Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Passenger-aware reinforcement learning for efficient and robust energy management of fuel cell buses","authors":"Chunchun Jia ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;K.T. Chau ,&nbsp;Hongwen He ,&nbsp;Jiaming Zhou ,&nbsp;Songyan Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy management strategies (EMSs) are essential for enhancing the efficiency, durability, and economic viability of fuel cell buses (FCBs). However, existing EMSs typically rely on fixed vehicle loads or idealized passenger assumptions, while neglecting the dynamic variations in passenger number and composition. This simplification introduces biased power demand distributions, underestimates the impact of human-occupancy heat loads under hot-weather conditions on air-conditioning system (ACS) energy use, and ultimately hinders the reproducibility of reported energy savings in real-world operation. To address these limitations, this study proposes a passenger-aware collaborative EMS aimed at enhancing the driving economy of FCBs under hot-weather conditions. Distinct from prior approaches, this study leverages a dual-source passenger perception framework that fuses video recognition with electronic card swiping data to obtain reliable real-time estimates of both passenger count and gender distribution. Gender-dependent body mass differences and heterogeneous metabolic heat generation are systematically integrated into the EMS framework, ensuring accurate modeling of passenger-induced variations in vehicle mass and cabin thermal load. Within this framework, the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm achieves the coordinated control of the fuel cell output power and the ACS cooling capacity. Extensive evaluations under real-world driving cycles and surveyed passenger datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed EMS. Compared with state-of-the-art baselines, the proposed method achieves at least a 0.62 % reduction in ACS energy consumption and a 2.11 % reduction in overall operational costs, without compromising cabin comfort. Importantly, in a representative scenario with 40 passengers, this method improves driving economy by 0.92–1.87 % over a gender-agnostic baseline at male passenger proportions of 0 %, 50 %, or 100 %, confirming the practical significance of incorporating passenger information. Given that urban buses operate continuously and costs scale near-linearly with energy and degradation, even modest percentage improvements over fleet-scale deployments and vehicle lifetimes can yield meaningful economic benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100537"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A non-intrusive integration of wireless chargers into electric vehicles: 95.60 % dc-dc efficiency at 0.51 LD-to-CL ratio with on-vehicle demonstration","authors":"Songyan Niu ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Chunchun Jia ,&nbsp;Marco Liserre ,&nbsp;Kwok Tong Chau","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2026.100547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2026.100547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC) is recognized as a promising technology to enhance user convenience and support autonomous mobility. Yet, the development of WEVC systems may face compatibility issues, potential intrusion into EV electronics, and privacy concerns when directly interfacing with the batteries. Moreover, under the large power transmission distance imposed by high-clearance EVs, the systems may fail to interoperate, especially when misalignments between transmitter and receiver are considered and the allowed installation space in EVs is limited. To address these challenges, this work proposes a non-intrusive framework of systems that target the onboard charger, enabling their seamless integration into EVs with a coupler that remains efficient under the severe coupling constraints. Sensitivity analysis and multi-objective optimization are first applied to identify dominant geometric parameters and balance efficiency, misalignment tolerance, and material usage. On this basis, a parasitic-aware circuit model is established to capture interlayer capacitance effects inherent to dual-layer coils. Guided by this model, a winding method is proposed to reduce voltage differences between layers, thereby minimizing dielectric losses, while an additional spacer design further reduces losses by suppressing parasitic capacitance at its source. A 3.17 kW WEVC prototype is built and installed on a commercial autonomous electric shuttle, demonstrating 95.60 % dc–dc efficiency under aligned operation and 92.64 % efficiency under 112.5 mm lateral misalignment. These outcomes confirm the practicality of the framework and system design, providing a scalable pathway for safe and compatible deployment of WEVC in real EV fleets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100547"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonic surface engineering of conductive additives via flash lamp annealing for interfacial stabilization and homogeneous electron pathways in all-solid-state batteries","authors":"Yeseung Lee ,&nbsp;Seungwoo Lee ,&nbsp;Jaeik Kim ,&nbsp;Jinwoo Jeong ,&nbsp;Seungmin Han ,&nbsp;Jinhee Jung ,&nbsp;Joonhyeok Park ,&nbsp;Jooheon Sun ,&nbsp;Jong Sung Jin ,&nbsp;Ji Yeong Sung ,&nbsp;Ungyu Paik ,&nbsp;Taeseup Song","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are emerging as the next-generation batteries due to their high safety and high energy density. However, sulfide-based solid electrolytes (SEs) suffer from undesirable side reactions with carbon conductive additives (CAs), as well as from the inhomogeneous distribution of CAs, both of which accelerate sluggish Li-ion kinetics and capacity fading, thereby limiting their practical applications. Here, we introduce an ultrafast and scalable flash lamp annealing (FLA) process that reduces oxygen-containing functional groups from vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) and modifies its surface properties, thereby weakening inter-fiber cohesive forces. This surface functionality directly promotes more uniform distribution of the modified VGCF (F-VGCF) within the dry-processed cathode and enables the formation of a continuous electron percolation network. The improved microstructural homogeneity not only enhances electronic pathways but also suppresses SE decomposition at the CA/SE interface, thereby enhancing interfacial stability. As a result, ASSBs employing NCM/F-VGCF cathode exhibit a higher reversible capacity of 5.7 mAh cm⁻² at 0.1C compared to those with NCM/bare VGCF cathode and maintain stable cycle retention of 71.5 % at 0.3C after 160 cycles (areal capacity of 7.5 mAh cm⁻²). The FLA process provides an ultrafast and cost-effective strategy for the surface modification of CA, enabling a scalable and commercially viable approach for high-performance ASSBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100538"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total cost of ownership of vehicle electrification and fuel switching options for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles","authors":"Kwang Hoon Baek ,&nbsp;Xinyi Wu ,&nbsp;Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Ram Vijayagopal ,&nbsp;Namdoo Kim ,&nbsp;Amgad Elgowainy","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Projecting the transition from combustion engines to battery-based powertrains is complex becuase it involves numerous interdependent decisions. This study estimates total cost of ownership (TCO) to assess the economic viability of powertrain electrification, focusing exclusively on advances in vehicle and fuel technologies. Under two bounding technology-progress scenarios, we develop vehicle designs and fuel cost trajectories, which serve as inputs to TCO projections for selected classes from 2021 to 2050.</div><div>We analyzed a small sport utility vehicle (SUV) to represent the light-duty vehicle (LDV) sector, and four medium- and heavy-duty vehicle (MHDV) classes: Class 6 box delivery, Class 8 drayage, Class 8 long-haul, and Class 8 transit bus. For each class, we compared the TCO of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) against conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs).</div><div>The results show that modern ICEVs generally have lower TCO; however, BEVs and FCHEVs could match or have lower TCOs than ICEVs over time, depending on technological progress. In LDVs, BEV300 is projected to deliver the lowest TCO by 2050, particularly under the high-progress scenario. In MHDVs, both BEVs and FCHEVs could become more cost-competitive than ICEVs by 2050 in the high-progress case.</div><div>Beyond these results, the findings suggest further investigation is warranted for BEV charging infrastructure, FCHEV hydrogen refueling infrastructure, and MHDV charging strategies. These factors could reduce the fuel-cost share of TCO and enhance the competitiveness of BEVs and FCHEVs relative to ICEVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100512"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretable image based modeling of EV battery degradation from cumulative operational patterns","authors":"Sangryuk Lee,&nbsp;Dongho Han,&nbsp;Taebin Ha,&nbsp;Taeyoon Kim,&nbsp;Jonghoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advent of the big-data era, the explosive growth of electric vehicle (EV) operational data and diverse driving patterns has resulted in complicated battery degradation mechanisms, exposing the limitations of conventional raw-data-based approaches in large-scale system management. To address this challenge, this study proposed a cumulative operational pattern image-generation technique that integrates current and state-of-charge (SOC) information. To simulate actual EV data, six different driver cases were selected, and their data were analyzed to develop a five-step process that compresses variations in current patterns and SOC intervals into RGB values. As data continued to be collected, the colors of the image accumulated to ultimately generate a cumulative operational pattern image. This approach effectively reduces the massive volume of raw data while visually preserving the operational characteristics of the battery. The generated cumulative operational pattern images were then utilized in a convolutional neural network (CNN)-long short-term memory (LSTM) model to quantitatively estimate battery degradation indices, specifically global loss of active material (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>G</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) and global loss of lithium inventory (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>G</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), thereby validating the effectiveness of the proposed image-generation technique. Furthermore, the gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) technique was applied to visually interpret how the model utilized SOC intervals and current patterns for degradation estimation, confirming the validity and potential scalability of the proposed approach. These results suggest new research directions and potential applications for the efficient management of data in large-scale EV systems and establishment of operational strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100539"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion and secondary batteries: A comparative analysis on environmental impacts and graphite recycling","authors":"Faiza Arshad ,&nbsp;Muhammad Usman Azam ,&nbsp;Nagesh Manurkar ,&nbsp;Fengling Zhang ,&nbsp;Bushra Sana Idrees ,&nbsp;Ali Ahmad ,&nbsp;Liqianyun Xu ,&nbsp;Feng Wu ,&nbsp;Renjie Chen ,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production of electric vehicles as an alternative to fossil–fuel–based transportation necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impacts associated with rechargeable batteries. This study performs a life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of four emerging and commercial battery types including lithium–sulfur (Li–S), magnesium–sulfur (Mg–S), sodium-ion (Na-ion), and nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) with a particular focus on their production and recycling phases. Key ecological indicators such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, land use, nuclear energy demand, and a broad range of impact categories were analyzed. Results show that Mg–S batteries demonstrate the lowest environmental footprint and highest robustness across multiple impact categories, whereas NiMH batteries contribute the most to GHG emissions and nuclear energy demand. A comparative analysis of cathode material systems for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) further emphasizes the disproportionate environmental burden posed by cathode production. The findings also suggest that the material innovation, particularly in the cathode and anode design along with optimization of recycling processes, is essential for reducing the ecological footprint of battery technologies and achieving low-carbon mobility goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100514"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homogeneous ionomer degradation dominates electrochemical surface area loss in low-Pt PEMFCs under carbon corrosion conditions","authors":"Zixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Linhao Fan ,&nbsp;Chasen Tongsh ,&nbsp;Siyuan Wu ,&nbsp;Zhengguo Qin ,&nbsp;Qing Du ,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of high-durable low-Pt proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is fundamentally limited by insufficient understanding of carbon corrosion mechanisms and associated secondary degradation pathways. Here, we employ a coupled operando-ex situ diagnostic approach to deconvolute degradation mechanisms in low-Pt PEMFCs under simulated startup-shutdown conditions. Synchronised monitoring of polarisation curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that charge transfer impedance is the primary factor constraining electrochemical activity and overall cell performance. The fractional contributions of key degradation mechanisms (carbon corrosion, ionomer degradation, Ostwald ripening, and catalyst loss) to electrochemical surface area (ECSA) degradation are quantitatively decoupled. Quantitative mechanistic partitioning reveals ionomer degradation accounts for ∼44.59 % of ECSA loss, surpassing carbon corrosion contributions (∼32.97 %) and overshadowing Ostwald ripening/catalyst loss effects in low-Pt PEMFC. In contrast, carbon corrosion (∼41.56 %) dominated degradation in conventional high-Pt PEMFCs, highlighting a shift in degradation hierarchy as Pt loading is reduced. Advanced scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy elucidate that spatially uniform ionomer degradation across the low-Pt catalyst layer geometrically amplifies its detrimental impact on the active site. This work highlights the degradation hierarchy in low-Pt PEMFCs, which can provide new references for the design of durable low-Pt electrodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100520"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the arc generation mechanism induced by liquid electrolyte in battery energy storage systems","authors":"Wenqiang Xu ,&nbsp;Yalun Li ,&nbsp;Hewu Wang ,&nbsp;Languang Lu ,&nbsp;Minggao Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrolyte leakage or eruption in lithium-ion battery energy storage systems can trigger secondary arc and exacerbate system-level hazard spread during thermal runaway. In this study, we designed an experimental platform to investigate arc induced by thermal runaway ejecta, with high-speed imaging capturing the complete dynamic evolution. Using a commercial 1 mol/L LiPF₆ in EC: DMC: EMC = 1: 1: 1 vol% liquid electrolyte as the ambient condition between two electrodes, electrolyte-induced arc was observed under a simulated battery system with supply voltage 300 V, load resistance 20 Ω, and electrode spacing 1 mm. The phenomenon that the liquid electrolyte significantly reduces the critical breakdown voltage between electrodes was noticed. By adjusting circuit parameters, electrode spacing, and electrolyte composition, the mechanism of induced arc was elucidated through correlating the critical breakdown voltage and electrolyte conductivity, which is proved to be the pivotal parameter in arc generation. These findings provide critical experimental insights for enhancing the safety design of energy storage batteries and offer guidance for developing proactive mitigation strategies against electrical hazards in battery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100533"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-based fast charging of lithium-ion batteries: Impact of thermal gradients on the degradation of parallel-connected cells","authors":"Christian Allgäuer,&nbsp;Johannes Huber,&nbsp;Kareem Abo Gamra,&nbsp;Markus Schreiber,&nbsp;Cristina Grosu,&nbsp;Markus Lienkamp","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast charging is key to increase the convenience and acceptance of battery electric vehicles. However, there are challenges at the battery system level that are not yet sufficiently understood. Due to performance limitations of the vehicle’s thermal management system, thermal gradients occur between the individual battery cells. Since the current distribution between parallel-connected cells cannot be actively controlled, avoiding overload and accelerated degradation is challenging, especially at high currents. In this study, a thermally homogeneous module consisting of two parallel-connected cells and a second module with a 10<!--> <!-->°C temperature gradient are tested for 1200 fast charging cycles applying a model-based fast charging protocol. A thermal battery test bench is used to heat and cool the cells before, during, and after the fast charging event according to state-of-the-art thermal management strategies. Cycle life results reveal that the warmer cell in the module with gradient experiences a higher current load at the beginning of life (BoL), with convergent behavior over lifetime. The warmer cell exhibits a higher capacity fade and resistance increase than the other cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows an increase of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and charge transfer (CT) resistance, with the first dominating. Differential voltage analysis (DVA) reveals accelerated cathode degradation for the cell at elevated temperatures. Therefore, reducing thermal gradients and paying closer attention to the cathode when developing future fast-charging protocols is crucial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100519"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ analysis and estimation of temperature distribution for large-format lithium-ion batteries based on distributed optical fiber sensors","authors":"Xiaoqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Yuhao Zhu,&nbsp;Linfei Hou,&nbsp;Jingyu Hu,&nbsp;Yunlong Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time monitoring and estimation of temperature distribution are crucial for the safe operation of batteries. Conventional temperature monitoring techniques, such as thermocouples and infrared thermography, typically provide point-based measurements. In contrast, distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFSs) enable continuous and high-resolution spatial monitoring. Additionally, current model-based temperature estimation often assumes uniform surface convection coefficients and relies on sparse temperature data for validation. These limitations lead to significant inaccuracies in characterizing the inherent non-uniform and asymmetric temperature distributions of large-format batteries. To address these challenges, this study presents an S-shaped DOFS layout for in-situ monitoring of an 81.4 Ah pouch lithium-ion battery at 0.5C–1.5C rates, with a 1.28 mm spatial resolution. Furthermore, a multi-domain thermal boundary modeling framework is proposed, which accounts for localized heat convection variations. Experimental validation confirms the model's accuracy, achieving a maximum root mean square error of 0.47 °C. Though validated only on a single-cell, this work offers a sensing-modeling-estimation framework for battery thermal management in electric vehicle packs and energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}