Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials最新文献

{"title":"Shaping the mechanical properties of a gelatin hydrogel interface via amination","authors":"Génesis Ríos Adorno ,&nbsp;Kyle B. Timmer ,&nbsp;Raul A. Sun Han Chang ,&nbsp;Jiachun Shi ,&nbsp;Simon A. Rogers ,&nbsp;Brendan A.C. Harley","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Injuries to musculoskeletal interfaces, such as the tendon-to-bone insertion of the rotator cuff, present significant physiological and clinical challenges for repair due to complex gradients of structure, composition, and cellularity. Advances in interface tissue engineering require stratified biomaterials able to both provide local instructive signals to support multiple tissue phenotypes while also reducing the risk of strain concentrations and failure at the transition between dissimilar materials. Here, we describe adaptation of a thiolated gelatin (Gel-SH) hydrogel via selective amination of carboxylic acid subunits on the gelatin backbone. The magnitude and kinetics of HRP-mediated primary crosslinking and carbodiimide-mediated secondary crosslinking reactions can be tuned through amination and thiolation of carboxylic acid subunits on the gelatin backbone. We also show that a stratified biomaterial comprised of mineralized (bone-mimetic) and non-mineralized (tendon-mimetic) collagen scaffold compartments linked by an aminated Gel-SH hydrogel demonstrate improved mechanical performance and reduced strain concentrations. Together, these results highlight significant mechanical advantages that can be derived from modifying the gelatin macromer via controlled amination and thiolation and suggest an avenue for tuning the mechanical performance of hydrogel interfaces within stratified biomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segmental asymmetry and multiplanar motion of the lumbar spine: Cadaveric insights into spinal pathologies","authors":"Asghar Rezaei ,&nbsp;Alexander Hooke ,&nbsp;Babak Dashtdar ,&nbsp;Areonna Schreiber ,&nbsp;Abdelrahman M. Hamouda ,&nbsp;Kai-Nan An ,&nbsp;Benjamin Elder ,&nbsp;Kenton Kaufman ,&nbsp;Lichun Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lumbar spine plays a critical role in supporting multiplanar motion and distributing loads during daily activities. While global spinal symmetry is often assumed in biomechanical assessments, segmental asymmetries may exist and contribute to conditions such as low back pain (LBP). The present study investigates the multiplanar kinematic behavior and torque asymmetry of the lumbar spine using cadaveric specimens, focusing on identifying segmental asymmetries that may be masked in global motion analysis. A novel experimental setup combining a 6°-of-freedom robotic system with optical metrology was used to apply controlled flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation to human lumbar spines. The metrology system enabled precise, non-contact tracking of vertebral motion in three dimensions, ensuring accurate quantification of segmental kinematics. Symmetrical motion inputs were applied bilaterally during lateral bending and axial rotation, while torque responses were recorded. Segmental range of motion (ROM) and torque asymmetries were quantified in the coronal and axial planes. Despite symmetrical inputs, torque outputs showed asymmetries exceeding 15 % in several specimens. Segmental ROM asymmetries were observed in most vertebrae, sometimes exceeding 40 %, and could vary across planes without consistent correlation. Notably, some spines exhibited segmental asymmetry despite overall torque symmetry, highlighting the limitations of global assessments. These findings underscore the importance of segment-level analysis in spinal biomechanics. Hidden asymmetries may have clinical implications for diagnosing and treating LBP. Spinal pathologies and alignment appear to partially account for subject-specific asymmetries in lateral bending and axial rotation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro finite element analysis of vertebrae using zero-thickness cohesive elements represents post-failure fracture patterns","authors":"Allison Clement ,&nbsp;Azin Mirzajavadkhan ,&nbsp;Remy Benais ,&nbsp;Saeid Samiezadeh ,&nbsp;Stewart McLachlin ,&nbsp;Michael Hardisty ,&nbsp;Cari M. Whyne","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bone tissue failure consists of damage, defined as a loss of material integrity or stiffness, and fracture, describing the separation of the material. Bone tissue damage plays a role in regulating bone turnover. Bone fracture can lead to loss of mobility, pain and the need for stabilization procedures. Micro finite element (μFE) modeling has been used as a non-destructive tool to investigate stiffness, strength, post-yield behavior, damage and fracture in bone. Previous studies have utilized elastic-plastic mechanics and continuum damage mechanics (with or without element deletion) to model damage or a fracture mechanics approach with an existing crack to model fracture. This work combines continuum damage mechanics with cohesive zone modeling to simulate damage initiation, crack formation, and fracture propagation in rodent vertebrae. Voxel-based μFE models were generated from micro computed tomography (μCT) images of the 2nd Lumbar (L2) vertebrae in five rat spinal motion segments (L1-L3). A μCT compatible loading device was used to apply axial compressive loading to failure under a sequential loading/imaging protocol. Displacement boundary conditions for the μFE models were derived from a surface-based registration algorithm using the loaded and unloaded μCT scans. Zero-thickness cohesive elements were inserted in a region of interest representing ¼ of each full model. Damage was modeled within the cohesive elements as a smooth decrease in stiffness and combined with a continuum damage model to represent a decrease of stiffness due to material failure. At the onset of fracture, the fully degraded cohesive elements were deleted allowing adjacent surfaces to separate. Damage site locations (vertebral body or posterior elements) and patterns of fracture (crack formation leading to separation or compaction) in the μFE models matched those in the post-failure μCT images. The proposed approach, while computationally expensive, enables modeling of post-failure behavior of vertebral bone, allowing the identification of damage initiation sites, fracture propagation and contact between failed trabeculae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the mechanical properties of PEEK material artificial bone implants fabricated by high-temperature air-assisted 3D printing","authors":"Yang Li,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Han,&nbsp;Zixuan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the PEEK material with a melting point of approximately 343 °C and an ambient 3D printing environment temperature of approximately 25 °C, the significant temperature gradient between the extruded PEEK material from the printing nozzle and room temperature restricts the alignment of molecular chains within the material. This thermal condition inhibits the formation of well-ordered crystalline structures, consequently reducing both crystallinity and interlayer bonding strength in printed components. To address this, the printing process incorporates a continuous supply of clean, high-temperature air through a hot air gun. This method maintains elevated component temperatures during fabrication, effectively slowing the cooling rate from processing temperature to ambient conditions. The single-factor and orthogonal experimental results show that high-temperature air significantly improves the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK materials, and 240 °C is the optimal high-temperature air temperature for maximizing the tensile strength and the bending strength of 3D-printed PEEK components in this study environment. The circular (porous) structure of the implant not only exhibits good compressive strength but also provides higher porosity and surface area, which are beneficial for bone cell ingrowth, proliferation, and diffusion. Furthermore, the compressive strength of a pore structure depends not only on its porosity, but also on the shape of the pore. This study provides theoretical guidance for improving the 3D printing quality of high-melting-point, high-viscosity materials and their composites, especially in terms of 3D printing forming temperature and the design of pore structures for porous implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiTaMo medium entropy alloys with synergistic biomechanical properties for long term implantation","authors":"Jing Li ,&nbsp;Xi Rao ,&nbsp;Guannan Li ,&nbsp;Peitao Guo ,&nbsp;Tingting Liu ,&nbsp;Yuan Yuan ,&nbsp;Liqun Xu ,&nbsp;Xianquan Jiang ,&nbsp;Shengfeng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ti-based multi-principal element alloys exhibit excellent comprehensive properties and hold great promise as biomaterials for hard tissue implants. In the present study, a novel equiatomic TiTaMo medium entropy alloy (MEA) was designed and fabricated via vacuum arc melting followed by rapid solidification (cooling rate ∼10³ K/s) to address the limitations of conventional Ti-based alloys. The microstructures, mechanical properties, wear behavior and corrosion resistance in Hank's solution were thoroughly investigated. The as-cast TiTaMo MEA, characterized by a body-centered cubic structure with a lattice parameter of 3.229 Å, demonstrated a yield strength of 1230.79 MPa, an elastic modulus suitable for bone compatibility, and a plastic deformation strain exceeding 30 % under compression. Additionally, it exhibited a Vickers microhardness of approximately 471 HV. Although the overall wear resistance of the TiTaMo MEA was slightly inferior to that of Ti6Al4V, its coefficient of friction was notably lower and more stable level (<em>μ</em> ≈ 0.11) during the initial 200 s of testing. Moreover, in comparison with biomedical-grade pure Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy, the TiTaMo MEA displayed superior corrosion resistance with a stable passivation plateau extending beyond 4.5 V_SCE and no detectable pitting corrosion. These preliminary findings indicate that the TiTaMo MEA has significant potential as a candidate for next-generation orthopedic and dental implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relevance of mode mixity when contrasted with adhesion variability in dental restorations","authors":"Yannick Yasothan ,&nbsp;Mariam Diarra ,&nbsp;Jan Neggers ,&nbsp;Nicolas Schmitt ,&nbsp;Johan Hoefnagels ,&nbsp;Elsa Vennat","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dental repair treatments often involve a bonded ceramic prosthesis, where the bonded interface constitutes a weakness subjected to complex mechanical stresses, leading to mixed interface loading. In such cases, the mixed-mode interface properties are of interest in predicting the ultimate moment of failure, however, their characterization can be laborious. This paper shows that the influence of mode mixity is insignificant with respect to interface adhesion variability, even for interfaces created under laboratory conditions. This result is obtained from miniature mixed-mode bending tests on bonded dental assemblies with varying mode mixity. <em>In situ</em> microscopy images were used, in combination with digital image correlation, to measure the crack propagation, which plays a critical part in computing the interface toughness. Next, a full uncertainty analysis of all error sources provides an upper bound for the expected variability. In contrast, the influence of mode mixity was much smaller than the measured interface toughness variability leading to the conclusion that the actual interface has a spread in toughness which is likely due to surface roughness and chemical variations along the adhesion surface, instead of due to mode mixity. This interface variability is shown to be much larger than the influence of mode mixity, if present at all. Consequently, in the short term, mode mixity analyses have little impact in the understanding of these interfaces, allowing more attention to be given to the source of the interface variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145310603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scaffold design method for femoral defects incorporating Haversian system-inspired architecture: Performance comparison of circumferential and radial canal arrangements","authors":"Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Sujing Tian ,&nbsp;He Gong ,&nbsp;Jiazi Gao ,&nbsp;Liming Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to develop a versatile scaffold design method for femoral defect repair by integrating a biomimetic scaffold architecture with multi-objective optimization. Two spatial arrangements of Volkmann-like canals, circumferential and radial, are compared for their impact on scaffold performance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The scaffold comprises a cortical-mimicking region designed to mimic the Haversian system, consisting of Haversian-like and Volkmann-like canals, and a medullary cavity–mimicking region filled with a Voronoi tessellation structure. Femoral segment models reconstructed separately from subject-specific CT scans of rats and humans were used to define morphological constraints. Latin hypercube sampling generated 64 design points per scaffold type. Finite element analysis evaluated mechanical properties, and surrogate models combined with NSGA-II were used to optimize mechanical and surface performance. A complex proportional assessment was conducted to compare the two designs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The scaffold's elastic modulus ranged from 7 to 23 GPa. Under comparable conditions, the optimized circumferential canal network scaffold exhibited a yield strength of 88.01 MPa, permeability of 1.624 × 10⁻⁹ m², and specific surface area of 3.97 mm⁻¹. The radial canal network scaffold exhibited a yield strength of 62.73 MPa, permeability of 4.093 × 10⁻⁹ m², and specific surface area of 3.42 mm⁻¹. The circumferential arrangement improved mechanical performance, while the radial design provided higher permeability. The complex proportional assessment indicates that the circumferential arrangement of Volkmann-like canals is more suitable for application in femoral defect repair.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This method supports elastic modulus–targeted scaffold customization and provides a reference for optimizing and translating bone implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107242"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and optimization of cranial suture anisotropic material properties using a response surface methodology","authors":"Mahzad Sadati ,&nbsp;Michael Baggaley ,&nbsp;Kavya Weerasinghe ,&nbsp;Karyne N. Rabey ,&nbsp;Michael R. Doschak ,&nbsp;Lindsey Westover ,&nbsp;Dan L. Romanyk","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to develop and validate a transversely isotropic finite element (FE) model of the cranial suture that predicts suture mechanics, validated using ex-vivo data from the swine internasal suture. A 2D displacement-controlled FE model of the bone-suture-bone complex was constructed using microcomputed tomography (<span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math></span>) images, with a uniform cross-section and boundary conditions replicating experimental tensile tests. Suture geometry was modeled at three evenly spaced positions to explore how material anisotropy captures regional mechanical variation. Collagen fiber orientation was quantified from histological sections based on fiber angles relative to the suture-bone interface. Transversely isotropic material parameters were identified and optimized to match ex-vivo experimental outcomes using response surface methodology (RSM) with a five-level central composite design. Nodal forces at the displaced bone face were used from FE simulations to compare with experimental force-displacement measurements. Analysis of variance revealed that shear modulus <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>G</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, and Young's moduli <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>y</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> significantly influenced force response (p &lt; 0.05). Transitioning from isotropic to transversely isotropic material behavior led to a reduction in strain energy within the suture. Regional variation in suture interdigitation and thickness affected fiber alignment, enabling greater deformation and influencing mechanical behavior. The presented study developed a 2D FE model that incorporated transversely isotropic material properties to better predict the mechanical behavior of the region-specific internasal suture geometry. By incorporating histology-based collagen fiber orientation and optimizing transversely isotropic material properties using experimental data, the model captured region-specific mechanical responses, offering new insight into the structural role of anisotropy in cranial suture mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107245"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of strategies for improving the mechanical properties of 3D bioprinted skin grafts","authors":"Zhongxuan Shi ,&nbsp;Hao Lv ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Danyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Dong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the largest organ of the human body, the skin serves as a crucial protective barrier against external damage. While traditional approaches to skin injury treatment increasingly struggle to meet clinical demands, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as an innovative approach for tissue-engineered skin regeneration. Nevertheless, challenges persist regarding the mechanical integrity of bioprinted constructs, particularly post-printing graft shrinkage. This review systematically examines three key strategies for enhancing the mechanical properties of 3D bioprinted skin grafts: (i) Biomaterial innovation through novel material development and composite systems that substantially improve structural stability; (ii) Advanced structural design incorporating bioinspired architectures, topological optimization, and gradient configurations to achieve biomimetic mechanical performance; (iii) Post-fabrication processing techniques involving novel crosslinking methods and parameter modulation to reinforce mechanical strength. By critically analyzing these synergistic enhancement strategies, this work establishes a conceptual framework to guide future research in developing clinically viable 3D bioprinted skin substitutes with optimal biomechanical functionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107223"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of freezing on mechanical properties of ovine brain tissue","authors":"Pavithran Devananthan ,&nbsp;Johann Zwirner ,&nbsp;Paul D. Docherty ,&nbsp;Benjamin Ondruschka ,&nbsp;Natalia Kabaliuk","doi":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freezing at −20 °C impacts the mechanical properties of post mortem brain tissue, which has implications for forensic science, particularly for estimating the post mortem interval (PMI). Freezing is examined as a method that may offer an extended window for forensic analysis by halting tissue degradation processes or allow tissue transfer to specialized departments.</div><div>A rheological examination of samples from various brain regions of 21 ovine brains (frontal lobe, anterior deep brain, posterior deep brain, parietal lobe, superior colliculus, medulla, pons, cerebellum) was conducted. The brain tissue was tested on the day of sacrifice, after short term freezing (&lt;16 days) and long-term freezing (95–110 days) to track the changes in mechanical properties.</div><div>The results showed nearly complete overlap in storage, loss and complex shear moduli between samples tested on the day of sacrifice and their frozen counterparts for all locations, with no statistically significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) between the moduli of the three groups.</div><div>Freezing had no statistically significant impact on the tissue's mechanical properties across all tested locations. The study thus provides new insights regarding the preservation of ovine brain samples for up to 110 days for forensic biomechanical analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 107213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}