materials. Here, we describe adaptation of a thiolated gelatin (Gel-SH) hydrogel via selective amination of carboxylic acid subunits on the gelatin backbone. The magnitude and kinetics of HRP-mediated primary crosslinking and carbodiimide-mediated secondary crosslinking reactions can be tuned through amination and thiolation of carboxylic acid subunits on the gelatin backbone. We also show that a stratified biomaterial comprised of mineralized (bone-mimetic) and non-mineralized (tendon-mimetic) collagen scaffold compartments linked by an aminated Gel-SH hydrogel demonstrate improved mechanical performance and reduced strain concentrations. Together, these results highlight significant mechanical advantages that can be derived from modifying the gelatin macromer via controlled amination and thiolation and suggest an avenue for tuning the mechanical performance of hydrogel interfaces within stratified biomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danyal A. Siddiqui , Smriti G. Natarajan , Bhuvana Lakkasetter Chandrashekar , Danieli C. Rodrigues
{"title":"Simulated oral environment affects zirconia aging and mechanical strength","authors":"Danyal A. Siddiqui , Smriti G. Natarajan , Bhuvana Lakkasetter Chandrashekar , Danieli C. Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Zirconia is an emerging alternative to titanium for dental implant systems. However, zirconia surfaces can deteriorate under aqueous conditions, thereby compromising mechanical performance. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of biological exposure or aging simulating the oral cavity on the surface integrity and mechanical strength of surface-treated zirconia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Partially yttria- or magnesia-stabilized zirconia specimens were polished, acid-etched, or sandblasted. Zirconia disks were exposed to mammalian cells or bacteria. Surface degradation via tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation was assessed by Raman microscopy. Zirconia bars were subjected to accelerated aging by exposure to autoclave steam. Surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical strength was measured using four-point bend test loading until failure.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Early-colonizing oral bacteria significantly increased monoclinic content ∼5-fold on acid-etched yttria-stabilized zirconia versus control (p < 0.05). Surface monoclinic content on acid-etched zirconia increased rapidly (54.6 ± 9.3 %) after 4 h of aging before plateauing (77.0 ± 5.7 %) after 20 h. In contrast, polished or sandblasted zirconia exhibited minimal monoclinic content (∼4 %) after 4 h that gradually increased to ∼40 % by 20 h. Acid-etching treatment significantly reduced the flexural strength of zirconia (585 ± 34 MPa) while sandblasting variants were statistically similar (922 ± 52 MPa) to machined control (921 ± 74 MPa). Aging reduced the flexural strength of machined or sandblasted zirconia, which was significant (p < 0.05) for machined zirconia (782 ± 178 MPa).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Acid-etching and/or exposure to acidic environment increase zirconia susceptibility to surface degradation, impacting its surface and mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaming Zhang , Xinyi Bai , Ding Li , Xi Liu , Xigeng Lyu , Fu Wang
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics derived from sol-gel route with varied agitation speeds","authors":"Yaming Zhang , Xinyi Bai , Ding Li , Xi Liu , Xigeng Lyu , Fu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium disilicate (LD) glass-ceramics were fabricated through conventional sol-gel and pressureless sintering methods, with the influence of stirring speeds (200, 400, 600 and 1000 rpm) on their microstructural evolution, phase formation, and mechanical properties being systematically investigated. The variation in agitation speed significantly affected the agglomerated sizes and morphological characteristics of the gel-derived LD powers, which in true induced noticeable differences in phase compositions and crystallinities of both the precursor powers and the final glass-ceramics. These morphological variations directly correlated with the archived relative densities of the sintered LD glass-ceramics, and the mechanical property variations were also linked with the differing aspect ratios of the precipitated LD crystals within the microstructures. Optimal performance was obtained at the stirring speed of 400 rpm, yielding glass-ceramics with exceptional properties: highest relative density (94.01 ± 0.16 %), flexural strength (182.72 ± 1.5 MPa), hardness (3.84 ± 0.20 GPa), and fracture toughness (3.07 ± 0.17 MPa·m<sup>1/2</sup>). These finding demonstrated that mechanical stirring parameters profoundly influenced the characteristics of gel-derived LD powders and resultant glass-ceramics, suggesting potential applicability of this process control strategy to other gel-derived lithium silicate materials, including Li<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> and Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107218"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicole Limzider , Daniel Rittel , Keren Shemtov-Yona
{"title":"Bone morphology and mechanical Behavior: New insights into cortical and trabecular failure under compression","authors":"Nicole Limzider , Daniel Rittel , Keren Shemtov-Yona","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bone is a heterogeneous, dynamic tissue that plays a crucial role in structural support and load bearing. Cortical bone, with its dense and organized structure, exhibits greater strength and rigidity compared to trabecular bone, which is more porous and spongier. The interaction between these two bone types significantly influences overall biomechanical behavior and failure resistance. However, the precise correlation between bone microstructure and mechanical performance remains incompletely understood, particularly at the microscale level. This study aims to identify the relevant morphometric characteristics of both cortical and trabecular bone and their relationship to whole-bone mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms under loading.</div><div>Mechanical compression tests were conducted on pig rib bone slices containing both cortical and trabecular components. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to track local displacements and failure sites during loading. Load-deformation behavior was recorded for each slice. Prior to testing, the bone slices were scanned using micro-CT, and their morphometric parameters were analyzed with Dragonfly software.</div><div>The findings reveal that key bone parameters, primarily related to total bone mass and cortical bone morphology, strongly influence mechanical behavior, including elastic properties, stiffness, and strength after structural collapse. Failure analysis indicated that fractures predominantly occur in regions where the trabecular bone is less organized and has a lower density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavithran Devananthan , Johann Zwirner , Paul D. Docherty , Benjamin Ondruschka , Natalia Kabaliuk
{"title":"Effect of freezing on mechanical properties of ovine brain tissue","authors":"Pavithran Devananthan , Johann Zwirner , Paul D. Docherty , Benjamin Ondruschka , Natalia Kabaliuk","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freezing at −20 °C impacts the mechanical properties of post mortem brain tissue, which has implications for forensic science, particularly for estimating the post mortem interval (PMI). Freezing is examined as a method that may offer an extended window for forensic analysis by halting tissue degradation processes or allow tissue transfer to specialized departments.</div><div>A rheological examination of samples from various brain regions of 21 ovine brains (frontal lobe, anterior deep brain, posterior deep brain, parietal lobe, superior colliculus, medulla, pons, cerebellum) was conducted. The brain tissue was tested on the day of sacrifice, after short term freezing (<16 days) and long-term freezing (95–110 days) to track the changes in mechanical properties.</div><div>The results showed nearly complete overlap in storage, loss and complex shear moduli between samples tested on the day of sacrifice and their frozen counterparts for all locations, with no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the moduli of the three groups.</div><div>Freezing had no statistically significant impact on the tissue's mechanical properties across all tested locations. The study thus provides new insights regarding the preservation of ovine brain samples for up to 110 days for forensic biomechanical analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiapeng He , Guowei Zhou , Yiwei Xie , Zhuohan Cao , Zi Li , Jamie J. Kruzic , Xiaopeng Li , Dayong Li , Jiangming Yu
{"title":"Improved anisotropic elastic properties evaluation of cancellous bone using novel experimental and image-based fabric tensor analysis","authors":"Jiapeng He , Guowei Zhou , Yiwei Xie , Zhuohan Cao , Zi Li , Jamie J. Kruzic , Xiaopeng Li , Dayong Li , Jiangming Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate evaluation of the mechanical properties of cancellous bone is critical for various clinical diagnoses and orthopedic treatments. In this study, experimental, computational, and analytical investigations are conducted to assess its anisotropic elastic properties. Firstly, a novel elastic modulus measurement method based on the digital image correlation (DIC) technique is proposed to enable reliable determination of the elastic modulus along different directions. Finite element simulations are conducted with both high-resolution micro-CT (micro-CT/FEM) and low-resolution clinical CT (CT/FEM) images-based geometries to explore the effects on elastic modulus predictions. Meanwhile, a fabric tensor-based analytical framework is proposed, employing mean intercept length (MIL) for micro-CT and gray-level structure tensor (GST) method for clinical CT. The results demonstrate that micro-CT/FEM predictions closely match experimental measurements and effectively capture mechanical anisotropy. In contrast, CT/FEM fails to predict transverse and shear moduli accurately. Both MIL- and GST-based models can capture the anisotropic elastic properties reasonably well as micro-CT/FEM simulations. Particularly, the GST-based approach provides a balanced way for cancellous bone anisotropic mechanical behavior prediction with low resolution clinical images, which can be also further applied to other porous materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}