Infection Ecology and Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices among dairy value chain actors in Assam, north-east India and the impact of a training intervention","authors":"J. Lindahl, R. Deka, R. Assé, L. Lapar, D. Grace","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1555444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1555444","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Food-borne diseases are contributing to health burdens globally, especially in developing countries. In India, milk production is important for nutrition security, but milk products are prone to contamination with pathogens. In Assam, a state in Northeast India, a novel hygiene intervention was conducted in 2009–2011, and the knowledge, attitudes and practices among milk producers, milk traders and sweet makers were assessed.Methods: The first survey was conducted in 2009 and included 405 producers, 175 traders and 220 sweet makers from 4 districts. The second survey was conducted in 2012 with 161 producers and 226 traders from 2 districts, both trained and untrained participants. In addition to questionnaires, observations on hygiene were done and samples were analysed for Escherichia coli.Results: In 2009 only 13.0%, 9.1%, and 33.1% of producers, traders and sweet makers respectively believed diseases could be transmitted by milk. There were significant improvements in knowledge after training among both traders and producers. The proportion of samples containing added water decreased from 2009 to 2012. Although knowledge had increased, all samples tested contained E. coli.Conclusion: This study shows a need to increase knowledge about milk-borne diseases and hygiene, and the positive effect of a training intervention.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1555444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48252662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk produced in urban and peri-urban areas of Kisumu County, Kenya","authors":"Gladys Anyango, F. Mutua, I. Kagera, Pauline Andang`O, D. Grace, J. Lindahl","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1547094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1547094","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Food safety is of increasing global concern, and a OneHealth issue requiring attention of many disciplines. Aflatoxins are toxins produced by fungi and found in foods and feeds, and exposure causes negative health effects in humans and animals. When lactating animals consume aflatoxin B1, the metabolite (AFM1) is transferred to milk. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to determine characteristics of smallholder dairy farming in urban and peri-urban areas of Kisumu and quantify AFM1 in milk. Data was collected from 97 randomly selected dairy farms on farming practices, milk production, and awareness about aflatoxins. Collected milk samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for AFM1. Results: Average milk produced was 13 liters per day per household and mainly used for household consumption and sold to neighbours. Farmers mainly fed cows on forage and concentrates (62.9%). Levels of AFM1 ranged from below the detection limit to 151 ppt, with a mean of 29.67 ppt; 26.4% exceeding the EU limit. Concentrate feeding was associated with higher AFM1 levels (p = 0.002); with farms feeding concentrates more likely to have levels exceeding 50 ppt (OR = 10.1). Conclusion: In conclusion, milk produced by small holder dairy farmers in Kisumu County frequently is contaminated with AFM1, implying health risks for human and animals.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1547094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43881994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological evidence of Brucella infections in dairy cattle in Haryana, India","authors":"J. Lindahl, Naresh Goyal Kumar, R. Deka, R. Shome, D. Grace","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1555445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1555445","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: In India, milk production is important for both the economy and the provision of nutritious food. However, the productivity of the livestock is affected by circulating infectious diseases, and some zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, may cause a heavy impact on the farm as the disease cause abortions and reproductive failures in bovines, with chronic febrile illness in humans. Methods: 249 dairy farms in the state of Haryana, India, were interviewed, and collected raw milk from 81 were analyzed for antibodies towards Brucella abortus. Results: More samples were positive using milk ring test (MRT) (55.6%, 45/81) than using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (29.6%, 24/81), with all ELISA positive samples also positive in MRT. The ELISA results were used for risk factor analyses. Seropositive farms were significantly (p = 0.015) larger than seronegative, with an average 7.9 cattle, compared to 4.9. Seropositive farms were more likely to report stillbirth occurring the last year, and a significantly higher proportion of seropositive farms reported retained placenta (odds ratio 5.2). Conclusion: This study showed that Brucella seroprevalence is high among farms in Haryana, and a control program is needed to ensure improved human and animal health, as well as improved livestock productivity.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1555445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45025151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leptospira bacteria detected in rodents in Tana River and Garissa counties of Kenya","authors":"M. Wainaina, B. Bett, E. Ontiri, K. Picozzi, B. Agwanda, Tanja M. Strand, D. Grace, Å. Lundkvist, J. Lindahl","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1547093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1547093","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease with wide geographical spread. Its presence in Kenya and some of the neighbouring countries has been documented before and it is thought to contribute significantly to the number of febrile cases in human populations and abortions in livestock. This study investigated Leptospira spp. presence in rodents collected in both a pastoral and irrigated region of Kenya. Materials and methods: Blood and kidney samples were screened for leptospiral DNA by PCR, and ELISA was used to detect antibodies in tissue fluid. Results and discussion: Almost 42% (28/67) of the rodents were found to be PCR positive and 25% (14/56) by the ELISA test. Focus group discussions revealed that the local population perceived an increase in the rodent population and febrile illnesses not responsive to malarial treatment, a possible attestation of importance of non-malarial acute febrile illnesses such as leptospirosis in the communities. Conclusion: While the study was small, it indicated that rodents could play an important role as reservoir hosts for the bacteria in these areas.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1547093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43487039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of nineteen Taqman real-time PCR assays for screening and detection of select highly pathogenic bacteria","authors":"Talar Boskani, B. Edvinsson, T. Wahab","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1553462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1553462","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Here, we describe a set of six Taqman real-time PCR assays for screening of highly pathogenic bacteria, i.e. Bacillus, Brucella, Burkholderia, Coxiella, Francisella, and Yersinia species. Twelve specific assays are subsequently performed to identify the species that are classified as highly pathogenic and a general 16S Taqman real-time PCR assay is included to see if the sample contains bacteria. Methods: These assays were designed using all available genomes in the public database of bioterror agents. They were validated with a collection of reference strains, clinical isolates and one environmental sample. Results: These assays were tested against all the ring trials we participate among them the ones which were coordinated by Robert Koch Institute from a repository built up in the framework of the EU funded project ‘Efficient response to highly dangerous and emerging pathogens’ (EMERGE). All bacteria were accurately identified in food, clinical and environmental matrices. Conclusions: These assays are used routinely in our diagnostic laboratory to rapidly screen for and specifically detect select highly pathogenic bacteria of potential bioterrorism use. The platform can be used as an open array format in 96-well plates to screen for a single species or up to 6 agents in one run. Abbreviations: ATCC; American Type Culture Collection, B; Brucella; BLAST: Basic local alignment search tool; BSL; Biosafety level; Cq: Quantification cycle; DNA; Deoxyribonucleic acid, FAM; 6-carboxyfluorescein, FOHM; the Public Health Agency of Sweden, IAC; internal amplification control, LOD: Limit of detection, MGB; Minor groove binder, NCBI; National Center for Biotechnology Information, NFA; National Food Agency, PCR; polymerase chain reaction; PhHV-1; Phocine Herpesvirus 1, SVA; National Veterinary Institute, Tm: Melting Temperature.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1553462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46696770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A one health opinion editorial RE: ideal protocol for future international one health congress meetings, all inclusive modus operandi","authors":"Bruce Kaplan, Laura H. Kahn, T. Monath, L. Conti, T. Yuill","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1537461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1537461","url":null,"abstract":"‘. . .Whereas previous Congresses have been very good by all accounts, they have not adequately been all inclusive with respect to addressing a broad spectrum, co-equal recognition and exposure to both One Health essential priorities, i.e. global public health and global clinical health considerations, among a few others. Frankly, this has been known to occur due to concerns about securing adequate funding for public health research projects visà-vis clinical health missions, etc. In addition, there have been justifiable complaints regarding the meetings being “too veterinarian oriented without enough physician and other health science professional representations.” Hopefully, this next Congress will demonstrate a more ecumenical approach while addressing the issue of attracting a broader spectrum of health science oriented attendees. Human, animal and environmental health (eco-health) are in dire need of such a far reaching protocol endeavor. Spotlighted International Congresses need to become free from sectarian predominance, or even the hint of tribalism. They need to take the high road: begin “appealing to their better angels” in the true spirit of “One World-One Medicine-One Health.” An accurate and complete mosaic image of one health requires that all pieces be present and in place.’ Laudably, the One Health Platform https://mail chi.mp/onehealthplatform/world-one-health-con gress-free-lecture-202629?e=49188b2102, a leading international One Health organization has undertaken the important role of organizing One Health congresses on a biennial basis. Members of the One Health Initiative team have worked proudly with this exceptional organization’s leadership at the fifth (5) Congress in Saskatoon, Canada in June 2018 https://onehealthplatform.com/iohc/commit tees/organizing-executive-board. The sixth (6) Congress is to be held in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK June 15–18, 2020. This promises to be a landmark event. To date, there have been five (5) International One Health Congress meetings worldwide. Ostensibly their aim has been to foster and educate the international communities about the recognized real world and future visionary values attainable once the One Health approach is indeed implemented worldwide, i.e. ‘. . . in every Middlesex Village and farm’[1]. Most One Health supporters/advocates http://www. onehealthinitiative.com/supporters.php believe that to mean principally: ‘One Health is the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, animals, plants and our environment.’ and ‘One Health implementation will help protect and/or save untold millions of lives in our generation and for those to come.’ [2–5]","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1537461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43454722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bovine brucellosis: prevalence, risk factors, economic cost and control options with particular reference to India- a review","authors":"R. Deka, U. Magnusson, D. Grace, J. Lindahl","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2018.1556548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2018.1556548","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Brucellosis is an economically important zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution, with low-income countries being more affected. The disease is endemic in India, a country that house the world’s largest cattle and buffalo population and produce the most milk in the world. Results: Prevalence of the disease in the country is reported as low as 1% to as high as 60% by different researchers but many of the published studies that reported higher prevalence were conducted in non-randomised samples. Based on this review, overall prevalence in the country is likely 12% or less. About 20 different risk factors are reported that contribute/predispose to occurrence of bovine brucellosis. The risk factors could be classified in four groups: host factors, farmer’s factors, managemental factors, and agro-ecological factors. Various studies reported high economic burden of the diseases in dairy animals but there is dearth of comprehensive and rigorous economic studies. Conclusions: In the absence of highly effective vaccines and because of difficulties in executing a segregation and slaughter policy of infected animals in countries like India, control of bovine brucellosis remains a challenge.","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2018.1556548","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42091375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human to animal transmission of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in a turkey breeder flock in Norway.","authors":"Siri Kulberg Sjurseth,&nbsp;Britt Gjerset,&nbsp;Karoline Bragstad,&nbsp;Olav Hungnes,&nbsp;Helene Wisløff,&nbsp;Chiek Er,&nbsp;Mette Valheim,&nbsp;Siri M Løtvedt,&nbsp;Bruce David,&nbsp;Skjalg A Hanssen,&nbsp;Siri H Hauge,&nbsp;Merete Hofshagen","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1416249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1416249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction</b>: Routine surveillance samples disclosed seropositivity to influenza A virus (IAV) in a Norwegian turkey breeder flock. Simultaneous reports of influenza-like symptoms in farm workers and a laboratory confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (H1N1pdm09) infection in one person led to the suspicion of a H1N1pdm09 infection in the turkeys. <b>Animals and methods</b>: H1N1pdm09 infection was confirmed by a positive haemaggutinin inhibition test using H1N1pdm09 antigens, and detection of H1N1pdm09 nucleic acid in reproductive organs of turkey hens. The flock showed no clinical signs except for a temporary drop in egg production. Previous reports of H1N1pdm09 infection in turkeys suggested human-to-turkey transmission (anthroponosis) during artificial insemination. <b>Results and discussion</b>: The flock remained seropositive to IAV and the homologous H1N1pdm09 antigen throughout the following 106 days, with decreasing seroprevalence over time. IAV was not detected in fertilised eggs or in turkey poults from the farm, however, maternally derived antibodies against H1N1pdm09 were found in egg yolks and in day-old poults. Genetic analyses of haemagglutinin gene sequences from one of the infected farm workers and turkeys revealed a close phylogenetic relationship, and confirmed human-to-turkey virus transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1416249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1416249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35703858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus in domestic ruminants and African Buffaloes in Mozambique shows need for intensified surveillance.","authors":"Belisário Moiane,&nbsp;Lourenço Mapaco,&nbsp;Peter Thompson,&nbsp;Mikael Berg,&nbsp;Ann Albihn,&nbsp;José Fafetine","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1416248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1416248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction</b>: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arthropod-borne disease that affects both animals and humans. RVF phlebovirus (RVFPV) is widespread in Africa and Arabian Peninsula. In Mozambique, outbreaks were reported in South; seroprevalence studies performed in livestock and water buffaloes were limited to central and south regions. We evaluated the seroprevalence of RVFPV among domestic ruminants and African buffaloes from 7 of 10 provinces of Mozambique, to understand the distribution of RVFPV and provide data for further RVF control programs. <b>Materials and methods</b>: A total of 1581 blood samples were collected in cattle, 1117 in goats, 85 in sheep and 69 in African buffaloes, between 2013 and 2014, and the obtained sera were analyzed by ELISA. <b>Results and discussion</b>: The overall seroprevalence of RVFPV domestic ruminants and African buffaloes was 25.6%. The highest was observed in cattle (37.3%) and African buffaloes (30.4%), which were higher than in previous studies within Mozambique. In south and central regions, the overall seroprevalences were higher (14.9%-62.4%) than in the north. <b>Conclusion</b>: This study showed the presence of anti-RVFPV antibodies in animals from all sampled provinces, suggesting that RVFPV is actively circulating among domestic ruminants and African buffaloes in Mozambique, therefore surveillance should be intensified.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1416248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1416248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35726528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of coronaviruses in wild birds, Finland.","authors":"Satu Hepojoki,&nbsp;Erika Lindh,&nbsp;Olli Vapalahti,&nbsp;Anita Huovilainen","doi":"10.1080/20008686.2017.1408360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20008686.2017.1408360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Migratory birds act as hosts for a number of zoonotic viruses, and have the ability to disperse these viruses to distant geographic locations. Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a family of zoonotic viruses with wide variety of animal hosts, including birds and humans. The infections caused by coronaviruses vary from mild to severe, depending on the viral species and the host. Since the coronaviruses exhibit extraordinary large RNA genome, also the rate of homologous recombination is high, which in turn contributes to the genetic diversity and interspecies host-switches of CoVs. The emergence of novel CoVs has been rich during the last decades, and wild birds seem to serve as reservoirs for a variety of CoV strains. We examined the CoVs circulating among wild birds in Finland. <b>Materials and methods:</b> Samples (cloacal swab, tracheal swab, oropharyngeal swab, or tissue) representing 61 bird species were collected during 2010-2013, and examined by RT-PCR targeting the RdRp gene for the presence of CoV RNA. <b>Results:</b> Altogether 51/939 (5.4%) of the examined birds were found positive by RT-PCR. Diverse gamma- and deltacoronavirus sequences were detected. <b>Discussion:</b> Gamma- and deltacoronaviruses circulate among wild birds in Finland. The number of CoV-positive birds detected each year varies greatly.</p>","PeriodicalId":37446,"journal":{"name":"Infection Ecology and Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1408360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/20008686.2017.1408360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36985267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}