Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Thermal runaway behavior of large-format sodium-ion and lithium-iron phosphate batteries under different trigger sources: A comparative study","authors":"Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Mingjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Kai Yang ,&nbsp;Yuhong Jin ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Wei ,&nbsp;Jingbing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising complementary technology to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), primarily due to their potential for cost-effectiveness and resource sustainability. However, the thermal safety of SIBs still needs to be evaluated, as it is crucial for their potential application in electric vehicles and energy storage fields. In this study, we systematically examine and compare the thermal runaway (TR) and gas venting behaviors of 185 Ah Cu-Fe-Mn-based sodium-ion (CFM) and 314 Ah LiFePO₄ (LFP) batteries under overcharging and overheating conditions-factors. Experimental results indicate that the TR process in CFM batteries exhibits distinct characteristics when compared to LFP batteries. Under overcharging conditions, CFM batteries experience more severe temperature fluctuations than those observed during overheating-maximum TR temperatures reach 620.9 °C and 587.3 °C, respectively-significantly higher than those recorded in LFP batteries. The activation time of the safety valve is similar to the onset of TR in both scenarios. Gas analysis reveals that the primary gaseous compositions generated during TR in CFM batteries are comparable to those produced by LFP batteries, with total gas volumes measuring 397.6 L during overheating and 699.3 L during overcharging. Although CFM batteries demonstrate superior resistance to overcharging relative to LFP counterparts, their elevated TR temperatures coupled with substantial emissions of combustible gases-including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane considerably heighten combustion and explosion risks. These results may contribute to safer integration of CFM batteries in future applications, such as in electric vehicles, charging station and energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100495"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative evaluation of venting-induced heat flux in semi-confined battery packs during lithium-ion battery thermal runaway","authors":"Rongqi Peng ,&nbsp;Ping Ping ,&nbsp;Depeng Kong ,&nbsp;Wei Gao ,&nbsp;Gongquan Wang ,&nbsp;Yihe Dong ,&nbsp;Juntao Huo ,&nbsp;Song Zhang ,&nbsp;Zehao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-temperature multiphase flow vented by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during thermal runaway (TR) can significantly influence thermal runaway propagation (TRP) within confined battery packs. Quantitative analysis of the heating effect of unignited TR venting on neighboring cells is essential for understanding and predicting TRP behavior, particularly under semi-confined packaging conditions. In this study, we designed a modular experimental platform featuring an adjustable ceiling and peripheral baffles to emulate the semi-confined space of a battery pack. A distributed array of temperature-monitoring plates surrounding the triggered cell was used to record the transient heat flux induced by TR venting. Three critical parameters were systematically investigated in a stepwise spatial confinement framework: ceiling gap, trigger position, and state of charge (SOC). Reducing the ceiling gap from 100 mm to 15 mm markedly intensified the venting-induced heating: the maximum temperature rise of the plate adjacent to the trigger cell increased from approximately 44.1 °C–102.8 °C, while its thermal exposure integral (TEI) more than doubled. Center-triggered venting produced a more uniform but lower-intensity heat distribution over a wider area. In contrast, side-triggered venting-constrained by the enclosure-generated a localized high-heat region, where the maximum temperature rise and TEI on adjacent plates were approximately 20 % higher than in the center case, albeit over a smaller affected zone. Higher SOCs amplified the heating effect: at 100 % SOC, maximum temperature rise and TEI on adjacent plates were nearly double those observed at 50 % SOC. Based on these findings, an empirical heat-flux correlation incorporating multiphase venting effects was derived. While currently applicable to LFP cells under the tested conditions, this methodology can be extended to other battery configurations, supporting TRP modeling and informing future pack-level thermal protection strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100492"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital twins for battery health prognosis: A comprehensive review of recent advances and challenges","authors":"Yujie Wang,&nbsp;Jiayin Xiao,&nbsp;Yin-Yi Soo,&nbsp;Yifan Chen,&nbsp;Zonghai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review systematically examines the integration of Digital Twin (DT) technology with lithium-ion battery health prognosis systems. As electrification accelerates across multiple domains, accurate prediction of battery health indicators – including State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), Remaining Useful Life (RUL), and fault conditions – becomes increasingly critical for ensuring safety, reliability, and optimal performance. The core contribution of this review lies in proposing a novel four-layer conceptual framework, comprising the Physical, Data &amp; Communication, Virtual Model, and Twin Service layers, as an analytical tool for structuring the field. After establishing the theoretical foundations of DTs and battery aging, we leverage this framework to systematically survey recent advancements in data augmentation, online state estimation, and fault diagnosis. Through this structured analysis, we then identify critical implementation challenges, including performance in extreme degradation phases, battery pack inconsistencies, and operation under complex conditions. We conclude by proposing future research directions focused on enhancing model generalization and creating standardized architectures through the integration of cloud computing and IoT technologies, and applying federated learning to solve potential privacy and security problems. This review serves as a critical reference by providing a structured, application-centric understanding of DTs in battery health management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100489"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace multi-cation high-entropy engineering enables ultra-stable cobalt-free LiNiO2 with >230 mAh/g","authors":"Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinquan Liu ,&nbsp;Qiqiang Huang ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Yi Guo ,&nbsp;Zuoguo Xiao ,&nbsp;Chenxi Li ,&nbsp;Lianghao Wen ,&nbsp;Wei Peng ,&nbsp;Weijing Yuan ,&nbsp;Gaolong Zhu ,&nbsp;Liang Yin ,&nbsp;Longlong Fan ,&nbsp;Lirong Zheng ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Tiening Tan ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Hua ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Ren ,&nbsp;Languang Lu ,&nbsp;Xiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cobalt-free LiNiO₂ (LNO) cathode, composed solely of transition metal nickel, stands out as a prime candidate for next-generation commercial cathodes, offering an exceptional theoretical capacity of 275 mAh/g, cost efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Unlike LiNi_xMn_yCo₂O₂ (NMC) counterparts, LiNiO₂ (LNO) cathode is plagued by rapid capacity degradation and safety risks due to absence of Co/Mn, which act as structural stabilizers ('rivets') in transition metal layer. This deficiency induces severe anisotropic lattice distortion and multi-phase transitions during charge/discharge cycles. These distortions are exacerbated at elevated temperatures (&gt;45 °C) and at high de-lithiation state with initial discharge capacities exceeding 230 mAh/g. To mitigate these issues, we introduced a high-entropy engineering approach for LNO, exemplified by LiNi_0.98Mo_0.005Nb_0.005Ti_0.005Mg_0.005O₂ (LNO-2 %HE). <em>In situ</em> XRD, synchrotron XAS and <em>ex situ</em> analyses reveal that the compositional complexity of LNO-2 %HE enhances structural disorder and amorphous character, which suppresses high-voltage phase transition. This design achieves 96.1 % capacity retention over 100 cycles at 25 °C and 97.5 % retention after 50 cycles at 45 °C, alongside an initial discharge capacity of 238 mAh/g at 0.1C. Furthermore, improved lattice oxygen stability in LNO-2 %HE inhibits oxygen release during thermal phase transitions, significantly enhancing safety. This strategy advances the viability of LNO cathode for high-energy-density batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100493"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of resource sustainability for lithium-ion batteries -A review of existing carbon emission reduction perspectives","authors":"Wenfang Gao ,&nbsp;Xianju Zeng ,&nbsp;Weiguang Lv ,&nbsp;Zhengqing Ye ,&nbsp;Bingxin Zhou ,&nbsp;Guangming Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhijun Ren ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Feng ,&nbsp;Wei Jin ,&nbsp;Zhi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The resource recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can significantly reduce the carbon emission, which has received unprecedented attention from both the academic and industrial communities. However, the large consumption of valuable materials (<em>e.g.</em>, Li, Co, Ni, Mn, graphite) for LIBs not only intensifies the pressure on global resource supply, but also raises the carbon footprint of the industry. Herein, this review systematically analyses the LIBs industry from the aspects of resource supply and resource cycle, in combination with the carbon emission reduction analyzation of LIBs industry. By analyzing the development status of LIBs materials, the resource composition and critical metals are clearly clarified. With LIBs demand increasing, the resource criticality, primary and secondary resource supply are deeply evaluated where Li and Co supply face enormous challenges. The recycling of spent LIBs gives an effective way for resource utilization and circulation. The carbon emission intensity of the whole LIBs industrial chain is discussed from the perspective of resource supply, utilization, and balance, where the carbon emission reduction mainly relies on the use of low-carbon energy and the recycling/reproduction processes. This critical review revealed that resource sustainability and carbon neutralization are an inseparable system, and can give guidance to the development of LIBs materials to ensure the sustainable development of resources in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100491"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-rate-dependent failure behavior of lithium-ion batteries: Role of liquid electrolyte in impact safety","authors":"Mingzhe Zhou ,&nbsp;Jinyu Yan ,&nbsp;Qingfei Ren ,&nbsp;Yongrou Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingling Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural integrity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under dynamic loading is critical to their safe deployment in electric transportation systems. While dry-state testing of battery components is common, the influence of liquid electrolyte on battery failure under dynamic loading remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the out-of-plane compressive behavior of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) pouch cells in both dry and electrolyte-saturated states across a wide range of strain rates (0.005/s to 2000/s), using quasi-static and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests. High-speed imaging and transparent cell designs enabled real-time visualization of electrolyte migration and structural deformation. The results show that, although electrolyte presence has little effect under quasi-static loading, it significantly lowers peak stress, strain, and stiffness at elevated strain rates. Microscopy reveals that confined electrolyte flow induces internal pore pressure, accelerates microcrack initiation in separators and electrode coatings. A mechanistic framework is proposed to explain how fluid–solid interactions degrade structural integrity at high rates. The findings demonstrate that dry-state testing overestimates battery resilience under impact and highlight the need to account for electrolyte effects in crash safety assessments. This work provides new insights into battery failure mechanisms relevant to electric mobility and supports the development of impact-tolerant energy storage systems and more comprehensive testing protocols for crashworthiness analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100490"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SOC gradient-based passive safety design: a chessboard-inspired structural configuration for mitigating thermal runaway propagation in lithium-ion battery packs","authors":"C.X. He ,&nbsp;Z.X. Guo ,&nbsp;L.M. Pan ,&nbsp;P.Z. Lin ,&nbsp;J.J. Chen ,&nbsp;L. Wei ,&nbsp;B.L. Huang ,&nbsp;J. Sun ,&nbsp;T.S. Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In conventional lithium-ion battery packs, adjacent cells are interconnected through series-parallel arrangements, where thermal runaway in a single cell can trigger cascading thermal propagation, leading to catastrophic thermal events. To address this issue, we propose a novel chessboard-inspired battery pack featuring two interdigitated cell groups with alternating state-of-charge (SOC) distribution. During operation, the sequential discharge of these groups creates spatial SOC differentiation. Each high-SOC cell is strategically surrounded by lower-SOC neighbors that serve as inherent thermal buffers. A comparative safety analysis was conducted between conventional and chessboard-inspired pack configurations using a validated thermal runaway propagation model. Simulation results reveal that only the chessboard architecture successfully inhibits the thermal runaway propagation in the 75 %-SOC battery pack. The 50 %-SOC cells surrounding thermal failed cell unit increase the thermal propagation threshold by 22 °C compared to conventional packs with 75 %-SOC cells. In addition, energy flow analysis indicates that the specialized tab design redirects approximately 10 % of the energy released during thermal runaway to non-adjacent cells. This redistribution further increases the required energy release from the initial thermal runaway cell to trigger propagation. Through the integration of geometric layout and operational strategies, the chessboard-inspired configuration demonstrates strong potential for practical applications in electric vehicles and energy storage systems, offering a promising pathway for advancing passive safety technologies in battery system design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100487"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External pressure effects on thermal runaway in prismatic LiFePO4 batteries: Mechanistic insights for safer battery systems in electric vehicles","authors":"Haipeng Chen ,&nbsp;Yingying Xu ,&nbsp;Yaobo Wu ,&nbsp;Zongrong Wang ,&nbsp;Yuqi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>External pressure significantly influences the thermal runaway (TR) behavior of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the underlying mechanisms by which external pressure affects exothermic reactions, heat transfer, and gas generation during TR remain to be fully clarified. In this study, the mechanistic effects of external pressure on TR in prismatic lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries were systematically investigated through thermal analysis, time-resolved gas chromatography, and postmortem material characterization. Results indicate that external pressures of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa enhance interfacial contact within the battery, thereby increasing internal thermal conductivity. This improvement results in a more uniform temperature distribution, which raises the TR initiation temperature and shifts the initial TR location inward from the battery edge toward the center. However, external pressure accelerates thermal runaway propagation (TRP), with propagation speed at 0.2 MPa increasing by approximately 65 % compared to 0 MPa. Moreover, gas evolution analysis reveals a substantial reduction in total gas yield with increasing external pressure, exhibiting decreases of about 28 % at 0.1 MPa and 53 % at 0.2 MPa relative to 0 MPa. This reduction is primarily attributed to earlier safety venting and prolonged electrolyte evaporation periods. Postmortem characterization highlights intensified exothermic reactions under elevated external pressure, reflecting deeper electrode material degradation. These findings highlight the risk-mitigation effect of external pressure, thereby lowering explosion risk despite the acceleration of TRP, and inform the design and modeling of safer battery systems under realistic mechanical constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100488"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking the voltage plateau barrier: Slope-adaptive state-of-charge estimation for LFP batteries with temperature-aware hysteresis modeling","authors":"Lisen Yan ,&nbsp;Jun Peng ,&nbsp;Heng Li ,&nbsp;Zhiwu Huang ,&nbsp;Dirk Uwe Sauer ,&nbsp;Weihan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The open-circuit voltage (OCV) hysteresis effect significantly complicates state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of <span><math><msub><mrow><mtext>LiFePO</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>4</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> batteries. While prior research has focused on major-loop hysteresis between full charge and discharge, accurately modeling minor-loop hysteresis during partial charge/discharge remains a persistent challenge. This paper proposes a data-driven hysteresis model that incorporates historical SOC and temperature data, with which an adaptive SOC estimator is designed to accommodate slope variations in minor-loop hysteresis. The proposed model accurately captures complex voltage hysteresis across different charge/discharge paths and temperature conditions using deep long short-term memory neural networks trained on hysteresis test data. This OCV component is integrated into a second-order equivalent circuit model, achieving both high-precision battery modeling and computational efficiency. The model parameters are optimized effectively using a multistep parameter identification method enhanced by a meta-heuristic algorithm. The proposed SOC estimator dynamically adjusts its covariance matrices in response to voltage slope variations during the plateau, improving Kalman gain matching to eliminate cumulative errors and enhance accuracy. Extensive experimental results show that over 95% of samples achieve a mean absolute error of less than 0.56% across various usage scenarios. The proposed method outperforms two state-of-the-art methods by 46.2% and 45.7% in root mean square error, demonstrating fast convergence and robust estimation even within the voltage plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian analysis of interpretable aging across thousands of lithium-ion battery cycles","authors":"Marc D. Berliner ,&nbsp;Minsu Kim ,&nbsp;Xiao Cui ,&nbsp;Vivek N. Lam ,&nbsp;Shakul Pathak ,&nbsp;Yunhong Che ,&nbsp;Patrick A. Asinger ,&nbsp;Martin Z. Bazant ,&nbsp;William C. Chueh ,&nbsp;Richard D. Braatz","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Doyle–Fuller–Newman (DFN) model is a common mechanistic model for lithium-ion batteries. The reaction rate constant and diffusivity are key parameters that directly affect the movement of lithium ions, thereby offering explanations for cell aging. This work investigates the ability to uniquely estimate each electrode’s diffusion coefficients and reaction rate constants of 95 T Model 3 cells with a nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) cathode and silicon oxide–graphite (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>LiC</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>6</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>–<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>SiO</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>x</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>) anode. The four parameters are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for a total of 7776 cycles at various discharge C-rates. While one or more anode parameters are uniquely identifiable over every cell’s lifetime, cathode parameters become identifiable at mid- to end-of-life, indicating measurable resistive growth in the cathode. The contribution of key parameters to the state of health (SOH) is expressed as a power law. This model for SOH shows a high consistency with the MCMC results performed over the overall lifespan of each cell. Our approach suggests that effective diagnosis of aging can be achieved by predicting the trajectories of the aging parameters. As such, extending our analysis with more physically accurate models building on DFN may lead to more identifiable parameters and further improved aging predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100486"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}