Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials最新文献

{"title":"Influence of suture and fontanelle morphological variabilities on infant head injury biomechanics","authors":"Siyuan Chen,&nbsp;Yufei Xin,&nbsp;Svein Kleiven,&nbsp;Xiaogai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to adults, the infant head exhibits significant differences in both material properties and structural composition, yet far fewer studies exist on infant head biomechanics. Sutures and fontanelles, as integral soft tissue structures of the infant skull, allow flexibility and accommodate head growth during development. However, their influence on infant head responses to external forces remains inadequately studied, which hinders the advancement of infant traffic safety measures, pediatric head injury diagnosis, and forensic assessments in cases of suspected abusive head trauma. Addressing this research gap, we aim to study the influence of suture and fontanelle morphology on infant head biomechanical response under impact using finite element (FE) simulation. For this, we first developed an automated algorithm for generating FE models with variable suture and fontanelle morphologies, tailored to the morphological characteristics of different suture and fontanelle shapes. The biomechanical influences of these variations were systematically investigated, including the impact acceleration curves and the skull fracture patterns. Furthermore, we investigated the role of accessory sutures, a critical factor but often-overlooked in biomechanics research. The results show that variations in suture and fontanelle morphology significantly influence the biomechanics of the infant head. In particular, fractures were more likely to propagate along accessory sutures in the parietal bone, leading to linear skull fractures. In summary, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of the impact loading of infant sutures and fontanelles, highlighting the importance of considering the suture and fontanelle morphologies when assessing pediatric head injuries for pediatricians, biomechanics researchers, and forensic experts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of soft connective tissues and implications for synthetic biomaterials: interfacing the frequency and time domains","authors":"Weiqi Li ,&nbsp;Diana C. de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Bernard M. Lawless ,&nbsp;Carolina E. Lavecchia ,&nbsp;Joseph Crolla ,&nbsp;Lauren EJ. Thomas-Seale ,&nbsp;Duncan ET. Shepherd ,&nbsp;Daniel M. Espino","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soft connective tissues found in the body have a mechanical role to support and transfer load, provide protection, to cells and organs across all physiological systems of the body. They typically function within dynamic loading environments. This review explores the characterisation of soft connective tissues under cyclic loading, with implications for replacement biomaterials. The aim is to identify how characterisation of material properties within a frequency-domain can be effectively exploited in a time-domain for engineering applications. Material properties, such as dynamic viscoelasticity, are reviewed for a range of natural soft connective tissues and selected synthetic replacement materials. A case-study for brain tissue is used to evidence how the frequency-time domain gap can be bridged. Synthetic biomaterials evaluated include long-term implantable polycarbon urethanes, as they are used widely in medical devices. A final case-study outlines how long-term implantable biomaterials, within a medical device, can be evaluated across time and frequency domains which can result in predictive tools for performance. In summary, soft connective tissues support and transfer loads, across all physiological systems of the body, their frequency-domain characterisation is beneficial as it enables clearer links to typical loading experienced within the body. Transferring the frequency-domain characterisation to the time-domain has engineering applications, with the potential for effective healthcare technologies including via numerical analysis of tissue mechanics such as finite element analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vinyl-modified silica nanoparticles for mSLA: Promoting photocurable PEGDA resin performance and print quality","authors":"Yang Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Yin ,&nbsp;Hongli Shan ,&nbsp;Daming Shi ,&nbsp;Yinan Yan ,&nbsp;Yanqing Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel biocompatible photocurable resins designed for home-own 3D printers were developed by modifying poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) resins with self-synthesized vinyl-functionalized silica nanoparticles (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt%). The vinyl-modified silica nanoparticles (V-SNP) acted as dense crosslinking chain extenders within the polymer matrix when activated by a 405 nm light source, while maintaining hydrophobicity. This modification enhanced photocuring efficiency. The mechanical properties of the resin were substantially improved (compressive stress increased from 80 MPa to 177 MPa). The addition of V-SNP nanoparticles effectively dissipated heat generated during curing, minimizing air bubble entrapment and void formation, thereby improving print quality. Furthermore, cell viability assays (CCK-8) demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, with the V-SNP modified resin achieving a cell survival rate of 109 %, compared to 80 % for unmodified PEGDA resin. Printing tests using microneedle models further confirmed a higher success rate in fabricating detailed, high-quality miniature structures with the modified resin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107142"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid-manufactured silicon nitride coated CFR-PEKK: A candidate biomaterial for trauma plate applications?","authors":"Arjun Sharma ,&nbsp;James A. Smith ,&nbsp;Michael A. Kurtz ,&nbsp;Tabitha Derr ,&nbsp;Paul M. DeSantis ,&nbsp;Ryan M. Bock ,&nbsp;Steven M. Kurtz","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous carbon fiber–reinforced polyetherketoneketone (CCF-PEKK) is a thermoplastic composite with properties suitable for trauma plate applications (elastic modulus, strength, radiolucency, and inertness). However, components manufactured by fused filament fabrication (FFF) often display non-uniform (anisotropic) mechanical properties and contain microstructural voids. To address these limitations, we investigated a hybrid-manufacturing approach, combining FFF with continuous carbon fiber reinforcement followed by uniaxial compression molding. Here, we asked: 1. Can layup orientation be tuned to replicate the mechanical stiffness of cortical bone in flexion? 2.) How does the structure of the different layups influence fracture behavior? and 3.) Do silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) (a bioactive ceramic with antimicrobial properties) embedded particulate coatings affect flexural or fracture behavior? To answer these research questions, we fabricated CCF-PEKK plates with three fiber layups (0°/90°, +45°/-45°, and 0°/90°/+45°/-45°) with the goal of approaching the flexural modulus of cortical bone (1.7–16.3 GPa). Next, half of the hybrid-specimens were spray-coated with submicron Si₃N₄ powder. Four-point bending tests demonstrated that fiber orientation significantly influenced flexural modulus and strength. The 0°/90° layup exhibited the highest flexural modulus (67.6 GPa) and strength (1020 MPa), while the +45°/-45° configuration showed the lowest values (15.6 GPa, 217 MPa), but displayed superior load dissipation in axial fiber orientations and was able to reproduce moduli values akin to those of cortical bone range. SEM analysis confirmed uniform Si₃N₄ coating distribution, with no observable impact on crack initiation or propagation. No difference (p &gt; 0.01) in flexural modulus or strength was observed between the uncoated and coated specimens, suggesting that Si₃N₄ is not associated with static flexural properties of CCF-PEKK. These findings support the feasibility of hybrid-manufactured CCF-PEKK trauma plates as potential alternatives to conventional metallic implants. Further investigations into the long-term fatigue behavior and bioactivity of Si₃N₄ coatings are warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107141"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of presence and location of microcalcifications on atherosclerotic plaque rupture: A tissue-engineering approach","authors":"Hanneke Crielaard ,&nbsp;Imke Jansen ,&nbsp;Kim van der Heiden ,&nbsp;Gert-Jan Kremers ,&nbsp;Frank J.H. Gijsen ,&nbsp;Eric Farrell ,&nbsp;Ali C. Akyildiz","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rupture of the cap of an atherosclerotic plaque can trigger thrombotic cardiovascular events. It has been suggested, through computational models, that the presence and specific location of microcalcifications in the atherosclerotic cap can increase the risk of cap rupture. However, the experimental confirmation of this hypothesis is lacking. In this study, we investigated how the presence and location of microcalcifications, relative to the lumen, influence (local) mechanics and rupture behavior of atherosclerotic plaque caps.</div><div>Using tissue-engineered fibrous cap analogs with hydroxyapatite (HA) clusters to mimic calcifications in human plaque caps, we replicated the microcalcification distribution observed in human carotid plaques, as identified by our histological analysis. The analogs were imaged using multiphoton microscopy with second-harmonic generation to assess local collagen fiber orientation and dispersion. Subsequently, they underwent uniaxial tensile testing to failure, during which local strain and failure characteristics were analyzed.</div><div>Our results revealed that HA clusters, particularly those in the luminal region, contribute to increased local collagen fiber dispersion. Moreover, the presence of HA clusters reduced both failure tensile stress and strain in the TE cap analogs. Besides, the rupture location shifted toward the site of HA clusters. Additionally, rupture initiation was consistently found in high-strain regions, and in 86 % of the analogs, even at the highest strain location in the sample.</div><div>Our findings suggest that microcalcification clusters in plaque caps may increase the cap rupture risk and relocate the rupture site. Moreover, local strain measurements can serve as an additional tool for plaque cap rupture risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toughness measures in solid-state composites of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene","authors":"Peder C. Solberg ,&nbsp;Igor Tsukrov ,&nbsp;Douglas W. Van Citters","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid-state composites of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are increasingly being investigated for various therapeutic and sensing use cases in arthroplasty. Due to its extremely high melt viscosity, composites of UHMWPE exhibit a much more distinct phase segregation than lower-viscosity polymer composites. This phase segregation may influence UHMWPE behavior in a different way than microstructural factors studied previously (e.g. crosslinking). The purpose of this study was to quantify UHMWPE nanocomposites’ resistance to failure via several distinct measures, across a range of carbon black (CB) filler loadings. Results showed that tensile and impact toughness followed similar trends: both maintained or increased in magnitude over neat controls at low filler concentration, then decreased at higher filler contents. On the other hand, fatigue crack propagation resistance (CPR) demonstrated similar behavior to tensile and impact toughness at lower concentrations but diverged at higher concentrations. From 2.5 wt% CB to the highest concentration tested (10 wt% CB), fatigue properties improved—unlike tensile or impact toughness. The observed transitions in macroscopic behavior with increasing filler content coincided with microstructural phenomena observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fracture surface imaging. These phenomena included a transition from transgranular fracture to intergranular fracture, the onset of complete granule coating, and the formation of intergranular voids. This work demonstrates that tensile and impact toughness are not necessarily indicative of fatigue CPR in these materials. Broadly, the findings presented in this study motivate further investigation of structure-property relationships for phase-segregated polymer composites and demonstrate promise for their use in high-load scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107136"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired design and finite element analysis of polymer composite microneedles with hollow architecture","authors":"Md Rahatuzzaman,&nbsp;Erina Baynojir Joyee","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interstitial fluid (ISF) is a body fluid found in dermal cells containing different types of biomarkers. Microneedles have been developed for transdermal applications such as drug delivery and the extraction of dermal fluids. In this study, a micro digital light processing (μDLP) technique is utilized to fabricate a fountain pen inspired hollow microneedle (HMN) patch. This research focused on evaluating the optimal design parameters and print angle of HMN with high resolution. Furthermore, ANSYS finite element analysis (FEA) evaluated that the maximum von-Mises stress of individual needle tip is 3.291 MPa which is greater than the skin resistance value of 3.183 MPa. Simple stress, such as tensile or compressive stress, measures force per unit area applied in one direction. In contrast, von-Mises stress combines stresses from multiple directions. This approach provides a more accurate prediction of failure in microneedles under complex loading conditions. In addition to that, the maximum total deformation is 6.1034 μm which is smaller than the length of the microneedle. Moreover, Silicon Carbide (SiC) is introduced as filler ceramic material to fabricate the hollow microneedle patch.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107135"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico methods for enhanced design optimization and durability testing of left ventricular expanders in heart failure","authors":"Yllan C. Benoliel ,&nbsp;Jonathan Weissmann ,&nbsp;Gil Marom","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Left ventricular (LV) expanders are spring-like devices that are specifically dedicated to the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). They are intended to mechanically facilitate outward ventricular expansion during cardiac relaxation, thus enhancing the LV filling. This study demonstrates how in-silico models can be used to explore device capabilities to improve cardiac performance and optimize their design. Various configurations of shape, size, and material of an LV expander device implanted in a human heart model with hypertrophy and cardiac stiffening that was modified from the living heart project. The devices’ effects on cardiac function were quantified by physiological parameters, and fatigue analyses were performed on the optimal design to assess the long-term device durability. All designs showed a positive impact on the heart function. The results also revealed that cobalt-chromium alloy is more appropriate than nickel-titanium for this type of application. The fatigue analysis of the optimized configuration revealed that the device is capable of withstanding at least 2.5 years with hardened alloy, with the potential to last for 10 years. This study demonstrates that the use of LV expanders may be used with caution in HFpEF and other diseases of cardiac stiffening. Interestingly, even devices with reduced longevity may still offer significant benefits to patients with severe cardiac stiffening, who typically have a shorter life expectancy. Further patient-specific analysis is needed to check the device in the context of clinical needs and can also be utilized to tailor and optimize the expander device for each pathology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of changes in muscle viscoelasticity during static stretching using stress-relaxation data","authors":"Yo Kobayashi,&nbsp;Daiki Matsuyama","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how muscle viscoelasticity changes during static stretching by measuring the state of the muscle during stretching using continuous time-series data. We used a device that applied a force to the muscle during stretching and measured the reaction force. The device was attached to each participant, and time-series data of the reaction force (stress-relaxation data) during stretching were obtained. The spring-pot model, which uses fractional calculus, was selected as the viscoelastic model for the muscle, to which the stress relaxation data were fitted on a straight line on a double-logarithmic plot. The stress-relaxation data formed a broken line comprising two segments on the double-logarithmic plot, showing that viscoelasticity changed abruptly at a particular time during static stretching. Considering two viscoelastic states, before and after the change, the stress-relaxation curve was fitted through segmented regression to the double-logarithmic data with high accuracy (R2 = 0.99 and NRSME = 0.0018). We compared the parameters of the spring-pot model before and after the change in muscle viscoelasticity. By examining these continuous time-series data, we also investigated the time taken for the effects of stretching to become apparent. Furthermore, we measured the changes in muscle viscoelasticity during static stretching before and after a short-term exercise load of running on a treadmill.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 107111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical characterization of a brain phantom material by combining experiments in the time and frequency domain","authors":"Laura Ruhland,&nbsp;Kai Willner","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modeling the mechanical behavior of brain tissue complements experimental findings about brain diseases and supports the development of predictive tools for diagnosis. The foundation for a reliable continuum-based model is an accurate and comprehensive experimental characterization of the material. Such a characterization is yet limited by inconsistent or contradicting mechanical responses when using different testing techniques. These inconsistencies mainly result from the ultrasoft behavior and biphasic structure of the tissue, which makes it extremely sensitive to changes in the time and length scales. In this study, an approach is presented to overcome the challenge of inconsistent responses and to unify the results from experiments with varying time scales in a continuum-based model. A viscoelastic hydrogel, validated as a brain phantom material, was experimentally characterized over an extended time range. The quasi-static response was investigated at the rheometer with experiments under multiple loading conditions. The behavior in the mid-frequency range was characterized in a vibration analysis at a custom-built vibration table and the response at high frequencies was studied with magnetic resonance elastography. Moreover, the impact of the testing temperature on the mechanical behavior of the hydrogel was analyzed. A hyper-viscoelastic model was calibrated to the time response conducted at the rheometer. As a material model the hyperelastic Ogden model in combination with the time-dependent Prony series was chosen. By addressing the frequency domain with the relaxation times of the Prony series, the frequency-dependent material behavior was included in the modeling approach. To validate this approach, the experimental responses in the mid and high-frequency range were predicted with the calibrated model. The comparison between the modeled and the measured response revealed an excellent prediction of the elastic material behavior, whereas the viscous response may be underpredicted by the model. The results further highlight that the material is very sensitive to temperature changes and therefore temperature should be taken into account in the comparison of different testing techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 107114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}