Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Dual modification of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode via Ti doping and Li4Ti5O12 coating for mitigating interfacial degradation and improving cycle stability in all-solid-state batteries","authors":"Seungwoo Lee ,&nbsp;Jeongheon Kim ,&nbsp;Jaeik Kim ,&nbsp;Joonhyeok Park ,&nbsp;Chanho Kim ,&nbsp;Ungyu Paik ,&nbsp;Taeseup Song","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) face critical challenges, including the structural collapse of cathode active materials (CAMs) during cycling and interfacial instability between the sulfide-based solid electrolyte (SE) and the cathode, which leads to deteriorated electrochemical performance. Here, we report high-performance ASSBs enabled by localized titanium (Ti) doping and the formation of a Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) coating layer on CAMs, utilizing residual lithium (Li) components present on their surface as the Li source. The LTO offers a cost-effective, earth-abundant, and electrochemically stable alternative to LiNbO₃. Ti incorporation into the LiNi_xCo_yMn_1-x-yO₂ (NCM) lattice enhances the mechanical robustness of secondary particles by reinforcing their structural integrity. Moreover, the conformal LTO layer serves as a chemically stable interphase that effectively suppresses undesirable side reactions with sulfide-based SEs. The combination of Ti doping and LTO surface modification synergistically improves the mechanical integrity and interfacial stability of the electrode. As a result, ASSBs employing Ti-NCM@LTO with a high areal capacity of 8 mAh/cm² exhibit enhanced electrochemical properties, including an initial capacity of 165.9 mAh/g, outstanding cycle stability of 83.4 % at 0.1C over 100 cycles, and a rate capability (reversible capacity) of 166.4, 148.4, 135.5, 130.4 and 119.4 mAh/g at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0C, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100437"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic model for estimation of hydrogen flow rate in hydrogen recirculation system for the PEM fuel cell stack","authors":"Po Hong,&nbsp;Pingwen Ming,&nbsp;Cunman Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen utilization rate is critical for hydrogen-electricity conversion efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. Significant part of hydrogen is inevitably wasted as a result of essential periodical vent of accumulated gaseous and liquid impurities, which degrades hydrogen flow rate and hydrogen concentration, in hydrogen recirculation system (HRS) for anode reaction chamber of the stack. Estimation of hydrogen flow rate is the key to improving hydrogen utilization rate, because impurities can be vented only when actual flow rate is lower than acceptable range. This paper investigates dynamic model of the HRS to construct connection between hydrogen flow rate and obtainable parameters. Firstly, lumped-parameter dynamic model is established for the recirculation pump-driven and ejector-driven HRS. Coupling mechanism between hydrogen flow rate and pressure of each recirculation apparatus is introduced to dynamic model, and then transfer function between pressure at inlet and outlet of anode chamber is derived for estimation of hydrogen flow rate in comparison. According to Nyquist plot, the recirculation pump-driven HRS behaves as a common first-order or second-order inertial system while the ejector-driven HRS behaves as a novel shifted first-order system. Secondly, effect of purge valve action on flow rate of the ejector-driven HRS is analyzed in analogical way based on transition between operating points on ejector characteristic curve. It shows that opening purge valve contributes to larger flow rate, even if pressure at backflow inlet is decreased. Thirdly, experiment on plant of an ejector-driven HRS shows that Nyquist plot of transfer function in complex coordinate is a circle with origin included and it's in consistent with that by dynamic model. Besides, relation is found between circle radius and flow rate at ejector outlet. Finally, experiment result on a 120 kW fuel cell system validates explanation to effect of opening purge valve on hydrogen flow rate of the ejector-driven HRS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamental insights into static immersion cooling of large-scale lithium-ion Batteries: Thermal behavior, heat transfer mechanisms, and multivariable analysis","authors":"Shaohong Zeng ,&nbsp;Jiaxing Li ,&nbsp;Sihui Hong ,&nbsp;Yajun Qiao ,&nbsp;Weixiong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immersion cooling has emerged as a promising thermal management solution for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), offering superior heat dissipation compared to conventional methods. However, most existing research predominantly focused on small-scale, low-power batteries, leaving a critical gap in understanding static immersion cooling (SIC) for large-scale batteries. In this study, a dedicated experimental platform was developed to systematically investigate the thermal control performance of cooling methods, immersion heights, battery placements, ambient temperatures, and dielectric fluid types (transformer oil, silicone oil, and fluorinated liquids). The results indicate that fully immersing the LIB in transformer oil reduces the battery maximum temperature by 30–35 % compared to natural air convection, while maintaining heat dissipation rate of 45–60 %. Under high discharge rates (5 C), the battery temperature can be effectively kept below the 60 °C safety threshold. Furthermore, the natural convection patterns in the fluid and heat transfer characteristics were analyzed. It is found that fluid natural convection may increase the temperature difference when the battery is immersed upright, whereas an inverted configuration could improve temperature uniformity. Besides, among the tested dielectric fluids, fluorinated liquid exhibits superior performance, achieving a heat dissipation rate of 54.13 %, attributed to its high heat capacity and low viscosity. This research provides fundamental insights into SIC mechanisms, advancing the design of efficient immersion thermal management technology for applications in electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting battery capacity for second-life applications using physics-informed recurrent neural networks","authors":"Sina Navidi ,&nbsp;Kristupas Bajarunas ,&nbsp;Manuel Arias Chao ,&nbsp;Chao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately forecasting lithium-ion battery capacity degradation is crucial for optimizing the second-life utilization of these batteries, enabling reliable operation, reduced maintenance costs, and extended life cycle performance. However, achieving consistent forecasting accuracy across cells and over time remains challenging due to significant cell-to-cell variability and substantial changes in real-world usage conditions during the transition from first to second life. In this study, we propose a new physics-informed machine learning method that integrates an aging-aware electrochemical model with a recurrent neural network, creating a physics-informed recurrent neural network (PI-RNN). This hybrid model leverages both physics-based insights and data-driven learning to predict capacity fade under diverse usage conditions, including transitions from first- to second-life applications. We evaluate PI-RNN using two datasets: an open-source NASA dataset comprising 28 lithium cobalt oxide/graphite cells, and a newly collected dataset of 39 commercial lithium iron phosphate/graphite cells, where cells were initially cycled to 80% capacity in their first life before undergoing milder cycling in their second life. While PI-RNN performs comparably to data-driven models in the first-life phase, it demonstrates a clear advantage in second-life forecasting, reducing root mean squared error by approximately 40%–70% compared to baseline models when forecasting periods span the transition from first to second life, even when trained on as few as two cells. Parametric studies highlight the advantages of incorporating physics-based modeling, and uncertainty quantification ensures the reliability of long-term capacity forecasting. In addition, we conducted benchmarking studies to systematically assess the advantages and limitations of the proposed model, thus identifying the scenarios where this approach excels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100432"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grid integration of electric vehicles within electricity and carbon markets: A comprehensive overview","authors":"Xiang Lei ,&nbsp;Jiahao Zhong ,&nbsp;Yunwang Chen ,&nbsp;Ziyun Shao ,&nbsp;Linni Jian","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy security and the urgent challenges posed by climate change remain paramount in contemporary discourse, underscoring the critical need for substantial reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) are widely regarded as a promising solution for decreasing carbon emissions and reducing reliance on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Additionally, the development of electricity and carbon markets is essential for fostering renewable energy adoption, enhancing energy efficiency, and strengthening decentralized power supply systems. These market mechanisms are strategically designed to accelerate the transition to clean energy sources, thus reducing emissions and mitigating climate change impacts. Despite the significant body of literature exploring EV integration within electricity markets, this field remains nascent and rapidly evolving. This study presents a comprehensive review, elucidating current trends, key challenges, and future requirements. It introduces foundational concepts within electricity and carbon markets, examines diverse policy and regulatory frameworks, and highlights notable global initiatives aimed at supporting EV integration. Additionally, this review critically evaluates bidding strategies proposed in the literature, analyzing their advantages and limitations in the context of EV participation in electricity markets. The discussion further examines market clearance algorithms as applied to EV electricity trading, assessing their effectiveness, strengths, and potential drawbacks. The review concludes by summarizing critical insights and suggesting avenues for future research and innovation in EV grid integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100435"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bi-coordinating solvent in EC-free electrolyte to inhibit electrode crosstalk in high-voltage lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Mingsheng Qin ,&nbsp;Fenfen Ma ,&nbsp;Qiang Wu ,&nbsp;Ziqi Zeng ,&nbsp;Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Shijie Cheng ,&nbsp;Jia Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elevating the cut-off voltage is a pragmatic way to boost the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which nevertheless is plagued by the vulnerable electrolyte chemistry and parasite reactions at interphase. Herein, we proposed a new electrolyte design based on dicarbonyl solvents, which decreases HOMO energy level of 0.95 eV by forming bi-coordinating Li⁺ solvates. Moreover, dicarbonyl solvents facilitate hydrogen-transfer reaction with PF₆⁻ in the solvent-dominated chemistry, constructing an LiF-rich interphase for kinetic passivation. This peculiar coordination geometry contributes to less transition metal dissolution (&gt;60 % reduction) and improved capacity retention (from 48 % to 71 %) after cycling at 4.5 V. Consequently, the designed electrolyte shows wide-liquid range (−60∼60 °C) and oxidative tolerance (4.8 V vs. Li/Li⁺), validated in the 4.5 V-charged NCM811/graphite pouch cells at practical conditions. This work provides a new electrolyte design for advancing LIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100434"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical–thermal correlation for assessing potential thermal runaway in automotive pouch cells via 3D numerical simulations","authors":"Jaeyoung Jeon ,&nbsp;Daegyun Oh ,&nbsp;Wooseok Lee ,&nbsp;Minuk Kim ,&nbsp;Kihyun Jeong ,&nbsp;Sangjun Park ,&nbsp;Jaeyoung Lim ,&nbsp;Yongha Han ,&nbsp;Mingyu Lee ,&nbsp;Hyun-seung Kim ,&nbsp;Youngkwon Kim ,&nbsp;Hongkyung Lee ,&nbsp;Jongsup Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical and thermal deviations in lithium-ion batteries under harsh C-rate conditions can lead to spatial differences in thermal runaway risk, highlighting the need to understand temporal and spatial distributions of electrochemical–thermal characteristics. In this study, a comprehensive three-dimensional model is established for a 58.3 Ah commercial automotive pouch-type cell to investigate local electrochemical–thermal characteristics under such conditions. The model is rigorously validated by comparing simulation results with experimental voltage and temperature profiles, as well as spatially resolved data from IR-based temperature mapping and MFI-based current density measurements. Simulation results demonstrate that higher C-rates cause greater temperature rises—24.48 °C (1C), 54.88 °C (3C), and 81.08 °C (5C)—and larger local temperature deviations—0.65 °C (1C), 5.23 °C (3C), 13.25 °C (5C)—highlighting the significant thermal effects associated with higher C-rates. By correlating overpotential with heat generation, the analysis reveals the electrochemical origins of temperature rise and thermal inhomogeneity. Component-specific analysis shows that, as the C-rate increases, heat generation in the electrodes—particularly reaction and ionic ohmic heat in the positive electrode, which together account for 51.31 % of the total—becomes more prominent. Moreover, reversible heat significantly rises towards the end of discharge, reaching 59.23 W, comparable to reaction heat. Meanwhile, in-plane distribution analysis reveals that temperature deviations are driven by variations in electrical current density near the tab connections, resulting in localized increases in electronic ohmic heat. The electronic ohmic heat near the tab connections is approximately 2.37 times higher than average, highlighting significant localized thermal effects in these areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100433"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical studies on the thermomechanical deformation of lithium-ion battery pack housing under thermal runaway propagation condition","authors":"Yong Seok Choi,&nbsp;Su Hang Lee,&nbsp;Jaehyung Hong,&nbsp;Jongbum Park","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion battery can experience the risk of thermal runaway propagation due to various reasons. The emission of high-temperature vent gas from the cell during thermal runaway leads to the build-up of internal pressure and the excessive temperature rise of the mechanical component of the pack, which are the causes of deformation or failure of the structure such as the pack top cover. In this work, the numerical model is developed and validated through the mini-module sized test jig with top cover made of steel. The magnitude of top cover deformation, temperature distributions on the outer surface, and temporal variation of internal pressure are measured simultaneously under thermal runaway propagation condition. Degraded mechanical properties of top cover material at elevated temperatures are measured by tensile coupon tests and applied as input data of the model. It is found that the overall magnitude of the deformation of top cover during thermal runaway propagation is determined by the degree of the initial pressure rise, and the detailed behavior is more sensitive to the local temperature distribution. The present numerical model can capture the dynamic deformation behavior of the top cover with a relatively good accuracy, and highly detailed location-specific temperature and pressure gradient information can improve the accuracy. This research provides novel methodologies of experiment and simulation for the investigation of thermomechanical behavior of battery pack steel housing, and can help further the design of safe and robust pack structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100431"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impedance-based thermal runaway detection and temperature estimation for single and parallel connected large-format automotive lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Jan Schöberl,&nbsp;Julian Schumacher,&nbsp;Raphael Urban,&nbsp;Markus Lienkamp","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early thermal runaway detection in battery systems of electric vehicles is required to meet legal requirements and to ensure vehicle occupants’ safety. Whereby impedance-based methods offer the potential to detect thermal runaway at an early stage and simultaneously provide a better-resolved temperature estimation during normal operation. However, many studies considering these methods focus only on the cell level at impedances that do not occur in electric vehicles. Consequently, possible challenges and limitations in the transfer to the system level found in electric vehicles are nearly unexplored. This article presents a methodology for early thermal runaway detection and temperature estimation for large-format lithium-ion batteries with low impedance using a parallel connection, as found in the BMW iX3 (G08). The focus is on a methodology that reduces interference factors at cell impedances below 1<!--> <!-->mΩ and its use for temperature estimation and thermal runaway detection for single and parallel connected cells. The method is based on the relative change of the real part whereby cell-specific variations from cell-to-cell, the electrical contact resistance, and the system-related measurement setup can be widely compensated. This ensures estimation errors of less than 1<!--> <!-->K for both system levels at homogeneous temperature distribution in a temperature range from -10 to 30<!--> <!-->°C. More significant errors can be expected at higher temperatures due to a reduced temperature sensitivity. With inhomogeneous temperature distribution, a slight shift of the temperature estimation towards the warmer cell could be observed in the module with a parallel connection. Highly inhomogeneous temperature distribution also increases uncertainty in temperature estimation and impedes thermal runaway detection. However, extensions of the methodology enable the detection of thermal runaway early on both system levels, significantly increasing battery safety in automotive applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric-thermal-gas synergistic dynamics in PEMFC-LIB hybrid systems for hydrogen ships: A multi-scale evaluation framework","authors":"Menglong Cao ,&nbsp;Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Haobo Tang ,&nbsp;Songran Li ,&nbsp;Fenghui Han ,&nbsp;Yulong Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As maritime transportation continues to dominate global trade, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)-Lithium Battery (LIB) hybrid power ship systems (HPSS) present an effective solution for reducing carbon emissions and improving efficiency. This study employs one-dimensional-plus (1D+) modeling and heat current methods to analyze the multi-physics coupling of electrical, thermal, and gas flow responses in HPSS under different operating conditions. A coupling response evaluation system based on the Relative Variability Index (RVI) quantifies system performance. Electrical response analysis reveals high synchronicity between load current and power output, indicating strong sensitivity. Thermal analysis reveals a temperature rise of 10.88 K in the cathode catalyst layer during overshoot load conditions, with the cathode flow channel showing substantial thermal variations, highlighting the need for focused thermal management. Gas flow rate evaluation indicates that curvature values increase by 61.8 %, reflecting a strong correlation between gas flow and load current. Coupled response evaluations indicate that electrical responses are more sensitive compared to thermal and gas flow responses. The RVI values show that thermal responses are dominant, with maximum values of 1.5 for thermal, 1.14 for electrical, and 0.92 for gas flow, indicating that thermal effects surpass electrical and gas dynamics in certain conditions. Moreover, pure PEMFC operation ensures stable power with minimal thermal fluctuations but is constrained by load capacity, joint operation facilitates load sharing yet amplifies thermal and gas flow variations, while LIB power compensation effectively regulates SOC but introduces additional thermal and electrical transients. This study advances maritime carbon reduction and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100430"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}