Infection Ecology and Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania.","authors":"Emeli Torsson,&nbsp;Mikael Berg,&nbsp;Gerald Misinzo,&nbsp;Ida Herbe,&nbsp;Tebogo Kgotlele,&nbsp;Malin Päärni,&nbsp;Nils Roos,&nbsp;Anne-Lie Blomström,&nbsp;Karl Ståhl,&nbsp;Jonas Johansson Wensman","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1368336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1368336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Livestock husbandry is critical for food security and poverty reduction in a low-income country like Tanzania. Infectious disease is one of the major constraints reducing the productivity in this sector. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most important diseases affecting small ruminants, but other infectious diseases may also be present. <b>Objective:</b> The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to PPR, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in sheep and goats in Tanzania. <b>Methods:</b> Serum samples were collected in 2014 and 2015, and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies to the five pathogens. <b>Results and discussion:</b> This is the first description of seroprevalence of FMD and BT among small ruminants in Tanzania. Risk factor analysis identified sex (female) (OR for 2014: PPR: 2.49, CCPP: 3.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 12.4, OR for 2015: PPR: 14.1, CCPP: 1.10, FMD: 2.67, BT: 1.90, BVD: 4.73) and increasing age (>2 years) (OR for 2014: PPR: 14.9, CCPP: 2.34, FMD: 7.52, BT: 126, OR for 2015: PPR: 8.13, CCPP: 1.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 7.83, BVD: 4.74) as risk factors for exposure to these diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1368336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1368336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35557872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"African tick bite fever in returning Swedish travellers. Report of two cases and aspects of diagnostics.","authors":"Kenneth Nilsson,&nbsp;Katarina Wallménius,&nbsp;Pernilla Rundlöf-Nygren,&nbsp;Susanne Strömdahl,&nbsp;Carl Påhlson","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1343081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1343081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction</b>: African tick-bite fever, caused by <i>Rickettsia africae</i>, is endemic in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa and a possible cause of fever in returning Swedish travellers. Two patients are presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of different diagnostic methods are discussed. <b>Patients and methods</b>: Two middle-aged men fell ill with fever after returning home from South Africa. Both had single eschars and one also presented with a lymph node swelling. Samples were taken for serology, general bacterial culture from the wound (Patient 1) using a swab and additionally for Patient 2 PCR of a skin biopsy from the eschar. <b>Results and discussion</b>: Both patients seroconverted one month after onset. Real-time PCR of the biopsy was positive, where sequencing of the <i>gltA</i> gene was 99-100% consistent with <i>R. africae</i>. A drop of fluid from the biopsy contained a sufficient number of bacteria to also allow for isolation of rickettsiae in Vero cell culture. Direct molecular detection by PCR from a swab used for bacteria culture from the eschar from Patient 1 also yielded a positive result. In conclusion, the findings highlight the usefulness of swabs for early non-invasive diagnosis of African tick-bite fever in febrile travellers.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1343081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1343081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35275806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serogrouping and seroepidemiology of North European hantaviruses using a novel broadly targeted synthetic nucleoprotein antigen array.","authors":"Bengt Rönnberg,&nbsp;Olli Vapalahti,&nbsp;Marco Goeijenbier,&nbsp;Chantal Reusken,&nbsp;Åke Gustafsson,&nbsp;Jonas Blomberg,&nbsp;Åke Lundkvist","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1350086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1350086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction</b>: Hantaviruses are globally distributed zoonotic pathogens. Great diversity and high antigenic cross-reactivity makes diagnosis by traditional methods cumbersome. <b>Materials and methods</b>: 'Megapeptides', 119-120-mers from the amino terminus of the nucleoprotein of 16 hantaviruses, representing the four major branches of the hantavirus phylogenetic tree, were utilized in a novel IgG-based hantavirus suspension multiplex immunoassay (HSMIA) for detection of past hantavirus infections in 155 North European human samples. We compared HSMIA with established EIAs and focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT). <b>Results and discussion</b>: The Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) component in the HSMIA gave concordant results with a PUUV IgG EIA in 142 sera from Northern Sweden (of which 31 were EIA positive, 7 borderline and 104 EIA negative, sensitivity 30/31 = 97%, specificity 104/ 104 = 100%, 134/135 = 99% concordance), with another immunoassay in 40 PUUV IgG positive sera from Finland (36/40 = 90% sensitivity), and was concordant in 8 of 11 cases with PUUV and DOBV neutralization titers, respectively. Two major IgG reactivity patterns were found: (i) a PUUV-specific pattern covering phylogroup IV and its serogroups B and C; and (ii) a Dobrava virus (DOBV)-specific pattern, covering the serogroup A portion of phylogroup III. In addition, we found several minor patterns with reactivity to only one or two megapeptides indicating additional hantaviruses infecting humans in the Swedish and Finnish populations. <b>Conclusion</b>: The broadly reactive and rational HSMIA yielded results highly correlated with the established PUUV EIAs and the NT results. It is a sensitive and specific assay, which will be suited for efficient serosurveillance of hantaviruses in humans. Its use in animals should be further investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1350086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1350086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35275807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreasing prevalence of transmitted drug resistance among ART-naive HIV-1-infected patients in Iceland, 1996-2012.","authors":"Malik Sallam,&nbsp;Gülşen Özkaya Şahin,&nbsp;Hlynur Indriðason,&nbsp;Joakim Esbjörnsson,&nbsp;Arthur Löve,&nbsp;Anders Widell,&nbsp;Magnus Gottfreðsson,&nbsp;Patrik Medstrand","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1328964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1328964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Resistance to antiretroviral drugs can complicate the management of HIV-1 infection and impair control of its spread. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance among 106 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients diagnosed in Iceland (1996-2012). <b>Methods:</b> HIV-1 polymerase sequences were analysed using the Calibrated Population Resistance tool. Domestic spread of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was investigated through maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. <b>Results:</b> Among ART-naïve patients, the prevalence of TDR to any of the following classes (NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs) was 8.5% (95% CI: 4.5%- 15.4%): 6.6% to NRTIs, 0.9% to NNRTIs, and 1.9% to PIs. The most frequent NRTI mutation detected was T215C/D (n=7, 5.7%). The only NNRTI mutation detected was K103N (n=1, 0.9%). PI mutations detected were M46I (n=1, 0.9%) and L90M (n=1, 0.9%). Six patients harbouring T215C/D, were linked in a supported phylogenetic cluster. No significant association was found between TDR and demographic or risk groups. Trend analysis showed a decrease in the prevalence of TDR (1996-2012, p=0.003). <b>Conclusions:</b> TDR prevalence in Iceland was at a moderate level and decreased during 1996-2012. Screening for TDR is recommended to limit its local spread and to optimize HIV-1 therapy. <b>A</b><b>bbreviations</b>: ART: Anti-retroviral therapy; ARV: antiretroviral; ATV/r: atazanavir/ritonavir; AZT: azidothymidine; BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees; CI: confidence interval; CPR: calibrated population resistance; CRF: circulating recombinant form; d4T: stavudine; EFV: efavirenz; FET: Fishers' exact test; FPV/r: fosamprenavir/ritonavir; HET: heterosexual; IDU: injection drug use; IDV/r: indinavir/ritonavir; LPV/r: lopinavir/ritonavir; MSM: men who have sex with men; M-W: Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test; NFV: nelfinavir; NNRTIs: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTIs: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NVP: nevirapine; PIs: protease inhibitors; <i>pol</i>: polymerase gene; SDRM: surveillance drug resistance mutation; SQV/r: saquinavir/ritonavir; TDR: transmitted drug resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1328964"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1328964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35118430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A nationwide outbreak of listeriosis associated with cold-cuts, Sweden 2013-2014.","authors":"Viktor Dahl,&nbsp;Lena Sundqvist,&nbsp;Ingela Hedenström,&nbsp;Margareta Löfdahl,&nbsp;Erik Alm,&nbsp;Håkan Ringberg,&nbsp;Mats Lindblad,&nbsp;Anders Wallensten,&nbsp;Susanne Thisted Lambertz,&nbsp;Cecilia Jernberg","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1324232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1324232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In January 2014, the Public Health Agency of Sweden noticed an increase in listeriosis cases. Isolates from 10 cases had identical pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles, suggesting a common source. We investigated the outbreak to identify the source and stop transmission. We looked for cases in 2013-2014 and also compared cases notified after February 2014 to randomly selected controls. We surveyed food items consumed two weeks prior to symptom onset. <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> isolates found by food producers were PFGE-typed. Patient and food isolates with the outbreak PFGE profile were whole-genome sequenced and 51 cases with identical PFGE profile were identified; 12/20 cases and 108/186 controls responded to the survey. All cases were exposed to cold-cuts, compared with 72% of controls (<i>p</i> = 0.034). Five isolates of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> with the outbreak PFGE profile were found in cold-cuts from a food producer which stopped production in February 2014, but cases appeared until October 2014. Whole-genome sequencing showed that cold-cut and patient isolates differed by eight single nucleotide polymorphisms. Three patient isolates differed more and were probably not part of the outbreak. Epidemiological and microbiological results indicated cold-cuts as a possible source of the outbreak.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1324232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1324232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction and persistence of tularemia in Bulgaria.","authors":"Mohammad Khan","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1323532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1323532","url":null,"abstract":"Myrtannas et al. [1] studied new outbreaks of tularemia in Bulgaria. According to the evidence presented and the data corroborated with by the authors, the new outbreaks occurred after a lull of over three decades in a wide area (1000–1500 km) abutting the Balkan Mountain Range (BMR) near the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. The new epicenter of the tularemia outbreak was 300 km west of the epicenter of the previous outbreak in Eastern Bulgaria. The authors undertook to track the source of the outbreak using molecular methods (e.g. analyses of singlenucleotide polymorphisms of the outbreak isolate). Their study is remarkable for, among other things, the relative lack of the application of traditional epidemiological methods in tandem with the molecular methods. They made no definite conclusion. The authors of the study referred to above did not mention the total number of cases detected during in new outbreaks, making one wonder how the authors defined an outbreak.[2] Also, it was not clear what clinical form of tularemia was detected during the outbreak. This is important, considering that the authors [1] postulated that the high BMR was an inviolable physical barrier to the transmission of Francisella tularensis (FT) from the old to the new foci of outbreaks. However, the high BMR may not necessarily be a physical barrier to the aerosolized transmission of FT.[3] The authors [1] suspected muskrats as the most likely sources of the outbreak strains of FT, yet provided no epidemiologic evidence suggestive of changing activities [4,5] of the animal before (e.g. distinctive muskrat tracks inland or dome-shaped lodges of the animal on water-logged surfaces) or after the outbreaks (e.g. increased number of dead muskrats). Also, absent is any information on the seasonality of the outbreaks studied by Myretennas et al. [1]. Seasonality of the outbreak would have given important clues about the sources of the outbreak strains of FT.[5] The study presented by Myrtannas et al. [1] shows that the genomic study of the outbreak strains of FT uncoupled with traditional epidemiologic approach may not enough to track the source of the pathogen.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1323532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1323532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35120379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors' reply.","authors":"Kerstin Myrtennäs,&nbsp;Krustyu Marinov,&nbsp;Anders Johansson,&nbsp;Marcin Niemcewicz,&nbsp;Edvin Karlsson,&nbsp;Mona Byström,&nbsp;Mats Forsman","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1333745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1333745","url":null,"abstract":"We thank you for the feedback on our study about tularemia outbreaks in Bulgaria. The purpose of our study was not to make any conclusion or statement in favor of or against the use of traditional epidemiology data. We fully agree that genomic data without epidemiological and clinical data may not be enough to track the source of a pathogen. In fact, we have ourselves also emphasized this in several genomic publications on tularemia. However, the intention of the Bulgarian study was to test how bacterial strains of Francisella tularensis causing tularemia in wildlife and humans in the 1960s and the 1990s were genetically related. We found that F. tularensis strains were remarkably similar over long time periods and noted that this finding is compatible with the ‘natural nidality of disease’ concept put forward in the 1960s which postulates that some diseases occur naturally in wildlife in certain places (nidus) over time. We also found a close genetic relationship between an isolate from a muskrat infected in 1961 in Bulgaria and an isolate from a water rat infected in 1956 in Russia. These isolates differed by two nucleotides at the whole genome level. We suggested that implantation of muskrats into Bulgaria from Russia may have introduced the disease but avoided making definitive conclusions. We think that it is scientifically sensible to admit that relying on genetic results only is not sufficient to make definite conclusions. Finally, in an attempt to respond to the request for more epidemiological information we have now updated the information in the Supplementary material.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1333745"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1333745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35118431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> not detected in Swedish nucleus and multiplying pig herds.","authors":"Helle Ericsson Unnerstad,&nbsp;Helene Wahlström,&nbsp;Benedicta Molander,&nbsp;Björn Bengtsson","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1313068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1313068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has emerged among pigs in many countries. MRSA in the pig population constitute a reservoir with risk for transmission to humans in close contact with pigs. Absence of MRSA in the top of the breeding pyramid would prevent spread to the rest of the pig population. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of MRSA in nucleus and multiplying pig herds in Sweden. <b>Materials and methods:</b> All nucleus and multiplying pig herds in Sweden present in 2011 (<i>n </i>= 53) and 2014 (<i>n </i>= 39) were sampled for MRSA. <b>Results and discussion:</b> MRSA was not detected either in 2011 or in 2014. That MRSA was not detected in the top of the breeding pyramid indicates a favourable MRSA situation in the Swedish pig population. <b>A</b><b>bbreviations:</b> MRSA: methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>; LA-MRSA: livestock-associated MRSA; CC: clonal complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1313068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1313068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35047725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling human Puumala hantavirus infection in relation to bank vole abundance and masting intensity in the Netherlands.","authors":"Arno Swart,&nbsp;Dick L Bekker,&nbsp;Miriam Maas,&nbsp;Ankje de Vries,&nbsp;Roan Pijnacker,&nbsp;Chantal B E M Reusken,&nbsp;Joke W B van der Giessen","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1287986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1287986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper deals with modelling the relationship between human Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) infection, the abundance and prevalence of infection of the host (the bank vole), mast, and temperature. These data were used to build and parametrise generalised regression models, and parametrise them using datasets on these factors pertaining to the Netherlands. The performance of the models was assessed by considering their predictive power. Models including mast and monthly temperature performed well, and showed that mast intensity influences vole abundance and hence human exposure for the following year. Thus, the model can aid in forecasting of human illness cases, since (1) mast intensity influences the vole abundance and hence human exposure for the following year and (2) monitoring of mast is much more feasible than determining bank vole abundance.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1287986"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1287986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35047724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lyssavirus-reactive antibodies in Swedish bats.","authors":"Anna-Lena Hammarin, Louise Treiberg Berndtsson, Kerstin Falk, Marie Nedinge, Gert Olsson, Åke Lundkvist","doi":"10.3402/iee.v6.31262","DOIUrl":"10.3402/iee.v6.31262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To study the presence of European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) infections in bat reservoirs in Sweden, active surveillance was performed during the summers from 2008 to 2013.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Bat specimens were collected at >20 bat colonies in the central, southeastern, and southern parts of Sweden. In total, blood and saliva of 452 bats were examined by a virus neutralization test and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs).</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>EBLV neutralizing antibodies were detected in 14 Daubenton's bats (<i>Myotis daubentonii</i>), all trapped in Skåne or Småland (south and southeast of Sweden). The result was not unexpected since EBLV has been shown to be present in many neighboring countries, for example, Denmark, Finland, Germany, and Norway. However, Sweden has been regarded free of rabies in terrestrial mammals since 1896. Although very rare, spillover of EBLV into other animals and humans have occurred, and the risk of EBLV infection to other species including humans should not be ignored. This is the first report of lyssavirus infection in Swedish bats.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"6 1","pages":"31262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5156864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69758455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}