Plant Gene最新文献

{"title":"Effect of high temperature stress on metabolome and aroma in rice grains","authors":"Anurag Mishra ,&nbsp;Braj Bhushan Singh ,&nbsp;Najam Akhtar Shakil ,&nbsp;M.D. Shamim ,&nbsp;Fozia Homa ,&nbsp;Rajat Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Prashant Yadav ,&nbsp;Deepti Srivastava ,&nbsp;Parveen Fatima ,&nbsp;Vandana Sharma ,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar Yadav ,&nbsp;Pushpendra Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heat stress poses a significant challenge to global rice production, affecting yield and grain quality. Elevated temperatures during the flowering and grain-filling stages, both day and night, lead to reduced yield and compromised grain quality. This impact is more pronounced during nighttime high-temperature stress, seriously threatening rice productivity. With global temperatures rising, there is a looming threat to rice production. Aromatic rice, prized for superior aroma and grain quality, is particularly vulnerable to heat. Therefore, the present work has been carried out to investigate how high temperature affects the aromatic metabolites in rice grains among the 15 rice genotypes (fourteen aromatic and one non-aromatic rice i.e., Nagina 22). Results from the present study indicated that the inactive (mutated) <em>BADH2</em> gene expression was down-regulated under high-temperature stress conditions and no 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) accumulation was detected in the selected rice genotypes. However, the increase in levels of L-proline (precursor molecule for 2-AP) was detected, and due to the down-regulation of inactive <em>BADH2</em>, the oxidation of L-proline into 2-AP was affected. Proline amino acid significantly increased under high temperatures, impacting aroma quality. Metabolome studies revealed variations in compound detection among scented rice genotypes. Understanding these metabolites aids in addressing the loss of aroma in fragrant rice genotypes, offering insights into developing stable aromatic rice varieties under elevated temperature conditions. The study aims to identify metabolites causing aroma loss in aromatic rice. Results will aid in understanding aroma depletion mechanisms in scented rice under high-temperature stress, guiding the development of a stable aromatic rice variety in elevated temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139872005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the dynamics of starch metabolism and expression profiles of starch synthesis genes in millet under drought stress","authors":"Joseph N. Amoah ,&nbsp;Monica Ode Adu-Gyamfi ,&nbsp;Albert Owusu Kwarteng","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drought impacts global food production, prompting extensive research to understand drought tolerance in millet. However, knowledge regarding the extent of tolerance achievable through acclimation remains limited. The objective of the study is to assess the effect of drought acclimation (hardening) on drought tolerance in millet and to investigate the physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional changes associated with starch metabolism in millet. To achieve this aim, two millet genotypes (‘PI 689680’ and ‘PI 662292’), exhibiting differential responses to drought stress, were subjected to various treatments: control (unstressed), drought acclimation (DA; two stress episodes with recovery), and non-acclimation (NA; a single stress episode with no recovery).. The study revealed that drought-induced oxidative stress, manifested by increased amylose, amylopectin, and total starch accumulation in NA plants compared to DA counterparts. Additionally, NA plants experienced a notable reduction in growth and photosynthetic activity. Expression patterns of starch-related transcripts were relatively elevated in NA compared to DA plants. These findings highlighted that acclimation to drought conferred tolerance to subsequent stress events by mitigating oxidative damage induced by drought stress. DA plants exhibited improved tolerance, characterized by enhanced growth, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal activity, osmotic adjustment, starch accumulation, enzyme activity, and the regulated expression of related genes. The study advocates for adopting acclimation as a strategic approach to mitigate the adverse effects of metabolic disruptions induced by drought in millet.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352407324000040/pdfft?md5=0d43f7be446c530ae3ca3969779d8ed1&pid=1-s2.0-S2352407324000040-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139726567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative and integrative omic analysis focused on chaperones and interactors in a cultivated and an exotic tomato at different fruit ripening stages","authors":"Valentina Goytia Bertero ,&nbsp;Paolo Cacchiarelli ,&nbsp;Guillermo Raúl Pratta ,&nbsp;Débora Pamela Arce","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are a superfamily of chaperones that have been characterized in different organisms. In plants, HSPs promote protein folding and deaggregation during </span>abiotic stress or developmental changes. The aim of this work was to integrate several omic-data to identify chaperone and putative </span>interactors in </span><span><em>Solanum</em><em> lycopersicum</em></span> domesticated cultivar Caimanta (C) and in the latinoamerican wild <em>Solanum pimpinellifolium</em><span><span><span> (P) genotypes during fruit ripening<span><span> (FR), which are the parental lines of different breeding populations obtained by our research group. We were able to identify newly putative interactors and simultaneously induced HSP members at the transcription and proteomic levels. This integrative approach also revealed gene/protein families related to chlorophyll content, </span>photosynthesis and HSP70 chaperones in C. Furthermore, P was enriched with chaperones, including HSP20, </span></span>ATPase<span> families, (characteristic of HSP90 and HSP100) and other protein families involved in oxidoreductase activity, supporting the hypothesis of the existence of a relationship between HSPs and developmental processes as FR. Finally, we found that some of these up-regulated chaperones show the presence of heat shock element motifs in their promoters. Proteomic coupled with </span></span>transcriptomics and interactomics facilitated the exploration of a good new gene-context at the tomato development.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139674312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Lithospermum erythrorhizon: Insights into the phylogenetic relationship among Boraginaceae species and the maternal lineages of purple gromwells","authors":"Takahiro Okada ,&nbsp;Keiichi Watanabe","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In Japan, <span><em>Lithospermum erythrorhizon</em></span><span><span><span> grows in the wild, and its roots are traditionally used for dyeing and medicinal purposes. However, due to excessive harvesting and changes in the natural environment, the population of this species has significantly declined over the past decades. To conserve the domestic varieties, it is important to obtain genomic information that accurately represents their pure lineage. The objective of this study was to characterize the chloroplast genome, which serves as a valuable </span>phylogenetic<span> marker, using next-generation sequencing. The results revealed that the DNA<span> has a typical quadripartite structure, spanning 150,478 bp with a GC content of 35.5%. A total of 113 unique genes are encoded, including 80 protein-coding genes, 4 </span></span></span>ribosomal RNA genes, and 29 transfer RNA genes. Comparative plastome analyses involving 13 </span><span><em>Boraginaceae</em></span> species, including <em>L. erythrorhizon</em><span>, showed high similarities in the gene order and codon usage, while an accelerated substitution rate was observed in </span><em>matK</em>. Phylogenetic analyses using this gene and 71 common protein-coding genes indicated a close evolutional relationship between <em>L. erythrorhizon</em> and <em>Glandora prostrata</em><span>. Furthermore, when comparing the chloroplast genome assembly data of a Chinese variety, a total of 44 structural variants were identified. Most of these variants were mononucleotide or dinucleotide in size, but a 70 bp insertion/deletion was identified in the intergenic region flanked by the </span><em>accD</em> and <em>psaI</em><span> genes. The presence of this relatively substantial structural variant indicates that the maternal lineages of the Japanese and Chinese varieties examined in this study are distinctly different.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139674886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overexpression of black rice OsC1 confers tissue-specific anthocyanin accumulation in indica rice cv. Kasalath and its potential use as a visible marker in rice transformation","authors":"Chotipa Sakulsingharoj ,&nbsp;Supachai Vuttipongchaikij ,&nbsp;Kanogporn Khammona ,&nbsp;Lalita Narachasima ,&nbsp;Roypim Sukkasem ,&nbsp;Saengtong Pongjaroenkit ,&nbsp;Varaporn Sangtong ,&nbsp;Srimek Chowpongpang","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plgene.2024.100446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Anthocyanin </span>biosynthesis<span>, a process regulated by distinct MYB and MYC transcription factors, plays a crucial role in determining pigmentation in various tissue of plants. This study aimed to investigate the impact of overexpressing the </span></span><em>OsC1</em><span><span> gene from black rice, encoding a MYB transcription factor, on anthocyanin pigmentation in red indica rice cv. Kasalath. Anthocyanin pigmentation was readily observed as purple spots in calli and as purple shoot tips and purple leaf sheath in </span>transgenic seedlings. We confirmed the presence of the transgene using GUS assay and PCR analysis, and the pigmentation segregated following a 3:1 Mendelian ratio. T</span>₀ and T₁<span> transgenic plants<span> exhibits anthocyanin accumulation in various tissues including leaf sheaths, auricles, nodes, stigma, apiculus and awns, excluding the pericarp. Notably, the pigmentation in node tissues has not been previously reported for the </span></span><em>OsC1</em> gene, and this gene does not involve in pericarp pigmentation. RT-PCR analysis of transgenic seedlings demonstrated that the overexpression of the <em>OsC1</em> gene upregulated anthocyanin structural genes, particularly <em>OsDFR,</em> leading to anthocyanin accumulation. Intriguingly, the absence of <em>OsB2</em> expression, encoding a MYC transcription factor, in transgenic seedlings suggests the involvement of alternative MYC factors in purple leaf sheaths. This study not only expands our understanding of <em>OsC1</em>'s role in tissue specific anthocyanin pigmentation but also proposes <em>OsC1</em> as a potential visible marker in rice transformation. Utilizing <em>OsC1</em> as a marker provides an alternative approach to address concerns related to antibiotic-resistant genes while providing visually striking pigmentation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139456483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urea transporter DUR3 gene in grasses: In silico characterization and relative expression in Megathyrsus maximus under different nitrogen sources","authors":"Juliana de Carvalho Ferreira ,&nbsp;Lorrayne Guimarães Bavaresco ,&nbsp;Mayara de Oliveira Vidotto Figueiredo ,&nbsp;Tiago Benedito dos Santos ,&nbsp;Alessandra Ferreira Ribas","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitrogen (N) is an indispensable macronutrient for crop growth and yield. The N can be acquired and assimilated from a variety of sources such as nitrate (NO₃⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and urea [CO(NH₂)₂<span>]. Due to its low cost, urea is a popular N source in pastures. The urea transporter </span><em>DUR3</em> gene, which can mediate direct urea uptake by roots, has received little attention in grasses. The purpose of the current study was to identify and characterize in silico the <em>DUR3</em> gene in 29 grass species in comparison to <span><em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em><em>.</em></span><span> Physicochemical properties, gene structure, motifs, and phylogenetic tree relationships were predicted. Furthermore, the relative expression patterns of the </span><em>DUR3</em> gene were evaluated in two commercial cultivars (Mombaça and Aruana) of <span><em>Megathyrsus maximus</em><em>.</em></span> Plants were grown in a nutritive solution containing 2 mM of N supplied as NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, or [CO(NH₂)₂]. To investigate the relative expression of the <em>DUR3</em> gene in leaves and roots we used the 2^-ΔΔCt method. The in silico characterization revealed that the <em>DUR3</em> gene is highly conserved among grasses. Plants were submitted to 3 days of N starvation and the tissue was harvested 3 h after transfer to ammonium or urea solution. In general, the <em>DUR3</em> gene was down-regulated in leaves and up-regulated in roots for both cultivars. Twenty-four hours after transfer, only the Mombaça cultivar showed a significant decrease of <em>DUR3</em> mRNA levels in leaves and an increase in roots under urea, demonstrating that the <em>DUR3</em> gene expression pattern is variable between cultivars of <em>M. maximus.</em> Characterizing of the <em>DUR3</em> gene in grasses is the first step toward biotechnological approaches aiming to improve urea uptake in pastures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling smut resistance in Louisiana sugarcane using a bi-parental mapping population","authors":"Jose D. Cortes ,&nbsp;Andres F. Gutierrez ,&nbsp;Jeffrey W. Hoy ,&nbsp;Anna L. Hale ,&nbsp;Niranjan Baisakh","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sugarcane smut, caused by <span><em>Sporisorium</em><em> scitamineum</em></span><span>, is a major disease worldwide. Breeding resistant cultivars is the main management strategy. However, occasional failure to detect susceptible clones due to unfavorable environmental conditions, inconsistency in disease ratings between experiments, and continued clone losses due to pathogen adaptability are some of the challenges for this strategy. The development and use of molecular markers<span> associated with smut resistance may overcome these limitations allowing more accurate identification of resistant parents and progeny. A genetic analysis was conducted using an inoculated population of 162 F</span></span>₁<span><span><span> progeny from a biparental cross between susceptible/female and resistant/male parents to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance. A total of 1574 </span>single dose<span> (SD) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers used to construct a genetic map resulted in 253 linkage groups (LGs) of which 150 LGs were assigned to the female parent and 204 LG to the male parent with a genome coverage of 24,580 cM. (Composite) interval mapping with selective sub-populations identified six consistent QTLs that cumulatively explained 25.74% of the phenotypic variance with LOD scores ranging from 3.17 to 23.7. Four out of 12 SNP markers closest to the QTL peaks had effect &gt;10 for resistance in the heterozygous condition. Genes known to be involved in disease resistance, such as cellulose </span></span>synthase<span>, expansin, protein degradation, and receptor-kinase were linked to the genomic regions associated with smut resistance. The markers upon validation in different populations can be utilized for marker-assisted selection.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139015020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SSR-marker assisted evaluation of genetic diversity in local and exotic pigeonpea cultivars in Benin for parental genotypes selection","authors":"Fiacre Gildas Zavinon ,&nbsp;Rodolphe Djossou ,&nbsp;Mélaine Gbéto ,&nbsp;Narcisse Fonhan ,&nbsp;Rosanoff Kouke ,&nbsp;Hubert Adoukonou-Sagbadja","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Pigeonpea production is limited in Benin due to the undesirable agronomic and organoleptic characteristics of cultivated landraces<span>. For a breeding program, some exotic cultivars were introduced for improving the available genepool in the country. The present study aims to assess the genetic diversity within a collection comprising of 32 local and 28 exotic cultivars, with the objective of selecting suitable parental lines for pigeonpea genetic improvement. All of the 60 accessions were genotyped with 14 </span></span>SSR<span><span> makers and a total of 38 alleles were detected with an average of 2.71 alleles per locus. The mean value of PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) and overall gene diversity were 0.37 and 0.43, respectively, while the mean value of heterozygosity was 0.11, indicating moderate genetic diversity within the 60 accessions with a deficit of heterozygous genotypes. As expected, the diversity was higher in exotic cultivars than in local landraces. Based on the </span>genetic relationship among accessions, the entire collection formed 3 clusters, one of which comprised four specific exotic accessions. Population structure analysis using model-based and DAPC (Discriminant Analysis for Principal Components) methods subdivided the 60 accessions into two major groups reflecting their geographic origins with a minimal number (02) of admixtures. This indicates significant genetic divergence between local and exotic cultivars. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) results with an overall Fst value of 0.13 confirmed the significant genetic divergence between the two collections. The findings of this study will significantly benefit for pigeonpea breeding programs in Benin. For practical applications, selected exotic cultivars, particularly those within the specific cluster can immediately serve as donor parents in crossbreeding schemes with the local landraces, for developing new varieties.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139026207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Gene editing for tolerance to temperature stress in plants: A review” [Plant Gene 37 (2024) 100439]","authors":"Anindita Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Swapnila Choudhury ,&nbsp;Shikta Rani Kar ,&nbsp;Promita Deb ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Wylie","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100442","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352407323000409/pdfft?md5=a4d076addf270ab8e360e78d45aa64db&pid=1-s2.0-S2352407323000409-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138480358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Undesirable protein sequence variations in maize genes that confer resistance to fungal pathogens and insect pests","authors":"Rebecca M. Lyon,&nbsp;Eric T. Johnson,&nbsp;Patrick F. Dowd","doi":"10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2023.100441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diseases and insect pests<span><span> greatly impact sustainable production in maize. Maize inbred lines have varying levels of resistance to these pathogens and insects, but little is known about the diversity of their resistance proteins. In this study, genes encoding seven proteins that are involved in resistance to insects and pathogens in maize were analyzed in 46 maize inbred lines to elucidate the differences in </span>amino acid sequences<span><span><span>. The proteins of interest are superlectin, maizewin, hydrolase, geranyl geranyl </span>transferase<span>, quinone oxidoreductase, AIL1, and </span></span>defensin<span><span>. The protein sequences encoded by genes for superlectin, AIL1, and defensin were found to be disrupted in some maize inbreds but were conserved in others. The characterized disruptions resulted from single amino acid changes, insertions, or deletions. While the effect of single amino acid changes is hard to predict, </span>insertions and deletions likely disrupt protein function, increasing the susceptibility of maize plants to insects and/or diseases. Functional resistance genes can be incorporated from the identified maize inbreds into commercial hybrids to promote enhanced insect and pathogen resistance.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":38041,"journal":{"name":"Plant Gene","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138557954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}