Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Assessing decarbonization benefits of transport electrification: A provincial perspective in China","authors":"Xiwang Xiang ,&nbsp;Tianduo Peng ,&nbsp;Ershun Du ,&nbsp;Chenjun Hou ,&nbsp;Qin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrification of end-use sectors is considered critical for enabling energy transition and mitigating climate change. Despite substantial expansion of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in China, the decarbonization benefits derived from transportation electrification remain uncertain and underexplored. Here, we developed a hybrid top-down and bottom-up analytical framework integrating decomposing structural decomposition to examine emission patterns and decarbonization benefits of transportation sector across China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2021. Our estimates reveal that (1) Economic growth and surging transport demand drove a nearly fivefold increase in carbon emissions, from 173.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (MtCO₂) in 2000 to 854.7 MtCO₂ in 2021. (2) Provincial electrification rates exhibit strong positive correlations with decarbonization benefits, cumulatively reducing emissions by 210.4 MtCO₂ (1.7 % of sectoral emissions) but with pronounced interprovincial disparities. (3) Critically, accelerated electrification generated substantial indirect carbon emissions in energy supply sectors, with lagging grid decarbonization partially offsetting direct decarbonization benefits. Consequently, we contend that electrification cannot serve as a universal policy prescription for developing economies dominated by fossil-fuel-based energy systems. Achieving just and equitable energy transitions requires synchronized regional power grids and end-use transformations. Overall, our work provides policymakers with a diagnostic toolkit to quantify electrification's decarbonization benefits, prioritize region-specific interventions, and harmonize provincial strategies with national carbon neutrality targets, offering a replicable framework for global energy transitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100529"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuning the electrolyte formulation from flame-retarding to nonflammable for safe and high-performance SiO and high nickel-based cells","authors":"Dong Guk Kang ,&nbsp;Kihun An ,&nbsp;Yen Hai Thi Tran ,&nbsp;Min-Geun Oh ,&nbsp;Dung Tien Tuan Vu ,&nbsp;Han Bao Nguyen ,&nbsp;Do Youb Kim ,&nbsp;Koeun Kim ,&nbsp;Yoon Sung Lee ,&nbsp;Seung-Wan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrolyte and interface design for employment of Si-containing anode and high-nickel cathode in high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a significant challenge, owing to their high interfacial reactivity, resultant performance fade, and risk of safety hazard. Improving the battery safety using current conventional electrolyte relies on phosphazene-type flame-retardant additive, but often with sacrificed performance, which urgently requires innovative electrolyte solutions that simultaneously satisfy both performance and safety. Herein, we report a nonflammable electrolyte (NF EL) formulation customized for Si and high-nickel based LIBs, being composed of methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (FEMC), 1 M LiPF₆ salt and limited amount of FEC additive. This electrolyte formulation simultaneously enhances the stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) with F-enriched species, reduces cell swelling, suppresses crack and enables exceptional long-term stability in industrial 1.2 Ah pouch cells, validated by 82 % capacity retention after 500 cycles under aggressive conditions (1C, 4.35 V, 45 °C). Battery safety is significantly enhanced, as verified by superior thermal stability in hot-box test and suppression and a substantial delay of thermal runaway in accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) result. This work gives insight into electrolyte and interface engineering for safe and high-performance LIBs, and electric vehicles and e-mobilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100530"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-period coordinated planning of XFCS in coupled TN-PDN networks: Integrating demand charge reduction and pre-existing infrastructure","authors":"Waqas ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Siyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Liheng Lv ,&nbsp;Jonathan W. Kimball ,&nbsp;Rui Bo","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and transportation electrification is encumbered by two chief barriers: i) the limited driving range of EVs in the market today and ii) inadequate charging infrastructure support. This paper aims to address the latter bottleneck and proposes a strategic multi-period coordinated planning model to optimally site and size battery energy storage system (BESS) assisted extreme fast charging stations in a highway transportation network and solar systems in a power distribution network. The proposed approach accounts for pre-existing charging stations, the increasing EV penetration levels, decreasing technology costs, and technological advancements in the future and postponing some of the investments. Through the modeling of the spatiotemporal EV charging demand, the transportation and power distribution network coupling, demand charge cost and the integration into mixed integer linear programming framework, this approach optimizes site selection and port sizing across three planning periods. The proposed multi-period planning approach can significantly outperform the conventional forward-myopic method that sequentially solves three separate single-period planning problems. Comprehensive case studies show the proposed planning approach can yield 19 % annual savings in comparison to the benchmark and offer insights to planners regarding the tradeoff between reliability and economics, importance of demand charges reduction, and influence of pre-existing charging stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100521"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterned amphiphilic transport porous layer of reversible fuel cell for high round-trip efficiency","authors":"Yun Wang ,&nbsp;YanFeng Hai ,&nbsp;Kathryn Coletti ,&nbsp;Michael Pien ,&nbsp;Zheng Guan ,&nbsp;Tianyu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unitized reversible fuel cells (RFCs) are superior to individual water electrolyzer and hydrogen fuel cell in terms of cost, space, and volume, which require further advancement for high round-trip efficiency (RTE) in energy storage applications. In this study, we report an RFC based on patterned amphiphilic porous materials, dual-layered cathode catalyst layer, and proton exchange membranes (PEM), which achieves a high RTE that beats the US DOE 2020 status. The amphiphilic porous transport layer (PTL) contains patterned hydrophilic and hydrophobic micro-pathways for liquid water and oxygen transport, respectively, which is fabricated based on sintered Titanium powders using advanced laser patterning. The RFC achieves a record RTE of 52.8 % for fuel cell (FC) mode of power generation under 0.5 A/cm² and electrolysis cell (EC) mode of hydrogen production under 1 A/cm². A three-dimensional (3D) RFC model that treats PTL as two distinct domains is established to examine detailed liquid water distribution, showing a low (&lt;15 %) and high (&gt;85 %) liquid water saturation in the PTL in the FC and EC modes under 0.5 and 1 A/cm², respectively. This study makes major contributions to novel PTL materials, CL fabrication, and RFC modeling for high RTEs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100534"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine-learning integrated multi-domain co-optimization for electrified heavy duty fleets","authors":"Christoph Wellmann ,&nbsp;Pekka Rahkola ,&nbsp;Sai Santhosh Tota ,&nbsp;Mikko Pihlatie ,&nbsp;Abdul Rahman Khaleel ,&nbsp;Christopher Marx ,&nbsp;Akshay Sharma ,&nbsp;Markus Eisenbarth ,&nbsp;Jakob Andert","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by global regulations and the urgent need for a sustainable transition to zero-emission fleets in the transport sector, revolutionizing powertrain systems and their respective development processes have become more and more prevalent. Ambitious goals have been established for the latest public-funded research projects, such as ESCALATE (Powering European Union Net Zero Future by Escalating Zero Emission Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV) and Logistic Intelligence), to increase the efficiency of the powertrain by up to 10% and thus maximize the operational range above 750 km. All of this will be achieved by introducing cost-effective, modular, and scalable electric powertrain components combined with advanced system control algorithms, targeting a broad market coverage with flexible vehicle architectures. In this context, the paper presents a completely virtual frontloading strategy to create a modular and highly integrated e-Axle system, leveraging a dual permanent magnet synchronous machine configuration to improve multiple performance indicators. These are the performance output, in terms of power and torque, system efficiency, and noise-vibration-harshness (NVH) criteria. To allow for an holistic system parametrization, a combined electric machine and transmission synthesis, using an active learning-based, multi-layer nested optimization approach together with a model predictive control strategy for motion and thermal domain has been employed. This development framework is integrating electric machine dimensions and transmission gear ratios as design parameters, as well as thermal actuation and torque as control parameters, to ensure a system right-sizing in a given use-case environment. By including monetary considerations with genetic algorithms, an extension for a powertrain family identification to a complete HDV fleet is facilitated. To demonstrate the feasibility of this framework, a concept assessment and validation has been carried out. The key achievements include a close matching of the defined KPIs, namely the peak wheel torque of 56150 Nm and continuous power of 381 kW – about 2%, respectively 0.2% above the target – and an enhanced peak power capability of 536 kW. In terms of energy efficiency, the multi-stage gear boxes support a well optimized operation in the VECTO long haul cycle, indicating a 40-ton vehicle energy consumption of around 109.7 kWh per 100 km, while the 76-ton variant consumes approximately 204.6 kWh per 100 km. Further the predictive cruise control strategy led to a consumption reduction of about 2.6%–3.4%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100511"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145537511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Listening to silent signals: Wireless internal sensing redefines battery safety intelligence","authors":"Shengyu Tao,&nbsp;Changfu Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal battery failures often unfold silently, long before any surface signal gives them away, which remains a limitation that has constrained safety engineering for decades. Chen et al.’s recent Nature study breaks this impasse by embedding wireless, ultra-thin sensors directly inside commercial lithium-ion cells, capturing strain and thermal precursors that typically remain invisible until it is too late. In this Commentary, we argue that this work marks a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive battery safety intelligence by enabling autonomous awareness, alert and action. It compels a rethinking of battery management across four dimensions: the need for adaptive data interpretation to handle signal heterogeneity (resulted from different chemistries and operation conditions); the transition of BMS from passive monitoring to proactive maintenance before critical failure onsets; the evolution toward digitalized, distributed, cyber-physical BMS architectures; and the pursuit of other novel silent signals (such as gas signals) for deeper battery degradation insights. Ultimately, the widespread impact of the proposed wireless internal sensing hinges on cost-effective integration at scale and further integration of multiplex internal information fusion and decoupling, paving the way for intrinsically safer, self-aware battery systems in the electrified future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-dependent performance trade-offs in PEMFCs: A mechanistic study and oxygen-enriched compensation strategy","authors":"Chuanjie Wang ,&nbsp;Jia Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoke Li ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Siao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinan Yin ,&nbsp;Qinghao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongquan Wu ,&nbsp;Kaifu Luo ,&nbsp;Dengzhou Liu ,&nbsp;Aidong Tan ,&nbsp;Jianguo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operating at elevated temperatures (&gt;100 °C) hold promise for simplified water-thermal management compared to conventional 60–85 °C systems. However, the complex interplay of activation polarization, oxygen partial pressure and mass transfer at high temperatures remains unresolved, limiting their practical deployment. Herein, we decode a temperature-dependent trade-off. It governs PEMFCs performance across a wide temperature range (60–100 °C) through operando polarization decomposition, limit current method and a validated multiphysics coupling model, revealing that while rising temperatures reduce the intrinsic total mass transfer resistance (R_total) and activation overpotential, these benefits are negated by oxygen partial pressure drop due to accelerated water vaporization-induced gas dilution. To address this bottleneck, we propose an oxygen-enriched air control strategy that dynamically adjusts cathode gas composition, achieving 36 % increase in peak power and 90 mV improvement in voltage (@1.6 A/cm²) at 100 °C. Quantification via game-theoretic analysis shows 67 % performance gain from oxygen compensation and 33 % from activation polarization and R_total mitigation. Moreover, there is no sign of accelerated durability degradation compared to air under oxygen-enriched air conditions. This work decouples temperature-dependent polarization mechanisms and provides a transformative pathway for next-generation high-temperature PEMFCs systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100527"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal scheduling method for integrated energy system considering hydrogen trading and transportation","authors":"Qi Li ,&nbsp;Zequn Wang ,&nbsp;Hanyu Lai ,&nbsp;Chunlin Li ,&nbsp;Yuchen Pu ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Yongchang Tao ,&nbsp;Weirong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing scarcity of resources and the prevalence of environmental contamination has led to increased demand for energy trading and transportation. While integrated energy system (IES), as a crucial component in multi-energy coupling and energy conservation and emission reduction, are confronted with significant challenges. In particular, hydrogen energy systems face difficulties in temporal and spatial coupling, wherein pricing mechanisms remain decoupled from geographical delivery constraints and transportation logistics, and supply–demand optimization operates within fragmented frameworks lacking coordinated decision-making. In light of the aforementioned challenges, this paper proposes a trading method of IES considering hydrogen energy trading and transportation. First, this paper establishes an electricity-heat-hydrogen IES model and a transportation network based on the geographical information between IES and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs). Then, considering that the hydrogen energy transaction between IES and HRSs is affected by hydrogen energy transportation time, distance and price, a two-stage optimization method based on non-cooperative game is proposed. In this game, both IES and HRSs engage in energy transactions with the objective of maximizing revenue. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the case studies. The results show that the optimal scheduling method considering hydrogen transport can achieve an economic hydrogen trading and transport solution to complete the hydrogen supply to HRSs. The multi-energy transaction was profitable at $1140.07. Compared to conventional fixed-pricing models, the integrated approach achieves significant improvements in system performance, with an 18.57 % reduction in operating costs, a 3.2 % increase in energy utilization efficiency, and up to 22.3 % enhancement in hydrogen trading revenue.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100526"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-fluid prediction model of anode gas recirculation ejector for real-time control of fuel cell vehicles under overall operating modes","authors":"Yajie Song ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Xinli Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Jia ,&nbsp;Qinhe Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2026.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2026.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The real-time control of the ejector-driven anode multi-fluid gas recirculation system (AGRS) is a challenging task under both critical and subcritical operating modes of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for vehicles. In this paper, a concise performance prediction model for multi-fluid ejectors with a non-iterative solution is established under overall operating modes. The characteristic points (critical recirculation ratio <em>ω</em>_∗, critical back pressure <em>p</em>_c∗, and reflux pressure <em>p</em>_cb) are expressed as three linear equations with six lumped parameters (<em>k</em>₁-<em>k</em>₆), which can be easily identified by the least squares method. Then, the subcritical recirculation ratio (<em>ω</em>_sub) is approximated as a quadratic function of <em>p</em>_c by integrating <em>p</em>_c∗, <em>p</em>_cb, and <em>ω</em>_∗. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed model are validated using literature data, with additional H₂ testing result and comparison to traditional models. The model's real-time applicability is also examined. The relative errors of the <em>p</em>_c∗, <em>p</em>_cb, and <em>ω</em>_∗ are less than −2.89%, 1.11%, and 1.60%, indicating the high prediction accuracy of the characteristic points. Besides, the average relative errors of the <em>ω</em>_sub and outlet temperature (<em>T</em>_c) are 9.43% and 0.64%, respectively. The comparison results show that the proposed model outperforms the traditional models in structural characteristics and prediction accuracy under overall modes. Additionally, a formula of <em>k</em>₁-<em>k</em>₆ consists of two geometric variables (<em>D</em>_nt and <em>D</em>₃) is derived, which is convenient to use in practice. Finally, the established ejector model is also integrated into AGRS, and its dynamic response is analyzed. The proposed model is helpful for the real-time control of the ejector-driven AGRS in fuel cell vehicles, and can provide guidance for the design and optimization of hydrogen ejectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100545"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication technologies of free-standing thin lithium metal anode for high energy density lithium batteries","authors":"Xulai Yang ,&nbsp;Mengqin Tao ,&nbsp;Fei Zhou ,&nbsp;Qian Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) have garnered substantial attention owing to their extraordinarily high theoretical specific capacity and extremely low redox potential. The development of practical lithium metal batteries (LMBs) necessitates LMAs with controllable thickness and free-standing characteristics to maximize energy density and electrochemical performance. This review systematically summarized advanced fabrication technologies for free-standing thin LMAs, including mechanical rolling, physical vapor deposition, chemical thinning, and electrodeposition, while analyzing their respective strengths, limitations, and scalability. It highlighted that constructing lithium-based composite anodes, by integrating Li metal with conductive, dielectric, or conductive-dielectric gradient scaffolds, represented an effective strategy to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of pure LMAs. Specifically, conductive scaffolds (metal-, carbon-, or metal-carbon-based) regulate electron/ion transport and reduce local current density; dielectric scaffolds with polar functional groups homogenize Li⁺ flux; and gradient scaffolds enable “bottom-up” Li deposition. These mechanisms synergistically suppress dendrite growth and mitigate volume changes to some extent. Under practical conditions, the review evaluated the performance of composite anodes in terms of cycling stability, Li utilization efficiency, and compatibility with high-loading cathodes. Finally, it outlined future directions for scaling up thin LMAs, emphasizing the need for simulation calculation, intelligent manufacturing and intelligent battery technology to bridge the gap between laboratory research and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100535"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}