Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Electric-thermal collaborative control and multimode energy flow analysis of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles in low-temperature regions","authors":"Xiao Yu ,&nbsp;Cheng Lin ,&nbsp;Peng Xie ,&nbsp;Yu Tian ,&nbsp;Haopeng Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Liu ,&nbsp;Huimin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The energy flow distribution characteristics of electric vehicles operating in various propulsion modes and all climatic scenarios have not been thoroughly explored. To achieve effective electric-thermal collaborative energy management, intelligent control methods must be applied considering various climatic conditions to alleviate mileage anxiety. In this study, we developed a novel electric–thermal collaborative energy management strategy based on an improved deep neural network and energy quantification model to increase the global energy conversion efficiency. The complete energy consumption distribution characteristics are summarized under various strategies and propulsion modes based on an experiment data collected by the vehicle control unit that involves battery self-heating, cabin heating, acceleration consumption, and fuel consumption in the temperature range of −10°C-35 °C. Our findings indicate that, for a fuel cell hybrid bus in the cycle including the initial cabin heating process, the heating consumption in the pure electric mode was 9.9 kWh/cycle and 13 kWh/cycle when the ambient temperature is −2 °C and −10 °C, respectively, accounting for 33 % and 42 % of the total consumption, respectively. After using the waste heat from the fuel cell, the consumption of electric heating under the same conditions is only 3.7 kWh/cycle. In the high-temperature scenario, the cabin cooling consumption is 3.26 kWh/cycle, accounting for only 18 % of the total energy consumption. Finally, in low-temperature scenarios, the electric–thermal collaborative strategy reduced the cost by 14.7 % and 9.2 % in the pure electric and hybrid modes, respectively. Thus, our approach significantly improves energy utilization and conversion efficiency, especially at low temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100341"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141239559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic and kinetic degradation of LTO batteries: Impact of different SOC intervals and discharge voltages in electric train applications","authors":"Haoze Chen ,&nbsp;Ahmed Chahbaz ,&nbsp;Sijia Yang ,&nbsp;Weige Zhang ,&nbsp;Dirk Uwe Sauer ,&nbsp;Weihan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lithium-titanate-oxide (LTO) based lithium-ion batteries show promise for longer lifespan, higher power capability, and lower life cycle cost for energy storage and electric transportation applications than graphite-based counterparts. However, the degradation mechanisms of LTO-based cells in the high and low state-of-charge (SOC) intervals and different discharge cut-off voltages are not clearly investigated. In this study, the application-related lifetime performance of high-power Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/LiCoO₂ batteries is investigated at five independent SOC intervals with 20 % depth-of-discharge (DOD) and three discharge cut-off voltages. Our results show that degradation increases significantly when the batteries are cycled within lower SOC intervals or with lower cut-off voltages. Additionally, thermodynamic degradation is more significant when cycled at 20 % DOD, while kinetic degradation dominates at 100 % DOD. For thermodynamic degradation, the determining degradation mode is shown to be the loss of active material in the negative electrode, while the active material loss at the cathode has a greater impact on the equilibrium voltage curve. The kinetic degradation is mainly due to the slower charge transfer process and diffusion process at the cathode, which increases polarization impedance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590116824000304/pdfft?md5=e664e31ada5fcd6df4deb3569d73b77a&pid=1-s2.0-S2590116824000304-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141097288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards real-world state of health estimation, Part 1: Cell-level method using lithium-ion battery laboratory data","authors":"Yufang Lu ,&nbsp;Jiazhen Lin ,&nbsp;Dongxu Guo ,&nbsp;Jingzhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Guannan He ,&nbsp;Minggao Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate and rapid state of health (SOH) estimation is crucial for battery management systems (BMS) in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Given the variability in battery types and operating conditions, along with limited data samples, conventional data-driven methods are inadequate to meet the requirements, especially in real-world applications, e.g., electric vehicles and energy storage systems. To this end, we develop a meta-learning-based method with a Gated Convolutional Neural Networks-Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (GCNNs-MAML) model to seek proper initial parameters that can rapidly adapt to new given teat samples with few-shot training. It uses multiple existing historical datasets for meta-training, and then the initial parameters of the trained model are used for meta-testing on new small-scale data. With only random 800 s charging segments from 5% of the cycling data employed for training, the GCNNs-MAML model yields a SOH estimation with a mean RMSE of 1.8% and a minimal RMSE of 1.3% on the remaining 95% testing samples. The results indicate that it remarkably outperforms the feature-based and learning-based methods. The meta-learning-based method exhibits high precision, robustness, and strong generalization capacity, implying its enormous potential for real-world applications and few-shot conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100338"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141039668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implanted potential sensing separator enables smart battery internal state monitor and safety alert","authors":"Anyu Su ,&nbsp;Shuoyuan Mao ,&nbsp;Languang Lu ,&nbsp;Xuebing Han ,&nbsp;Minggao Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current battery management system is limited to testing external characteristics, leaving the battery's internal status as a “black box”. Advanced characterization techniques and battery sensing technologies are needed to assess the battery's internal state. However, due to their short lifespan, low sensitivity, invasive nature, and high cost, these technologies face challenges in practical applications and commercialization. Here, we propose a smart battery implanted with a potential sensor for in-situ measurement of anode potential, enabling the recognition of severe side reactions and abnormal Li plating behavior. Specifically, the potential sensing material is directly integrated into the battery separator, which provides a reliable potential reference and serves as a sensing terminal. The porous structure of the separator facilitates lithium-ion transport while simultaneously enabling high-accuracy monitoring with non-destructive implantation. Additionally, the potential sensing separator can detect pre-existing or latent defects in the battery at an early stage, which are difficult to discern from the battery's external characteristics in a timely manner. Furthermore, we have developed a multi-point potential sensor monitoring system that can not only monitor the distribution of anode potential but also pinpoint the location of battery defects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100339"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141048656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing control disorder and implementing V2X-Based suppression methods for electric vehicle CO2 thermal management systems","authors":"Fan Jia ,&nbsp;Xiang Yin ,&nbsp;Feng Cao ,&nbsp;Ce Cui ,&nbsp;Jianmin Fang ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) thermal management systems has underscored the crucial role in ensuring driving safety and optimizing driving range has become increasingly prominent. However, the inherent dynamic complexity of EV operation coupled with automatic control systems, can sometimes lead to unstable behavior, resulting in performance degradation and safety risks for compressors and batteries. To effectively address this issue, an evaluation was conducted on the dynamic control characteristics of an EV thermal management system utilizing CO₂ as the refrigerant in this study. Through mathematical modeling and experimental analysis, the erratic nature of the dynamic thermal process was first identified. The underlying reasons were elucidated, focusing on system control characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms. It was found that control disorder could induce abnormal actions in thermal management system components like compressors and expansion valve, leading to significant performance decline and issues such as liquid carryover in compressor suction. Furthermore, specific control disorder regions of CO₂ heat pumps for EVs were delineated, providing a framework for assessing the likelihood of system control disorder. Notably, control disorder was more likely to occur under conditions of low indoor air flow rate, high ambient temperature, and low supply air temperature. Given the widespread nature of this issue and the lack of suitable solutions, two control disorder suppression schemes were developed using V2X technology and validated through simulation. Results showed that adoption of V2X communication technology prevented an average of 70.1 % COP degradation, ensuring stability and safety of compressors and batteries under various operating conditions. The research provides useful information for exploring the dynamic characteristics of CO₂ thermal management systems, offering a novel approach to enhance the system stability and efficiency.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100336"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141025476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of thermal runaway for a lithium-ion battery through multiphysics-informed DeepONet with virtual data","authors":"Jinho Jeong ,&nbsp;Eunji Kwak ,&nbsp;Jun-hyeong Kim ,&nbsp;Ki-Yong Oh","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A surrogate model that predicts thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) fast and accurately is essential, yet complex phenomena of TR present significant challenges to achieving adequate performance in both aspects, particularly as traditional finite element models (FEMs) incur significant time and cost. This study proposes a multiphysics-informed deep operator network (MPI-DeepONet) with encoders to address these issues. This proposed neural network aims to predict TR under various thermal abuse conditions, offering a fast and accurate TR prediction surrogate model. In this study, MPI-DeepONet with encoders is trained with virtual data from a multiphysics FEM to overcome the scarcity of actual TR data. The architecture of DeepONet solves interpolation and extrapolation problems, allowing predictions across multiple thermal abuse conditions once trained. The neural network is further enhanced by the supervision of energy balance and chemical reaction equations, ensuring accurate and robust predictions despite limited data by effectively capturing the complex phenomena of TR. Quantitative analysis, compared against actual experiments and ablation studies, confirms the effectiveness of the proposed neural network. Notably, MPI-DeepONet achieves a mean RMSE of 13.2 °C for temperature predictions in the test set, significantly outperforming the 25.4 °C RMSE of purely data-driven DeepONet. This improvement highlights the importance of integrating multiphysics constraints into the neural network. The generality of the proposed neural network is further evidenced by accurate TR prediction in both LFP and NMC cells. The features deployed on the proposed neural network enable real-time quantification of internal temperature distribution and dimensionless concentration of the key components in LIBs, which are challenging to measure directly, achieving speeds at least 10,000 times faster than FEM. The proposed neural network provides comprehensive information for advanced battery management systems to ensure safety and reliability in LIBs, accelerating the digital twin of electric transportation systems through artificial intelligence transformation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141030454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic mechanical behaviors of load-bearing battery structure upon low-velocity impact loading in electric vehicles","authors":"Ruiqi Hu ,&nbsp;Dian Zhou ,&nbsp;Yikai Jia ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As the electrification trend of vehicles continues, new energy vehicles such as electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being equipped with new functional energy storage devices demanding a trade-off between electrical and mechanical property. Accordingly, composite-battery integrated structures which simultaneously carry mechanical resistance and energy-storage capacity, are being explored to offer great potential for the next generation of EVs or PHEVs. Herein, the dynamic responses and failure mechanisms of the integrated structure under the commonly occurring low-velocity impact events are studied both experimentally and numerically. A macro-scale finite element (FE) model was developed by implementing constitutive models of component materials, including lithium‐ion polymer (LiPo) battery cells, polymer foams, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). The numerical method demonstrates good feasibility and accurately predicts impact behaviors, with the maximum error of the peak impact load not exceeding 8 %. The integrated structures are proven to reduce mechanical damage while maintaining mechanical and electrochemical performance within a range of impacts. The electrical and mechanical behaviors and their correlations were revealed. Sensitivity of the mechanical behaviors and electrical failure to battery arrangement were discussed as well as the structure design on energy absorption capacity. These results hold significant potential for the safety and lightweight design of energy storage composite structures incorporating lithium-ion batteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100334"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140825599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the mechanism of pack ceiling failure induced by thermal runaway in NCM batteries: A coupled multiphase fluid-structure interaction model for electric vehicles","authors":"Junyuan Li ,&nbsp;Peng Gao ,&nbsp;Bang Tong ,&nbsp;Zhixiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Mingwei Cao ,&nbsp;Wenxin Mei ,&nbsp;Qingsong Wang ,&nbsp;Jinhua Sun ,&nbsp;Peng Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Structure failure of lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack ceiling leads to the unintended release of combustible and poisonous substances during thermal runaway (TR), resulting in personnel injuries and financial losses. However, limited research has been conducted on the mechanism behind pack ceiling failures. In this study, we developed a coupled multiphase fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model to simulate the evolution of up-cover baffle under the TR impact of a 52 Ah NCM battery. Our findings reveal several important insights:1) the maximum force and temperature on the baffle are 13.01 N and 598.5 °C in experiment; 2) the simulation shows that particles exert higher temperature and greater force on the baffle compared to the gas phase; 3) the overall equivalent stress in the stainless-steel baffle surpasses the tensile strength that incurs crack on the baffles. According to the validated model, we find that the baffle structure failure is caused by the thermal stress from particle-structure heat conduction. Furthermore, this observation is applicable to the structure failure problems associated to the thermal runaway of high-density battery that involves enormous particles. In addition, the insulation layer is found to be more effective than the gap distance in protecting the pack ceiling. These findings offer a valuable insight into the structure design of LIB pack, and provide the guidance toward future battery integration technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100335"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140782912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithium-ion battery sudden death: Safety degradation and failure mechanism","authors":"Guangxu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuezhe Wei ,&nbsp;Xueyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jiangong Zhu ,&nbsp;Siqi Chen ,&nbsp;Gang Wei ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Tang ,&nbsp;Xin Lai ,&nbsp;Haifeng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Environmental pollution and energy scarcity have acted as catalysts for the energy revolution, particularly driving the rapid progression of vehicle electrification. Lithium-ion batteries play a fundamental role as the pivotal components in electric vehicles. Nevertheless, battery sudden death poses substantial challenges to battery design and management. This work comprehensively investigates the failure mechanism of cell sudden death under different degradation paths and its impact on cell performances. Multi-angle characterization analysis shows that lithium plating is the primary failure mechanism of battery sudden death under different degradation paths. However, the formation mechanisms of lithium plating differ in various degradation paths. In the path-L and path-F, the limited lithium intercalation rate in graphite leads to lithium plating, while localized anode drying and uneven potential distribution are the causes in the path-H and path-R. Furthermore, sudden death significantly reduces the cell electrochemical performances and thermal safety, but the cell performance evolution varies under different degradation paths. Sudden death primarily affects the anode interface polarization process in the path-L and path-F, with a more severe impact on cell thermal safety. However, sudden death mainly affects the charge transfer process, with a relatively milder impact on cell thermal safety. These findings can provide valuable insights for optimizing battery design and management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140606626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does room temperature cycling ageing affect lithium-ion battery behaviors under extreme indentation?","authors":"Yunlong Qu,&nbsp;Bobin Xing,&nbsp;Yong Xia,&nbsp;Qing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2024.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Safety of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells throughout the whole lifecycle has drawn enormous research interest. Understanding how cycling ageing affects the mechanical-electrical-thermal responses of LIB cells under mechanical abuse is meaningful for more considerate safety design. In the present study, impact of room temperature ageing on morphology of lithium-ion pouch cell was experimentally explored at first, which clearly identified the deposition phenomenon on electrodes induced by electrolyte consumption. Spherical indentation along out-of-plane direction was carried out on both pristine and aged cells, in which the mechanical-electrical-thermal responses were all monitored. Test results indicate that the mechanical response of the aged cells is quite distinct from the pristine ones, characterized by a rightward shift of the force-displacement curve. Electrical and thermal responses of the aged cells were comparatively less severe. It is inferred that those deposits generated during the ageing process postpone the failure of cells. The short circuit of aged cells behaves relatively tenderly as short contact is alleviated by deposits on the surface of electrodes. By combining the present results with previous researches, correlation between the ageing mechanism and the mechanical abuse failure was sorted for different cells subjected to different ageing processes. It is recognized that changes in mechanical, electrical, and thermal responses of aged cells are highly dependent on both ageing condition and battery configuration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140558477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}