Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Transport mechanisms analysis of large-size proton exchange membrane fuel cells with novel integrated structure under ultra-high current densities","authors":"Wenming Huo ,&nbsp;Siyuan Wu ,&nbsp;Zhiming Bao ,&nbsp;Chasen Tongsh ,&nbsp;Biao Xie ,&nbsp;Mohamed Benbouzid ,&nbsp;Fei Gao ,&nbsp;Yassine Amirat ,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For proton exchange membrane fuel cells, augmenting power density is of utmost importance and designing novel structures to diminish volume represents a vital approach. Metal foam presents a promising substitute for conventional flow fields to obviate the need for gas diffusion layers, though the microstructural discrepancies with electrodes pose difficulties, especially in large-scale fuel cells. In this research, an integrated fuel cell structure combining nickel metal foam and a carbon nano fiber film (CNFF) is designed, trimming the single cell thickness from 1.275 mm to 0.885 mm. The CNFF facilitates the gas transport from metal foam to catalyst layers. A three-dimensional plus one-dimensional numerical model is constructed to elucidate the internal mechanisms. In a 1 cm² fuel cell, a thinner CNFF leads to membrane electrode assembly (MEA) dehydration and higher porosity hinders heat dissipation. When scaling up to 300 cm² and contrasting with a conventional parallel channel-rib fuel cell, the integrated fuel cell shows inferior performance at low and medium current densities due to elevated ionic ohmic loss. However, it surpasses the conventional one at high current densities, with the output voltage rising from 0.552 V to 0.593 V at 4.1 A cm⁻² due to diminished concentration loss. Additionally, temperature and relative humidity are pivotal parameters influencing the equilibrium between membrane water content and transport resistance. This research contributes to the design of integrated fuel cells with enhanced volume power density, providing valuable insights for their large-scale implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centralised vehicle-to-grid smart charging supported by PV generation for power variance minimisation at the transformer: A user’s perspective analysis","authors":"M. Secchi ,&nbsp;D. Macii ,&nbsp;G. Barchi ,&nbsp;M. Marinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies show that the electric vehicle (EV) fleet in the EU will reach 37–38 million units by 2035. Most of them are expected to be charged at home, boosting the number of residential charging stations to be installed. In order to decrease their environmental impact, these stations should be powered by clean energy sources, such as distributed photovoltaic (PV) generators. However, the increased penetration of EVs and PVs may cause large power supply and demand fluctuations, stressing the substation transformers. This paper proposes a centralised bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) smart EV charging policy minimising the net-load power variance (NLV) at the transformer. The proposed approach relies on the iterative solution of a Mixed-Integer Quadratically-Constrained Quadratic Programming (MIQCQP) problem that, unlike other research papers, keeps into account users’ charging/discharging requirements, and realistic charging limitations and efficiency. The impact of the resulting EV charging schedules is analysed at a district level for growing EV and PV penetration values, then compared with the results obtained with both unidirectional (V1G) and uncontrolled (UC) EV charging. Key elements of novelty of the work are: (i) the formalisation of the optimisation problem and its scalability potential, allowing for a multi-year analysis; (ii) an accurate assessment of the user self-sufficiency and the EV battery degradation by means of a physics-inspired model; (iii) an evaluation of the potential economic impact for EV owners over multiple years. Applying the proposed V2G strategy to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) reduces the NLV at the transformer by up to 80%, while increasing self-sufficiency by up to 23%, producing a minimal battery degradation. In the current market scenario, if the Distribution System Operator (DSO) offers a fair compensation for the V2G grid support, the potential yearly economic savings for battery electric vehicle (BEV) owners equipped with a residential PV generator range between 10% and 20%. This happens despite the higher V2G charging stations’ upfront costs and the faster BEV battery degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence algorithms optimize immersion boiling heat transfer strategies to mitigate thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Peizhao Lyu ,&nbsp;Zhenhua An ,&nbsp;Menghan Li ,&nbsp;Xinjian Liu ,&nbsp;Xuning Feng ,&nbsp;Zhonghao Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries is the main cause of fire accidents in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Energy Storage Stations (ESSs). Mitigating the TR is crucial for keeping safety of EVs and ESSs. The immersion boiling heat transfer technology is a promising candidate for mitigating TR of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, to address the TR issue induced by tab-overheating at the positive tab of pouch-type lithium-ion batteries, a coupled model, considering electro-thermal model, lumped TR model and boiling heat transfer model, was applied to investigated the mechanism of mitigating TR for pouch-type lithium-ion batteries. Besides, the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms were applied to analyze the importance of parameters, predict the optimum surface heat flux of batteries and then optimize the key parameters of coolants to reinforce immersion boiling heat transfer performance. The results exhibit that the immersion boiling technology can mitigate TR issue of pouch-type lithium-ion batteries induced by tab overheating. Besides, the importance analysis of parameters of coolants shows that the density, viscosity, and specific heat capacity are the top three parameters that affect the mitigating performance. The AI algorithms behaved a good performance in evaluating and optimizing the mitigating performance for TR of lithium-ion batteries. Hence, this work can provide a refence for improving the safety of EVs and ESSs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards integrated thermal management systems in battery electric vehicles: A review","authors":"Xiaoya Li,&nbsp;Ruzhu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The market expansion of battery electric vehicles has stimulated the development of advanced vehicle thermal management systems to address the complicated thermal challenges of the batteries, cabin, motors, and power electronics across various driving conditions and ambient temperatures. This review comprehensively summarizes the key technologies underlying the distributed thermal management systems, addressing the specific heating and cooling requirements of each subsystem. The strengths and limitations of the individual thermal management approaches have been compared. Furthermore, the review highlights the progress in integrated thermal management systems (ITMS) for BEVs, examining configuration integration–classified into airflow, indirect secondary-loop, and direct refrigerant-side integration–and information integration within the context of connected and automated vehicles. The challenges and opportunities associated with the ITMS have also been critically discussed, in terms of the system configuration, refrigerant selection, intelligent integration, advanced battery technologies, and performance evaluation. This review aims to stimulate interest and debate in both academia and industries, contributing to the evolution of compact, efficient, and intelligent ITMS for battery electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic enhanced hierarchical deep learning framework for advanced LiFePO4 battery multi-state joint estimation","authors":"Maoshu Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Shen ,&nbsp;Qionglin Shi ,&nbsp;Zhuohao Li ,&nbsp;Haomiao Li ,&nbsp;Min Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Kangli Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development and increasing complexity of battery storage systems, achieving comprehensive and precise battery management requires transitioning from single-state estimation to accurate multi-state joint estimation. However, accurate multi-state joint estimation for LiFePO₄ batteries remains challenging due to two key factors: the flat external voltage curve leads to weak observability of internal states and independent estimators fail to capture the strong coupling between multi-states. To address these issues, we introduce ultrasound to obtain in-situ and in-operando information about the battery's internal physical and electrochemical states, significantly enhancing multi-states observability. Nonlinear correlation analysis reveals that ultrasonic time-of-flight (ToF) and spectral features show much stronger correlations with battery states than traditional external features. Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical deep learning framework with attention mechanisms to fully leverage the correlations between multi-states to improve the joint estimation. The estimation results demonstrate that the ultrasonic features and the hierarchical deep learning framework comprehensively enhance the core temperature (<em>T</em>_{<em>core</em>}), state-of-charge (SoC), and remaining discharge time (RDT) joint estimation of LiFePO₄ batteries. Compared to the traditional external features and independent estimators, the proposed framework achieves the RMSE of 0.198 °C (<em>T</em>_{<em>core</em>}), 1.045 % (SoC), and 208.5 s (RDT), resulting in RMSE reductions of 59 %, 52 %, and 61 %, respectively. This study pioneeringly introduces ultrasonic tests in multi-state joint estimation with high accuracy and low computational complexity, showing great potential in advanced battery management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and perspectives in fire safety of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems","authors":"Zhuangzhuang Jia ,&nbsp;Kaiqiang Jin ,&nbsp;Wenxin Mei ,&nbsp;Peng Qin ,&nbsp;Jinhua Sun ,&nbsp;Qingsong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advantages of high energy density, short response time and low economic cost, utility-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage systems are built and installed around the world. However, due to the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, much more attention is attracted to the fire safety of battery energy storage systems. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent advances in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery fire behavior and safety protection to solve the critical issues and develop safer LFP battery energy storage systems. Firstly, we overview the recent developments in thermal runaway mechanisms, gas venting behavior and fire behavior evolution at the battery, module, pack, and energy storage container levels. Afterward, the advanced thermal runaway warning and battery fire detection technologies are reviewed. Next, the multi-dimensional detection technologies that have applied in battery energy storage systems are discussed. Moreover, the general battery fire extinguishing agents and fire extinguishing methods are introduced. Finally, the recent development of fire protection strategies of LFP battery energy storage systems is summarized, and the future directions of firefighting technology are prospected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paving the path toward silicon as anode material for future solid-state batteries","authors":"Palanivel Molaiyan ,&nbsp;Buket Boz ,&nbsp;Glaydson Simoes dos Reis ,&nbsp;Rafal Sliz ,&nbsp;Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Marco Borsari ,&nbsp;Ulla Lassi ,&nbsp;Andrea Paolella","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have emerged as an important technology for powering future electric vehicles and other applications due to their potential for enhanced safety and higher energy density compared to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among future energy storage systems, SSBs (either semi or full SSBs) are the most promising candidates in terms of safety, cost, performance, and compactness. There has been a great effort to utilize silicon (Si) anode in SSBs due to its high specific capacity (3590 mAh g⁻¹), low cost, and earth abundance. SSBs with silicon anodes displayed attractive application prospects. The current research efforts showed that there is a great need to understand electrochemical performance, especially the interphase behavior, Si material design, and advanced tools for analytical characterization. In this review, we provide insights about the Si anode design, interface issues, SEI formation, failure mechanisms, and material modifications for the development of next-generation Si-based SSBs of use to bridge the gap between applied research and industrial scale applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “A comprehensive study of various carbon-free vehicle propulsion systems utilizing ammonia-hydrogen synergy fuel” [eTransportation 20 (2024) 100332]","authors":"Nuo Lei,&nbsp;Hao Zhang,&nbsp;Hu Chen,&nbsp;Zhi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100349","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100349"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141776589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the influence of venting gases on thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion batteries with enclosed packaging","authors":"Rongqi Peng ,&nbsp;Depeng Kong ,&nbsp;Ping Ping ,&nbsp;Wei Gao ,&nbsp;Gongquan Wang ,&nbsp;Shenglan Gong ,&nbsp;Can Yang ,&nbsp;Xinzeng Gao ,&nbsp;Xu He","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) involves venting high-temperature combustible gases. Common enclosure-style battery packs without specialized venting can constrain these gases, potentially promoting thermal runaway propagation (TRP) within the module. To clarify the impact of unignited TR venting gases on TRP, this study conducted comparative experiments on LiFePO₄ modules with normal packaging (NP) and isolated venting packaging (IVP). In NP, the module’s top includes baffles allowing venting to spread, whereas IVP uses dedicated airflow channels to isolate venting. Quantitative analyses of TRP behavior, temperature, and mass loss rates were conducted under varying heating positions and states of charge (SOCs). Results indicated that NP modules exhibited faster TRP in all tests due to heat accumulation from venting gases in the semi-enclosed space between cell surfaces and packaging, compared to IVP. In the side heating scenario, TR behavior of SOC 100 % NP modules was more severe, with an average heat contribution from TR venting gases of front-end cells just before safety valve activation in back-end cells being 27.3 %, while not all cells underwent TR under IVP. Under intermediate heating, lower SOCs caused TR venting gas heat contribution to decrease from 27.4 % at SOC 100 %–8 % at SOC 50 %. These findings demonstrate that venting gases from TR cells significantly accelerate TRP in enclosed structures, highlighting the critical importance of packaging design for safety. Consequently, venting gases should be directed away from the module and effective thermal insulation measures implemented to reduce TRP risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100388"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing resilient parallel refueling operations: relaxed stochastic economic mobility scheduling for fuel cell vehicles with multiple hydrogen storage systems","authors":"Muhammad Bakr Abdelghany ,&nbsp;Ahmed Al-Durra ,&nbsp;Hatem Zeineldin ,&nbsp;Mohamed Shawky El Moursi ,&nbsp;Jiefeng Hu ,&nbsp;Fei Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for hydrogen-based mobility highlights the importance of management strategies for hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs), particularly in handling uncertainties related to hydrogen demand, energy forecasts, and market prices. This paper presents a sophisticated approach for managing an HRS powered by renewable energy sources (RESs) that addresses these uncertainties. The HRS is designed to support the simultaneous refueling of multiple hydrogen electric vehicles, including light vehicles and buses, and operates in both off-connected without access to the hydrogen market and on-connected with access to the hydrogen market. The connection to the hydrogen market allows for the purchase of hydrogen when RESs are insufficient and the sale of excess hydrogen. Additionally, a buffer-tank is integrated into the system to store surplus hydrogen, which can be converted to energy and sold to the electrical market when prices are favorable. The proposed strategy incorporates Boolean relaxations and a stochastic scenario-based approach within a model predictive control framework to enhance robustness against uncertainties and reduce computational complexity. Numerical simulations show that the strategy optimizes the use of multiple tanks for parallel refueling and ensures effective HRS operation by meeting hydrogen demands, satisfying operational constraints, minimizing costs, and maximizing profits. Furthermore, when compared to other strategies in the literature with a modeling and control perspective, incorporating degradation factors into control settings significantly reduces unnecessary electrolyzer switching, leading to a 30% decrease in operating expenses and over 2,000 fewer switching events annually, while the relaxed framework achieves nearly a 50% reduction in computation time with both open-source and commercial solvers (e.g., GUROBI).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}