Infection Ecology and Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Neutralizing antibodies against flaviviruses, Babanki virus, and Rift Valley fever virus in Ugandan bats.","authors":"Rebekah C Kading,&nbsp;Robert M Kityo,&nbsp;Eric C Mossel,&nbsp;Erin M Borland,&nbsp;Teddie Nakayiki,&nbsp;Betty Nalikka,&nbsp;Luke Nyakarahuka,&nbsp;Jeremy P Ledermann,&nbsp;Nicholas A Panella,&nbsp;Amy T Gilbert,&nbsp;Mary B Crabtree,&nbsp;Julian Kerbis Peterhans,&nbsp;Jonathan S Towner,&nbsp;Brian R Amman,&nbsp;Tara K Sealy,&nbsp;Stuart T Nichol,&nbsp;Ann M Powers,&nbsp;Julius J Lutwama,&nbsp;Barry R Miller","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1439215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1439215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> A number of arboviruses have previously been isolated from naturally-infected East African bats, however the role of bats in arbovirus maintenance is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the exposure history of Ugandan bats to a panel of arboviruses. <b>Materials and methods:</b> Insectivorous and fruit bats were captured from multiple locations throughout Uganda during 2009 and 2011-2013. All serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue 2 virus (DENV-2), Zika virus (ZIKV), Babanki virus (BBKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Sera from up to 626 bats were screened for antibodies against each virus. <b>Results and Discussion:</b> Key findings include the presence of neutralizing antibodies against RVFV in 5/52 (9.6%) of little epauletted fruit bats (<i>Epomophorus labiatus</i>) captured from Kawuku and 3/54 (5.6%) Egyptian rousette bats from Kasokero cave. Antibodies reactive to flaviviruses were widespread across bat taxa and sampling locations. <b>Conclusion:</b> The data presented demonstrate the widespread exposure of bats in Uganda to arboviruses, and highlight particular virus-bat associations that warrant further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1439215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1439215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35888700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vector-borne viruses and their detection by viral metagenomics","authors":"H. Cholleti, M. Berg, Juliette Hayer, A. Blomström","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1553465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1553465","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, are important vectors for different viruses (so called vector-borne viruses), some of which cause a significant number of human and animal deaths every year as well as affect public health worldwide. Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, chikungunya virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Zika virus are just a few examples of important vector-borne viruses. The majority of all vector-borne viruses have an RNA genome, which routinely undergo genetic modifications. The changes in the genome, apart from the environmental issues, can also influence the spread of viruses to new habitats and hosts and lead to the emergence of novel viruses, which may become a threat to public health. Therefore, it is important to investigate the viruses circulating in arthropod vectors to understand their diversity, host range and evolutionary history as well as to predict new emerging pathogens. The choice of detection method is important, as most of the methods can only detect viruses that have been previously well described. Viral metagenomics is a useful tool to simultaneously identify all the viruses present in a sample, including novel viruses. This review describes vector-borne viruses, their maintenance and emergence in nature, and detection using viral metagenomics.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1553465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49363007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of aflatoxin B1 in maize and awareness of aflatoxins in Son La, Vietnam","authors":"X. Nguyen, Thuy T. Nguyen, H. Nguyen-Viet, Khanh Ngoc Tran, J. Lindahl, D. Grace Randolph, Thanh Minh Ha, Hu Suk Lee","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1553464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1553464","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a fungal by-product which causes acute and chronic toxicity in humans and many other animals. This research was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of AFB1 contamination in maize and residents’ awareness of aflatoxins in Son La province, Vietnam. Maize samples were randomly collected from Son La province using multi-stage sampling. We used cut-off levels of 5 and 20 μg/kg and calculated the mean, median and range for each district. In addition, a questionnaire collected information from households about their knowledge, attitude and practice related to moldy maize. Out of 378 maize samples from Son La, 204 (54.0%) and 141 (37.3%) were contaminated with AFB1 at more than 5 µg/kg and 20 µg/kg, respectively. Mai Son district had the highest proportion of samples (54.0%) using a cut-off level > 20 µg/kg, and Yen Chau district the lowest (4%). People from the Thai ethnic group were 30.9 times more likely to consume meat from animals fed moldy maize than people from the Kinh ethnic group (p = 0.003). Maize in Son La is contaminated with AFB1 at levels which imply better control of aflatoxins in maize for human consumptions and animal feed is needed.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1553464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42728740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices among dairy value chain actors in Assam, north-east India and the impact of a training intervention","authors":"J. Lindahl, R. Deka, R. Assé, L. Lapar, D. Grace","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1555444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1555444","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Food-borne diseases are contributing to health burdens globally, especially in developing countries. In India, milk production is important for nutrition security, but milk products are prone to contamination with pathogens. In Assam, a state in Northeast India, a novel hygiene intervention was conducted in 2009–2011, and the knowledge, attitudes and practices among milk producers, milk traders and sweet makers were assessed.Methods: The first survey was conducted in 2009 and included 405 producers, 175 traders and 220 sweet makers from 4 districts. The second survey was conducted in 2012 with 161 producers and 226 traders from 2 districts, both trained and untrained participants. In addition to questionnaires, observations on hygiene were done and samples were analysed for Escherichia coli.Results: In 2009 only 13.0%, 9.1%, and 33.1% of producers, traders and sweet makers respectively believed diseases could be transmitted by milk. There were significant improvements in knowledge after training among both traders and producers. The proportion of samples containing added water decreased from 2009 to 2012. Although knowledge had increased, all samples tested contained E. coli.Conclusion: This study shows a need to increase knowledge about milk-borne diseases and hygiene, and the positive effect of a training intervention.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1555444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48252662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk produced in urban and peri-urban areas of Kisumu County, Kenya","authors":"Gladys Anyango, F. Mutua, I. Kagera, Pauline Andang`O, D. Grace, J. Lindahl","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1547094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1547094","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Food safety is of increasing global concern, and a OneHealth issue requiring attention of many disciplines. Aflatoxins are toxins produced by fungi and found in foods and feeds, and exposure causes negative health effects in humans and animals. When lactating animals consume aflatoxin B1, the metabolite (AFM1) is transferred to milk. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to determine characteristics of smallholder dairy farming in urban and peri-urban areas of Kisumu and quantify AFM1 in milk. Data was collected from 97 randomly selected dairy farms on farming practices, milk production, and awareness about aflatoxins. Collected milk samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for AFM1. Results: Average milk produced was 13 liters per day per household and mainly used for household consumption and sold to neighbours. Farmers mainly fed cows on forage and concentrates (62.9%). Levels of AFM1 ranged from below the detection limit to 151 ppt, with a mean of 29.67 ppt; 26.4% exceeding the EU limit. Concentrate feeding was associated with higher AFM1 levels (p = 0.002); with farms feeding concentrates more likely to have levels exceeding 50 ppt (OR = 10.1). Conclusion: In conclusion, milk produced by small holder dairy farmers in Kisumu County frequently is contaminated with AFM1, implying health risks for human and animals.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1547094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43881994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological evidence of Brucella infections in dairy cattle in Haryana, India","authors":"J. Lindahl, Naresh Goyal Kumar, R. Deka, R. Shome, D. Grace","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1555445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1555445","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: In India, milk production is important for both the economy and the provision of nutritious food. However, the productivity of the livestock is affected by circulating infectious diseases, and some zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, may cause a heavy impact on the farm as the disease cause abortions and reproductive failures in bovines, with chronic febrile illness in humans. Methods: 249 dairy farms in the state of Haryana, India, were interviewed, and collected raw milk from 81 were analyzed for antibodies towards Brucella abortus. Results: More samples were positive using milk ring test (MRT) (55.6%, 45/81) than using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (29.6%, 24/81), with all ELISA positive samples also positive in MRT. The ELISA results were used for risk factor analyses. Seropositive farms were significantly (p = 0.015) larger than seronegative, with an average 7.9 cattle, compared to 4.9. Seropositive farms were more likely to report stillbirth occurring the last year, and a significantly higher proportion of seropositive farms reported retained placenta (odds ratio 5.2). Conclusion: This study showed that Brucella seroprevalence is high among farms in Haryana, and a control program is needed to ensure improved human and animal health, as well as improved livestock productivity.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1555445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45025151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leptospira bacteria detected in rodents in Tana River and Garissa counties of Kenya","authors":"M. Wainaina, B. Bett, E. Ontiri, K. Picozzi, B. Agwanda, Tanja M. Strand, D. Grace, Å. Lundkvist, J. Lindahl","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1547093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1547093","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease with wide geographical spread. Its presence in Kenya and some of the neighbouring countries has been documented before and it is thought to contribute significantly to the number of febrile cases in human populations and abortions in livestock. This study investigated Leptospira spp. presence in rodents collected in both a pastoral and irrigated region of Kenya. Materials and methods: Blood and kidney samples were screened for leptospiral DNA by PCR, and ELISA was used to detect antibodies in tissue fluid. Results and discussion: Almost 42% (28/67) of the rodents were found to be PCR positive and 25% (14/56) by the ELISA test. Focus group discussions revealed that the local population perceived an increase in the rodent population and febrile illnesses not responsive to malarial treatment, a possible attestation of importance of non-malarial acute febrile illnesses such as leptospirosis in the communities. Conclusion: While the study was small, it indicated that rodents could play an important role as reservoir hosts for the bacteria in these areas.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1547093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43487039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of nineteen Taqman real-time PCR assays for screening and detection of select highly pathogenic bacteria","authors":"Talar Boskani, B. Edvinsson, T. Wahab","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1553462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1553462","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Here, we describe a set of six Taqman real-time PCR assays for screening of highly pathogenic bacteria, i.e. Bacillus, Brucella, Burkholderia, Coxiella, Francisella, and Yersinia species. Twelve specific assays are subsequently performed to identify the species that are classified as highly pathogenic and a general 16S Taqman real-time PCR assay is included to see if the sample contains bacteria. Methods: These assays were designed using all available genomes in the public database of bioterror agents. They were validated with a collection of reference strains, clinical isolates and one environmental sample. Results: These assays were tested against all the ring trials we participate among them the ones which were coordinated by Robert Koch Institute from a repository built up in the framework of the EU funded project ‘Efficient response to highly dangerous and emerging pathogens’ (EMERGE). All bacteria were accurately identified in food, clinical and environmental matrices. Conclusions: These assays are used routinely in our diagnostic laboratory to rapidly screen for and specifically detect select highly pathogenic bacteria of potential bioterrorism use. The platform can be used as an open array format in 96-well plates to screen for a single species or up to 6 agents in one run. Abbreviations: ATCC; American Type Culture Collection, B; Brucella; BLAST: Basic local alignment search tool; BSL; Biosafety level; Cq: Quantification cycle; DNA; Deoxyribonucleic acid, FAM; 6-carboxyfluorescein, FOHM; the Public Health Agency of Sweden, IAC; internal amplification control, LOD: Limit of detection, MGB; Minor groove binder, NCBI; National Center for Biotechnology Information, NFA; National Food Agency, PCR; polymerase chain reaction; PhHV-1; Phocine Herpesvirus 1, SVA; National Veterinary Institute, Tm: Melting Temperature.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1553462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46696770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A one health opinion editorial RE: ideal protocol for future international one health congress meetings, all inclusive modus operandi","authors":"Bruce Kaplan, Laura H. Kahn, T. Monath, L. Conti, T. Yuill","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1537461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1537461","url":null,"abstract":"‘. . .Whereas previous Congresses have been very good by all accounts, they have not adequately been all inclusive with respect to addressing a broad spectrum, co-equal recognition and exposure to both One Health essential priorities, i.e. global public health and global clinical health considerations, among a few others. Frankly, this has been known to occur due to concerns about securing adequate funding for public health research projects visà-vis clinical health missions, etc. In addition, there have been justifiable complaints regarding the meetings being “too veterinarian oriented without enough physician and other health science professional representations.” Hopefully, this next Congress will demonstrate a more ecumenical approach while addressing the issue of attracting a broader spectrum of health science oriented attendees. Human, animal and environmental health (eco-health) are in dire need of such a far reaching protocol endeavor. Spotlighted International Congresses need to become free from sectarian predominance, or even the hint of tribalism. They need to take the high road: begin “appealing to their better angels” in the true spirit of “One World-One Medicine-One Health.” An accurate and complete mosaic image of one health requires that all pieces be present and in place.’ Laudably, the One Health Platform https://mail chi.mp/onehealthplatform/world-one-health-con gress-free-lecture-202629?e=49188b2102, a leading international One Health organization has undertaken the important role of organizing One Health congresses on a biennial basis. Members of the One Health Initiative team have worked proudly with this exceptional organization’s leadership at the fifth (5) Congress in Saskatoon, Canada in June 2018 https://onehealthplatform.com/iohc/commit tees/organizing-executive-board. The sixth (6) Congress is to be held in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK June 15–18, 2020. This promises to be a landmark event. To date, there have been five (5) International One Health Congress meetings worldwide. Ostensibly their aim has been to foster and educate the international communities about the recognized real world and future visionary values attainable once the One Health approach is indeed implemented worldwide, i.e. ‘. . . in every Middlesex Village and farm’[1]. Most One Health supporters/advocates http://www. onehealthinitiative.com/supporters.php believe that to mean principally: ‘One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, plants and our environment.’ and ‘One Health implementation will help protect and/or save untold millions of lives in our generation and for those to come.’ [2–5]","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1537461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43454722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bovine brucellosis: prevalence, risk factors, economic cost and control options with particular reference to India- a review","authors":"R. Deka, U. Magnusson, D. Grace, J. Lindahl","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1556548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1556548","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Brucellosis is an economically important zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution, with low-income countries being more affected. The disease is endemic in India, a country that house the world’s largest cattle and buffalo population and produce the most milk in the world. Results: Prevalence of the disease in the country is reported as low as 1% to as high as 60% by different researchers but many of the published studies that reported higher prevalence were conducted in non-randomised samples. Based on this review, overall prevalence in the country is likely 12% or less. About 20 different risk factors are reported that contribute/predispose to occurrence of bovine brucellosis. The risk factors could be classified in four groups: host factors, farmer’s factors, managemental factors, and agro-ecological factors. Various studies reported high economic burden of the diseases in dairy animals but there is dearth of comprehensive and rigorous economic studies. Conclusions: In the absence of highly effective vaccines and because of difficulties in executing a segregation and slaughter policy of infected animals in countries like India, control of bovine brucellosis remains a challenge.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1556548","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42091375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}