Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"A novel aging modeling approach for second-life lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Ane Pérez,&nbsp;Idoia San Martín,&nbsp;Pablo Sanchis,&nbsp;Alfredo Ursúa","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electric mobility industry is booming. In order to reduce the environmental impact of this boom, there is the potential to reuse the batteries from electric vehicles. However, the technical and economic feasibility of the second-life of lithium-ion batteries remains in question. This is due to the intricate non-linear mechanisms that occur during battery degradation, leading to capacity and power loss. Ongoing research aims to create models that can predict the state of battery degradation. However, most studies have focused on the battery’s first life, operating within a limited state of health range and requiring constant monitoring of the battery’s exposure conditions. While these models provide satisfactory results for the battery’s performance in vehicles, they cannot be directly applied to second-life scenarios. In response to this issue, this article proposes a degradation modeling method for second-life batteries based on identifying and linearizing different degradation trends within the battery. This approach allows the application of the model without prior knowledge of the battery’s history. It has been validated for a state of health range of 95% to 20%, through both conventional charge-discharge tests and a real-world scenario involving a smart charging station for urban buses. The results obtained with the developed model are overall satisfactory, achieving a MAPE below 3% for capacity and 1.4% for internal resistance in the real-world scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing vehicle-to-grid systems: Smart integration of shared autonomous and conventional electric vehicles","authors":"Thurga R. Radha Krishnan ,&nbsp;Priya Ranjan Satpathy ,&nbsp;Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy ,&nbsp;Zahari Dollah ,&nbsp;Saranya Pulenthirarasa ,&nbsp;Agileswari Ramasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrification of transportation, driven by environmental concerns, has given rise to shared autonomous electric vehicles (SAEVs). Integrating SAEVs with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, enhances grid stability and energy management. Unlike privately owned electric vehicles (EVs), SAEVs are managed by fleet operators who ensures that the vehicles are strategically positioned to meet immediate transport demands and longer-duration charging and V2G operations. This paper highlights key distinctions between EVs and SAEVs in V2G systems and offers a detailed analysis of SAEVs' unique features that enhance their role in V2G integration. Their coordinated fleet dispatch minimizes idle time, maximizes V2G participation, and ensures optimal energy distribution more effectively than conventional EVs. However, SAEVs pose greater operational challenges due to connectivity, reliance on public charging hubs, and the need to balance transport services with grid participation, while EV participation in V2G is highly dependent on user willingness. This study reviews control strategies and optimization frameworks for managing EV and SAEV charging and discharging, addressing key objectives, constraints, and uncertainties while highlighting their differing requirements and interdependencies. It further examines the benefits, challenges, and mitigation strategies for V2G integration, providing key recommendations for future research and development in this sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the flexibility potential of electric vehicles in buildings and determining the investment strategy for charging infrastructure","authors":"Qi Chen,&nbsp;Xiaohua Liu,&nbsp;Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings and electric vehicles (EV) play complementary roles in the energy system, enhancing flexible electricity demand through the integration of charging stations within buildings. This study addresses the gap in quantifying the flexibility potential of EVs within buildings and developing investment strategies for charging piles, which have been overlooked in previous research. To tackle this, we propose an equivalent energy storage model and introduce the discount factor as a metric to assess EV dispatch capabilities and optimize the charging infrastructure installation. The research employs three charging modes and a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization framework to minimize net load variability. Key results demonstrate a tradeoff between the number of charging piles and dispatch capability. Bidirectional smart charging (BSC) significantly enhances flexibility, while charging piles exceeding 30 kW offer limited benefits. Furthermore, integrating photovoltaics (PV) substantially increases dispatch potential, with PV penetration above 20 % making charging pile investments more advantageous than battery. Once PV penetration exceeds 40 %, nearly all parking spaces in buildings can accommodate charging piles. The study quantifies EVs’ equivalent storage capacity and concludes that strategic investment in slow charging piles and high PV penetration is highly effective. This work introduces new metrics for evaluating EV dispatch capability and develops investment strategies for charging piles based on their comparative advantage over batteries. It also highlights the cost-effectiveness of EV infrastructure in enhancing energy flexibility, providing a clear roadmap for optimizing investments in EV charging systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced pulse charging strategies enhancing performances of lithium-ion battery: Fundamentals, advances and outlooks","authors":"Mingzhe Leng ,&nbsp;Changhua Hu ,&nbsp;Zhijie Zhou ,&nbsp;Chi Xia ,&nbsp;Leqiong Xie ,&nbsp;Xuemei Li ,&nbsp;Zhaoqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanyang Li ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Yating Chang ,&nbsp;Zhanrong Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiangming He","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Li-ion batteries (LIBs) play a crucial role in powering electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high voltage, compact size, and exceptional energy density. However, the limitations associated with rapid charging remain a significant barrier to the expansion of EV market, prompting ongoing research into more efficient and safer charging techniques. A key challenge lies in balancing charging speed with battery longevity. The widely adopted constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol often results in polarization and lithium plating during high-speed charging, which poses serious risks to battery health. In response, pulse charging (PC) has emerged as a promising alternative for enhancing the stability of LIBs across various chemistries. Internal factors such as diffusion resistance, polarization, and precipitation critically impact external parameters such as voltage, current, and capacity. pulse charging mitigates these issues by reducing internal polarization, relieving structural strain, promoting uniform lithium plating, constructing low-resistance solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films, and improving performance under low-temperature conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effect of pulse charging on battery cycle stability and discusses optimized strategies for charging management, thermal regulation, and the orthogonal design-coupling model, all aimed at reducing charging time while maximizing battery life in EVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143199923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transport mechanisms analysis of large-size proton exchange membrane fuel cells with novel integrated structure under ultra-high current densities","authors":"Wenming Huo ,&nbsp;Siyuan Wu ,&nbsp;Zhiming Bao ,&nbsp;Chasen Tongsh ,&nbsp;Biao Xie ,&nbsp;Mohamed Benbouzid ,&nbsp;Fei Gao ,&nbsp;Yassine Amirat ,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For proton exchange membrane fuel cells, augmenting power density is of utmost importance and designing novel structures to diminish volume represents a vital approach. Metal foam presents a promising substitute for conventional flow fields to obviate the need for gas diffusion layers, though the microstructural discrepancies with electrodes pose difficulties, especially in large-scale fuel cells. In this research, an integrated fuel cell structure combining nickel metal foam and a carbon nano fiber film (CNFF) is designed, trimming the single cell thickness from 1.275 mm to 0.885 mm. The CNFF facilitates the gas transport from metal foam to catalyst layers. A three-dimensional plus one-dimensional numerical model is constructed to elucidate the internal mechanisms. In a 1 cm² fuel cell, a thinner CNFF leads to membrane electrode assembly (MEA) dehydration and higher porosity hinders heat dissipation. When scaling up to 300 cm² and contrasting with a conventional parallel channel-rib fuel cell, the integrated fuel cell shows inferior performance at low and medium current densities due to elevated ionic ohmic loss. However, it surpasses the conventional one at high current densities, with the output voltage rising from 0.552 V to 0.593 V at 4.1 A cm⁻² due to diminished concentration loss. Additionally, temperature and relative humidity are pivotal parameters influencing the equilibrium between membrane water content and transport resistance. This research contributes to the design of integrated fuel cells with enhanced volume power density, providing valuable insights for their large-scale implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centralised vehicle-to-grid smart charging supported by PV generation for power variance minimisation at the transformer: A user’s perspective analysis","authors":"M. Secchi ,&nbsp;D. Macii ,&nbsp;G. Barchi ,&nbsp;M. Marinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies show that the electric vehicle (EV) fleet in the EU will reach 37–38 million units by 2035. Most of them are expected to be charged at home, boosting the number of residential charging stations to be installed. In order to decrease their environmental impact, these stations should be powered by clean energy sources, such as distributed photovoltaic (PV) generators. However, the increased penetration of EVs and PVs may cause large power supply and demand fluctuations, stressing the substation transformers. This paper proposes a centralised bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) smart EV charging policy minimising the net-load power variance (NLV) at the transformer. The proposed approach relies on the iterative solution of a Mixed-Integer Quadratically-Constrained Quadratic Programming (MIQCQP) problem that, unlike other research papers, keeps into account users’ charging/discharging requirements, and realistic charging limitations and efficiency. The impact of the resulting EV charging schedules is analysed at a district level for growing EV and PV penetration values, then compared with the results obtained with both unidirectional (V1G) and uncontrolled (UC) EV charging. Key elements of novelty of the work are: (i) the formalisation of the optimisation problem and its scalability potential, allowing for a multi-year analysis; (ii) an accurate assessment of the user self-sufficiency and the EV battery degradation by means of a physics-inspired model; (iii) an evaluation of the potential economic impact for EV owners over multiple years. Applying the proposed V2G strategy to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) reduces the NLV at the transformer by up to 80%, while increasing self-sufficiency by up to 23%, producing a minimal battery degradation. In the current market scenario, if the Distribution System Operator (DSO) offers a fair compensation for the V2G grid support, the potential yearly economic savings for battery electric vehicle (BEV) owners equipped with a residential PV generator range between 10% and 20%. This happens despite the higher V2G charging stations’ upfront costs and the faster BEV battery degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence algorithms optimize immersion boiling heat transfer strategies to mitigate thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Peizhao Lyu ,&nbsp;Zhenhua An ,&nbsp;Menghan Li ,&nbsp;Xinjian Liu ,&nbsp;Xuning Feng ,&nbsp;Zhonghao Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries is the main cause of fire accidents in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Energy Storage Stations (ESSs). Mitigating the TR is crucial for keeping safety of EVs and ESSs. The immersion boiling heat transfer technology is a promising candidate for mitigating TR of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, to address the TR issue induced by tab-overheating at the positive tab of pouch-type lithium-ion batteries, a coupled model, considering electro-thermal model, lumped TR model and boiling heat transfer model, was applied to investigated the mechanism of mitigating TR for pouch-type lithium-ion batteries. Besides, the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms were applied to analyze the importance of parameters, predict the optimum surface heat flux of batteries and then optimize the key parameters of coolants to reinforce immersion boiling heat transfer performance. The results exhibit that the immersion boiling technology can mitigate TR issue of pouch-type lithium-ion batteries induced by tab overheating. Besides, the importance analysis of parameters of coolants shows that the density, viscosity, and specific heat capacity are the top three parameters that affect the mitigating performance. The AI algorithms behaved a good performance in evaluating and optimizing the mitigating performance for TR of lithium-ion batteries. Hence, this work can provide a refence for improving the safety of EVs and ESSs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards integrated thermal management systems in battery electric vehicles: A review","authors":"Xiaoya Li,&nbsp;Ruzhu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The market expansion of battery electric vehicles has stimulated the development of advanced vehicle thermal management systems to address the complicated thermal challenges of the batteries, cabin, motors, and power electronics across various driving conditions and ambient temperatures. This review comprehensively summarizes the key technologies underlying the distributed thermal management systems, addressing the specific heating and cooling requirements of each subsystem. The strengths and limitations of the individual thermal management approaches have been compared. Furthermore, the review highlights the progress in integrated thermal management systems (ITMS) for BEVs, examining configuration integration–classified into airflow, indirect secondary-loop, and direct refrigerant-side integration–and information integration within the context of connected and automated vehicles. The challenges and opportunities associated with the ITMS have also been critically discussed, in terms of the system configuration, refrigerant selection, intelligent integration, advanced battery technologies, and performance evaluation. This review aims to stimulate interest and debate in both academia and industries, contributing to the evolution of compact, efficient, and intelligent ITMS for battery electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic enhanced hierarchical deep learning framework for advanced LiFePO4 battery multi-state joint estimation","authors":"Maoshu Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Shen ,&nbsp;Qionglin Shi ,&nbsp;Zhuohao Li ,&nbsp;Haomiao Li ,&nbsp;Min Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Kangli Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development and increasing complexity of battery storage systems, achieving comprehensive and precise battery management requires transitioning from single-state estimation to accurate multi-state joint estimation. However, accurate multi-state joint estimation for LiFePO₄ batteries remains challenging due to two key factors: the flat external voltage curve leads to weak observability of internal states and independent estimators fail to capture the strong coupling between multi-states. To address these issues, we introduce ultrasound to obtain in-situ and in-operando information about the battery's internal physical and electrochemical states, significantly enhancing multi-states observability. Nonlinear correlation analysis reveals that ultrasonic time-of-flight (ToF) and spectral features show much stronger correlations with battery states than traditional external features. Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical deep learning framework with attention mechanisms to fully leverage the correlations between multi-states to improve the joint estimation. The estimation results demonstrate that the ultrasonic features and the hierarchical deep learning framework comprehensively enhance the core temperature (<em>T</em>_{<em>core</em>}), state-of-charge (SoC), and remaining discharge time (RDT) joint estimation of LiFePO₄ batteries. Compared to the traditional external features and independent estimators, the proposed framework achieves the RMSE of 0.198 °C (<em>T</em>_{<em>core</em>}), 1.045 % (SoC), and 208.5 s (RDT), resulting in RMSE reductions of 59 %, 52 %, and 61 %, respectively. This study pioneeringly introduces ultrasonic tests in multi-state joint estimation with high accuracy and low computational complexity, showing great potential in advanced battery management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances and perspectives in fire safety of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems","authors":"Zhuangzhuang Jia ,&nbsp;Kaiqiang Jin ,&nbsp;Wenxin Mei ,&nbsp;Peng Qin ,&nbsp;Jinhua Sun ,&nbsp;Qingsong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2024.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advantages of high energy density, short response time and low economic cost, utility-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage systems are built and installed around the world. However, due to the thermal runaway characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, much more attention is attracted to the fire safety of battery energy storage systems. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent advances in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery fire behavior and safety protection to solve the critical issues and develop safer LFP battery energy storage systems. Firstly, we overview the recent developments in thermal runaway mechanisms, gas venting behavior and fire behavior evolution at the battery, module, pack, and energy storage container levels. Afterward, the advanced thermal runaway warning and battery fire detection technologies are reviewed. Next, the multi-dimensional detection technologies that have applied in battery energy storage systems are discussed. Moreover, the general battery fire extinguishing agents and fire extinguishing methods are introduced. Finally, the recent development of fire protection strategies of LFP battery energy storage systems is summarized, and the future directions of firefighting technology are prospected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}