Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Maritime electrification pathways for sustainable shipping: Technological advances, environmental drivers, challenges, and prospects","authors":"Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Pengzhi Liao ,&nbsp;Fei Long ,&nbsp;Zhengquan Wang ,&nbsp;Yulong Ji ,&nbsp;Fenghui Han","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maritime electrification has gained unprecedented momentum as the shipping industry faces stringent global decarbonization targets and increasingly rigorous International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. This review provides a systematic assessment of the technological advances, environmental drivers, challenges, and future prospects of ship electrification, with a focus on three primary pathways: Battery-Electric Ships (BES), Hybrid-Electric Ships (HES), and Fuel Cell Electric Ships (FCES). The analysis encompasses technological maturity levels (TRL), economic competitiveness, lifecycle environmental performance, and regional deployment feasibility. Findings indicate that HES currently dominate commercial applications owing to their operational flexibility and compliance readiness, while BES demonstrate strong potential for short-sea and inland shipping routes, and FCES represent a long-term solution for deep decarbonization provided that green hydrogen and ammonia infrastructure becomes available. The review highlights persistent barriers, including limited energy density for large vessels, insufficient megawatt-scale charging and refueling infrastructure, durability and reliability concerns under harsh marine conditions, and misaligned global policy frameworks. Notable contributions include the provision of quantitative TRL evaluations for BES, HES, and FCES, a comparative analysis of regional deployment strategies targeting emission-intensive maritime zones, and the identification of AI-enabled digital twin technologies as a promising approach to optimize energy management and fleet operations. To accelerate maritime electrification, future research is directed toward breakthroughs in solid-state batteries, advanced corrosion-resistant materials, safe and efficient hydrogen/ammonia storage, port-level renewable microgrids, and standardized international safety regulations. Overall, this review establishes a comprehensive roadmap for academia, industry stakeholders, and policymakers to advance the transition toward sustainable, zero-emission shipping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the charging behaviors of private BEVs to enhance coordinated charging and V2G in Beijing","authors":"Bowen Tian ,&nbsp;Wei Shen ,&nbsp;Chongyu Zhang ,&nbsp;James E. Anderson ,&nbsp;Michael W. Degner ,&nbsp;Xi Lu ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Ye Wu ,&nbsp;Shaojun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep electrification of China's transport sector offers CO₂ emission reduction potential but poses reliability challenges to the urban power system. Smart charging strategies for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), including coordinated charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G), are one of the most promising approaches to realizing the trade-off between decarbonization and stability of the electricity grid. In this study, an integrated model coupling load prediction and unit dispatching was developed to evaluate the multiple impacts of smart charging strategies considering the heterogeneity of individual driving and charging behaviors expected in Beijing in 2030. Compared with previous work, we have further revealed the different impacts of changing drivers' charging preference under uncoordinated charging, coordinated charging and V2G. The lowest operating cost and CO₂ emissions occur in the workplace charging preference (WCP) scenario with uncoordinated charging, but occur in the daily charging (DC) scenario when V2G is applied. It is indicated that smart charging strategies could simultaneously reduce grid operating costs and CO₂ emissions by decreasing the net load (thermal unit power outputs) on the electricity grid. Compared with the uncoordinated charging, using coordinated charging could reduce daily operating cost by 2.67 million RMB and daily CO₂ emissions by 10.23 kt on average, and the adoption of V2G could further increase the reductions to 8.74 million RMB and 24.25 kt CO₂. Annual CO₂ emission reductions enabled by coordinated charging and V2G are estimated to be 3700 kt and 8850 kt, respectively, which are equivalent to 1.2 × and 2.9 × the projected total emissions of the Beijing private BEV fleet. Increases in V2G participation can also smooth the net load profile and improve grid stability. In the DC scenario, the application of V2G reduced the peak net load by almost 30 % compared to the uncoordinated charging. Furthermore, there is a synergy between V2G participation and renewable energy (RE) development. Improving the electricity system and charging technology during future fleet electrification may be facilitated by coordinated charging and V2G opportunities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of shutdown operations on the recovery of reversible degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Ruitao Li ,&nbsp;Julong Zhou ,&nbsp;Naiyuan Yao ,&nbsp;Yuhan Zhou ,&nbsp;Weikang Lin ,&nbsp;Zishun Xu ,&nbsp;Jianbin Su ,&nbsp;Lei Shi ,&nbsp;Tiancai Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In proton exchange membrane fuel cells, partial performance loss accumulated during long-term operation can be recovered through optimized operation or shutdown, a process known as reversible degradation. However, most existing studies focus on small-scale single cells and laboratory-scale test conditions, without adequately considering the constraints inherent to practical system-level operation. Therefore, investigating the influence of practically adjustable shutdown parameters on recovery effectiveness is crucial. Moreover, large-scale stacks exhibit spatial heterogeneity in degradation and recovery, both across cell positions and within individual cells. This heterogeneity plays a key role in identifying reversible degradation and formulating recovery strategies. In this study, accelerated stress tests were conducted on a full-size short stack under New European Driving Cycle conditions. Experimental variables included shutdown temperature, operating temperature, and purging methods, to evaluate their effects on recovery. Changes in stack consistency and electrochemically active surface area before and after recovery were analyzed. Results indicate that moderate retention of condensed water promotes ionomer rehydration and performance recovery, while uneven water distribution leads to spatial differences in recovery. Inter-cell and in-plane inconsistencies increase with current density, with voltage deviations exceeding 40 mV between cells and 20 mV within cells at 594 A. The outlet region exhibited weaker recovery consistency and greater sensitivity to load fluctuations, with response amplification reaching approximately 300 %. Cooling measures during recovery improved both steady-state performance and dynamic response. This work provides important insights into the optimization of shutdown parameters and spatial performance variation in large PEMFC stacks, supporting the development of improved operational strategies to enhance durability and efficiency in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100468"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holistic thermal management and charge stop optimization using model-based fast-charging strategies","authors":"Kareem Abo Gamra,&nbsp;Igor Zlatković,&nbsp;Maximilian Zähringer,&nbsp;Christian Allgäuer,&nbsp;Markus Lienkamp","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing need to decarbonize the transport sector can be addressed through wide-scale electrification, which is currently hampered by concerns regarding range anxiety and insufficient charging speeds. Therefore, it is critical to provide methodologies that ensure fast-charging capability regardless of route or ambient conditions. Model-based fast-charging and preconditioning strategies have been shown to offer a robust approach to achieve short charging times without endangering battery safety or longevity. However, they must be scaled to the vehicle application while considering factors such as route infrastructure and energy constraints. In this study, we utilize a dynamic programming approach to optimize a charge stop and preconditioning strategy for long-distance journeys. The methodology is validated by performing long-distance travel experiments on a route of 850<!--> <!-->km using a Tesla Model 3 Standard Range, revealing that charging time can be reduced by 24<!--> <!-->min while simultaneously consuming less thermal management energy compared to the onboard route planning algorithm. A simulation study with a hypothetical high-power cell using an anode potential control charging protocol to prevent lithium plating shows that the inherent self-heating behavior could be leveraged to achieve a charge time reduction of 50<!--> <!-->min compared to the reference, while requiring almost no active preconditioning. Optimizing the vehicle speed between charging stations additionally allows total travel duration and energy consumption to be adjusted based on charging constraints and individual preferences regarding the value of time and energy costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100457"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-dependent degradation mechanisms of LiFePO4/graphite batteries under multi-step fast charging protocols","authors":"Xi Wang ,&nbsp;Jinyang Dong ,&nbsp;Qi Shi ,&nbsp;Yun Lu ,&nbsp;Kang Yan ,&nbsp;Yibiao Guan ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Yang ,&nbsp;Fangze Zhao ,&nbsp;Ning Li ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Su ,&nbsp;Feng Wu ,&nbsp;Lai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of fast-charging strategies is crucial for advancing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies, particularly in applications requiring rapid energy replenishment without compromising long-term durability. This study systematically investigates the temperature-dependent degradation behavior of LiFePO₄/graphite (LFP/Gr) pouch cells under a multi-step fast-charging protocol. A combination of multi-scale non-destructive evaluations and post-mortem structural analyses was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results demonstrate that at moderate temperatures (45 °C), the multi-step charging strategy effectively shortens charging time by approximately one-third compared to conventional methods while maintaining stable cycling performance. However, under elevated temperatures (65 °C), despite the improvement in charging speed, significant acceleration of capacity fading and structural deterioration is observed. Mechanistic insights reveal that active lithium inventory loss, rather than active material degradation, predominantly governs the aging process, with thermal effects exacerbating side reactions, interfacial instability, and lattice disorder. Furthermore, the interplay between lithium-ion transport, polarization effects, and mechanical stress under varying thermal conditions critically impacts electrode integrity. These findings highlight that while multi-step fast charging provides considerable efficiency advantages under controlled conditions, it substantially amplifies degradation at higher temperatures, necessitating temperature-sensitive optimization to balance charging speed with long-term battery stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100455"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing fast-charging protocols with section-based Bayesian optimization for lithium-ion batteries to prevent Li-plating","authors":"Seongho Yoon ,&nbsp;Yoonmo Lee ,&nbsp;Hong-Keun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a model-based optimization framework for fast-charging protocols in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), combining a physics-based electrochemical model with Bayesian optimization (BO). Two BO-based multi-step constant current (MCC) protocols, namely a single-section and a bi-section strategy, were developed and experimentally validated using a commercial 55.6 Ah pouch-type LIB cell under various conditions. By incorporating physics-informed safety constraints such as Li-plating potential, voltage, and temperature, the proposed BO-MCC protocols reduced charging time by up to 20 percent compared to the conventional constant current constant voltage (CCCV) method, while maintaining plating-free operation and thermal stability. In particular, the bi-section strategy further reduced charging time by up to 11 percent relative to the single-section approach, while effectively suppressing Li-plating and SEI growth. Furthermore, under a high-temperature condition with pre-heated cells at 60 °C, the BO-MCC protocol enabled charging from 0 % to 80 % state of charge within 629 s, thereby satisfying the USABC target for extreme fast charging. Finally, experimental cycling and post-mortem analyses confirmed that the BO-MCC protocols mitigate capacity degradation more effectively than the CCCV method. This work provides a practical and experimentally validated framework for designing efficient and safe fast-charging strategies for electric vehicle(EV) batteries operating under diverse thermal conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time water content regulation in PEMFC shutdown via MPC with SH-AUKF-based state Feedback: Towards improved efficiency and reduced energy consumption","authors":"Yaowang Pei,&nbsp;Fengxiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective regulation of membrane water content during shutdown is critical to ensuring the durability and performance recovery of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study presents a model predictive control (MPC) strategy for purge-phase water removal, employing adaptive unscented Kalman filters (UKFs) for water content estimation. A reduced-order model is formulated to capture the essential purge dynamics while minimizing computational demands. Experimental validation is conducted using data from a 160 kW PEMFC system, incorporating purge voltage and high-frequency resistance (HFR) measurements. Based on the reduced-order model, three state observers—standard UKF, adaptive UKF (AUKF), and Sage-Husa-based AUKF (SH-AUKF), are designed and evaluated. Among them, the SH-AUKF provides the best trade-off between convergence speed and steady-state accuracy. It reconstructs internal states during the purge process from measurable signals and provides real-time feedback to the MPC controller. The MPC controller optimizes a dual-objective cost function that balances tracking accuracy and energy consumption, while enforcing constraints on purge flow magnitude and rate of change. With SH-AUKF state feedback, the MPC controller demonstrates excellent performance, maintaining a tracking error below 0.1, a response time under 12s, and an overshoot of 0.35 in a large-step test, compared to 0.57 with an augmented linear quadratic regulator (LQR). The controller's robustness is further validated under varying temperature and purge current conditions. Compared to fixed and intermittent flow strategies, the MPC-based approach significantly enhances purging efficiency and energy conservation, achieving the shortest purge duration of 11.53 s and the lowest energy consumption of 44.7 kJ. Relative to the constant excess oxygen ratio of 8 (OER = 8) strategy with similar energy use, the MPC-based method shortens purge duration by 11.56 s, indicating a 100 % improvement in time efficiency. Compared to the constant OER = 12 strategy, which achieves a similar purge duration, it lowers energy consumption by 5.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100461"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic optimization of thermal and electrical energy storage for zero-emission electric buses","authors":"Peng Xie ,&nbsp;Ruilin Luo ,&nbsp;Xiao Yu ,&nbsp;Zhenhao Cai ,&nbsp;Huimin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenyi Tao ,&nbsp;Cheng Lin ,&nbsp;Yulong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In winter, the operation of cabin heating systems in battery electric vehicles could significantly decrease battery lifespan and driving range, due to extended cabin warm-up time and substantial energy consumption increase associated with maintaining a comfortable cabin temperature. These pose a notable challenge to the overall performance and practicality of battery electric vehicles in cold climates. To address this challenge, thermal energy storage, particularly, the integration of a metallic phase change material-based thermal energy storage device is proposed to extend the driving range and reduce the cabin warm-up time during cold start. An energy storage system sizing framework based on a detailed battery electric bus simulation model incorporating this approach was developed. Based on real-world driving data, an optimal energy storage system configuration was obtained as 318.8 kWh of battery and 86.5 kWh of thermal energy storage. Using these devices for heating, the cabin warm-up time was found to be reduced by up to 68.3 % and the battery service life could be extended by 13.8 %, leading to an annual operating cost reduction by 7.8 %. This study demonstrates the significant improvements of electrical bus performance through the integration of thermal energy storage with battery electric buses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100459"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of power converter-based online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for electrochemical devices in electric vehicles","authors":"Zhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan Liu ,&nbsp;Zeqi Yang ,&nbsp;Yifan Shi ,&nbsp;Chi Liu ,&nbsp;Shanshan Gao ,&nbsp;Dianguo Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) serves as a critical non-destructive technique for characterizing electrochemical systems, including batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. Its ability to extract frequency-domain impedance data enables effective assessment of key operational states such as State-of-Charge (SOC) and State-of-Health (SOH). However, the growing demand for real-time monitoring in dynamic operating conditions necessitates advancements in online EIS technology, which offers enhanced noise immunity and dynamic adaptability compared to conventional static EIS method. To address this requirement, the energy storage systems interfaced with power converters and equipped with online EIS functionality have emerged as a promising solution. This approach allows in-situ diagnostics at high power or pack levels without external instrumentation by utilizing existing energy conversion hardware. This article focuses on the research progress of power converter-based online EIS technology, identifying three fundamental conditions for its implementation. Multiple converter topologies are compared experimentally using switching frequency (&gt;100 kHz switching enabling EIS diagnostics in the tens of kHz band) and EIS level as key metrics in various scenarios. Challenges associated with high-frequency EIS testing, particularly switching noise interference and excitation bandwidth, are discussed alongside solutions such as advanced filtering techniques and control methods. Finally, future research trends emphasize the development of the utilization of wide-bandgap semiconductor technologies for high-frequency excitation and AI-enhanced EIS diagnostics. The systematic analysis presented facilitates improved monitoring and management of electrochemical devices in real-time applications such as electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100453"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of health indicators from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for state of health estimation of lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Houguang Wen ,&nbsp;Maolin Zhang ,&nbsp;Saijing Wang ,&nbsp;Wenqi Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhuo Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yangxi Yan ,&nbsp;Dongyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate real-time assessment of the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is critical for ensuring their safe operation. Owing to its non-destructive nature, rapid response, and abundant electrochemical information provided, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has become a well-established technique for SOH estimation. Hence, the core challenge is to extract potential health indicators (HIs) from EIS data in order to establish robust SOH mapping models. This review initially introduces SOH definitions and the fundamental principles of EIS; then, it comprehensively surveys the research progress made in EIS-based approaches for HIs extraction, including raw data, equivalent circuit model (ECM), distribution of relaxation times (DRT), and automatic unsupervised identification (AUI) analyses. Crucially, this work summarizes the technical routes connecting HIs extraction methods to SOH estimation and provides the first systematic comparison of AUI and conventional techniques. These approaches leverage advanced empirical models and artificial intelligence to effectively identify and quantify key HIs of performance degradation. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of these approaches are introduced, analyzed, and compared. Finally, the outlook and challenges for enhancing the SOH estimation are discussed from three perspectives: mechanisms, measurements, and applications. Overall, this review provides a theoretical framework and a technical route for advancing EIS-based SOH estimation, while outlining a future roadmap for non-destructive evaluation technologies, measurement devices, and battery pack-level SOH monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}