Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Uneven internal SOC distribution estimation of lithium-ion batteries using ultrasonic transmission signals: A new data screening technique and an improved deep residual network","authors":"Ting Tang ,&nbsp;Quan Xia ,&nbsp;Mingkang Xu ,&nbsp;Zhe Deng ,&nbsp;Fusheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Zeyu Wu ,&nbsp;Yi Ren ,&nbsp;Dezhen Yang ,&nbsp;Cheng Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic for state of charge (SOC) estimation of lithium-ion batteries has the advantages of non-destructive and real-time. The existing methods mainly depend on single-site detection, which is based on the assumption of uniform SOC distribution. However, the uneven SOC distribution existing inside the cell will cause rapid degradation of local performance, thereby bringing safety risks. Therefore, a novel method combining multi-site detection signals for the uneven internal SOC distribution estimation has been proposed, including Gaussian process regression-active learning (GPR-AL) and deep residual-pooling extreme learning machine (DR-PELM). Firstly, a focused ultrasonic beam is adopted to scan the cell. The preferred sites with lower uncertainty and their signal amplitude of ultrasonic waveform are extracted by GPR-AL. Then, DR-PELM has been established to learn the relationship between ultrasound signal features and SOC, which can reduce the impact of redundant information and noise. Finally, the accuracy of method has been verified through several case studies and destructive tests of lithium-ion detection. The results show that the mean error of general SOC estimation is 2.88 %, and the uneven SOC distribution estimation error is 0.37 %. Thus, the proposed method present good accuracy by integrating multiple selection sites with lower uncertainty and optimizing the network structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100406"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid thermal runaway detection of lithium-ion battery via swelling-based state-of-charge monitoring using piezoresistive sponge sensor","authors":"Joohyung Bang ,&nbsp;Byungkwon Chun ,&nbsp;Minhyeok Kim ,&nbsp;Jaeyoung Lim ,&nbsp;Yongha Han ,&nbsp;Hongyun So","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The early detection of thermal runaway (TR) and the accurate monitoring of the state of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are exceptionally critical in large-capacity applications. However, achieving both practicality and effective sensing capability for module-level LIB state diagnosis remains a challenge. Herein, we developed a swelling-based module-applicable rapid TR detection system using sponge-type piezoresistive swelling sensor. The unique feature of the sensor with inter-layer contact under high compression facilitates practical swelling detection with its high sensitivity (3.90 kPa⁻¹), durability, outstanding stability, near-zero hysteresis, and a high sensing resolution (&lt;10 μm) even under pre-compression. Based on its excellent scalability, pouch cell-level, prismatic cell-level, and module-level reversible swelling monitoring of LIBs in constrained structures were successfully validated under various operating conditions, with the swelling signal exhibiting a strong correlation with the state of charge (SOC). Finally, on the basis of reaction mechanism of TR and the swelling sensor signal, the module-level early TR detection occurs 1357 s before explosion. These results imply reliable LIB monitoring systems with substantial practicality using swelling sensors for enhanced TR detection of large-capacity LIB applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100404"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel aging modeling approach for second-life lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Ane Pérez,&nbsp;Idoia San Martín,&nbsp;Pablo Sanchis,&nbsp;Alfredo Ursúa","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electric mobility industry is booming. In order to reduce the environmental impact of this boom, there is the potential to reuse the batteries from electric vehicles. However, the technical and economic feasibility of the second-life of lithium-ion batteries remains in question. This is due to the intricate non-linear mechanisms that occur during battery degradation, leading to capacity and power loss. Ongoing research aims to create models that can predict the state of battery degradation. However, most studies have focused on the battery’s first life, operating within a limited state of health range and requiring constant monitoring of the battery’s exposure conditions. While these models provide satisfactory results for the battery’s performance in vehicles, they cannot be directly applied to second-life scenarios. In response to this issue, this article proposes a degradation modeling method for second-life batteries based on identifying and linearizing different degradation trends within the battery. This approach allows the application of the model without prior knowledge of the battery’s history. It has been validated for a state of health range of 95% to 20%, through both conventional charge-discharge tests and a real-world scenario involving a smart charging station for urban buses. The results obtained with the developed model are overall satisfactory, achieving a MAPE below 3% for capacity and 1.4% for internal resistance in the real-world scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing vehicle-to-grid systems: Smart integration of shared autonomous and conventional electric vehicles","authors":"Thurga R. Radha Krishnan ,&nbsp;Priya Ranjan Satpathy ,&nbsp;Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy ,&nbsp;Zahari Dollah ,&nbsp;Saranya Pulenthirarasa ,&nbsp;Agileswari Ramasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrification of transportation, driven by environmental concerns, has given rise to shared autonomous electric vehicles (SAEVs). Integrating SAEVs with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, enhances grid stability and energy management. Unlike privately owned electric vehicles (EVs), SAEVs are managed by fleet operators who ensures that the vehicles are strategically positioned to meet immediate transport demands and longer-duration charging and V2G operations. This paper highlights key distinctions between EVs and SAEVs in V2G systems and offers a detailed analysis of SAEVs' unique features that enhance their role in V2G integration. Their coordinated fleet dispatch minimizes idle time, maximizes V2G participation, and ensures optimal energy distribution more effectively than conventional EVs. However, SAEVs pose greater operational challenges due to connectivity, reliance on public charging hubs, and the need to balance transport services with grid participation, while EV participation in V2G is highly dependent on user willingness. This study reviews control strategies and optimization frameworks for managing EV and SAEV charging and discharging, addressing key objectives, constraints, and uncertainties while highlighting their differing requirements and interdependencies. It further examines the benefits, challenges, and mitigation strategies for V2G integration, providing key recommendations for future research and development in this sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the flexibility potential of electric vehicles in buildings and determining the investment strategy for charging infrastructure","authors":"Qi Chen,&nbsp;Xiaohua Liu,&nbsp;Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings and electric vehicles (EV) play complementary roles in the energy system, enhancing flexible electricity demand through the integration of charging stations within buildings. This study addresses the gap in quantifying the flexibility potential of EVs within buildings and developing investment strategies for charging piles, which have been overlooked in previous research. To tackle this, we propose an equivalent energy storage model and introduce the discount factor as a metric to assess EV dispatch capabilities and optimize the charging infrastructure installation. The research employs three charging modes and a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization framework to minimize net load variability. Key results demonstrate a tradeoff between the number of charging piles and dispatch capability. Bidirectional smart charging (BSC) significantly enhances flexibility, while charging piles exceeding 30 kW offer limited benefits. Furthermore, integrating photovoltaics (PV) substantially increases dispatch potential, with PV penetration above 20 % making charging pile investments more advantageous than battery. Once PV penetration exceeds 40 %, nearly all parking spaces in buildings can accommodate charging piles. The study quantifies EVs’ equivalent storage capacity and concludes that strategic investment in slow charging piles and high PV penetration is highly effective. This work introduces new metrics for evaluating EV dispatch capability and develops investment strategies for charging piles based on their comparative advantage over batteries. It also highlights the cost-effectiveness of EV infrastructure in enhancing energy flexibility, providing a clear roadmap for optimizing investments in EV charging systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced pulse charging strategies enhancing performances of lithium-ion battery: Fundamentals, advances and outlooks","authors":"Mingzhe Leng ,&nbsp;Changhua Hu ,&nbsp;Zhijie Zhou ,&nbsp;Chi Xia ,&nbsp;Leqiong Xie ,&nbsp;Xuemei Li ,&nbsp;Zhaoqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanyang Li ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Yating Chang ,&nbsp;Zhanrong Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiangming He","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Li-ion batteries (LIBs) play a crucial role in powering electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high voltage, compact size, and exceptional energy density. However, the limitations associated with rapid charging remain a significant barrier to the expansion of EV market, prompting ongoing research into more efficient and safer charging techniques. A key challenge lies in balancing charging speed with battery longevity. The widely adopted constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol often results in polarization and lithium plating during high-speed charging, which poses serious risks to battery health. In response, pulse charging (PC) has emerged as a promising alternative for enhancing the stability of LIBs across various chemistries. Internal factors such as diffusion resistance, polarization, and precipitation critically impact external parameters such as voltage, current, and capacity. pulse charging mitigates these issues by reducing internal polarization, relieving structural strain, promoting uniform lithium plating, constructing low-resistance solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films, and improving performance under low-temperature conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effect of pulse charging on battery cycle stability and discusses optimized strategies for charging management, thermal regulation, and the orthogonal design-coupling model, all aimed at reducing charging time while maximizing battery life in EVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143199923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transport mechanisms analysis of large-size proton exchange membrane fuel cells with novel integrated structure under ultra-high current densities","authors":"Wenming Huo ,&nbsp;Siyuan Wu ,&nbsp;Zhiming Bao ,&nbsp;Chasen Tongsh ,&nbsp;Biao Xie ,&nbsp;Mohamed Benbouzid ,&nbsp;Fei Gao ,&nbsp;Yassine Amirat ,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For proton exchange membrane fuel cells, augmenting power density is of utmost importance and designing novel structures to diminish volume represents a vital approach. Metal foam presents a promising substitute for conventional flow fields to obviate the need for gas diffusion layers, though the microstructural discrepancies with electrodes pose difficulties, especially in large-scale fuel cells. In this research, an integrated fuel cell structure combining nickel metal foam and a carbon nano fiber film (CNFF) is designed, trimming the single cell thickness from 1.275 mm to 0.885 mm. The CNFF facilitates the gas transport from metal foam to catalyst layers. A three-dimensional plus one-dimensional numerical model is constructed to elucidate the internal mechanisms. In a 1 cm² fuel cell, a thinner CNFF leads to membrane electrode assembly (MEA) dehydration and higher porosity hinders heat dissipation. When scaling up to 300 cm² and contrasting with a conventional parallel channel-rib fuel cell, the integrated fuel cell shows inferior performance at low and medium current densities due to elevated ionic ohmic loss. However, it surpasses the conventional one at high current densities, with the output voltage rising from 0.552 V to 0.593 V at 4.1 A cm⁻² due to diminished concentration loss. Additionally, temperature and relative humidity are pivotal parameters influencing the equilibrium between membrane water content and transport resistance. This research contributes to the design of integrated fuel cells with enhanced volume power density, providing valuable insights for their large-scale implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centralised vehicle-to-grid smart charging supported by PV generation for power variance minimisation at the transformer: A user’s perspective analysis","authors":"M. Secchi ,&nbsp;D. Macii ,&nbsp;G. Barchi ,&nbsp;M. Marinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies show that the electric vehicle (EV) fleet in the EU will reach 37–38 million units by 2035. Most of them are expected to be charged at home, boosting the number of residential charging stations to be installed. In order to decrease their environmental impact, these stations should be powered by clean energy sources, such as distributed photovoltaic (PV) generators. However, the increased penetration of EVs and PVs may cause large power supply and demand fluctuations, stressing the substation transformers. This paper proposes a centralised bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) smart EV charging policy minimising the net-load power variance (NLV) at the transformer. The proposed approach relies on the iterative solution of a Mixed-Integer Quadratically-Constrained Quadratic Programming (MIQCQP) problem that, unlike other research papers, keeps into account users’ charging/discharging requirements, and realistic charging limitations and efficiency. The impact of the resulting EV charging schedules is analysed at a district level for growing EV and PV penetration values, then compared with the results obtained with both unidirectional (V1G) and uncontrolled (UC) EV charging. Key elements of novelty of the work are: (i) the formalisation of the optimisation problem and its scalability potential, allowing for a multi-year analysis; (ii) an accurate assessment of the user self-sufficiency and the EV battery degradation by means of a physics-inspired model; (iii) an evaluation of the potential economic impact for EV owners over multiple years. Applying the proposed V2G strategy to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) reduces the NLV at the transformer by up to 80%, while increasing self-sufficiency by up to 23%, producing a minimal battery degradation. In the current market scenario, if the Distribution System Operator (DSO) offers a fair compensation for the V2G grid support, the potential yearly economic savings for battery electric vehicle (BEV) owners equipped with a residential PV generator range between 10% and 20%. This happens despite the higher V2G charging stations’ upfront costs and the faster BEV battery degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence algorithms optimize immersion boiling heat transfer strategies to mitigate thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Peizhao Lyu ,&nbsp;Zhenhua An ,&nbsp;Menghan Li ,&nbsp;Xinjian Liu ,&nbsp;Xuning Feng ,&nbsp;Zhonghao Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway (TR) of lithium-ion batteries is the main cause of fire accidents in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Energy Storage Stations (ESSs). Mitigating the TR is crucial for keeping safety of EVs and ESSs. The immersion boiling heat transfer technology is a promising candidate for mitigating TR of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, to address the TR issue induced by tab-overheating at the positive tab of pouch-type lithium-ion batteries, a coupled model, considering electro-thermal model, lumped TR model and boiling heat transfer model, was applied to investigated the mechanism of mitigating TR for pouch-type lithium-ion batteries. Besides, the artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms were applied to analyze the importance of parameters, predict the optimum surface heat flux of batteries and then optimize the key parameters of coolants to reinforce immersion boiling heat transfer performance. The results exhibit that the immersion boiling technology can mitigate TR issue of pouch-type lithium-ion batteries induced by tab overheating. Besides, the importance analysis of parameters of coolants shows that the density, viscosity, and specific heat capacity are the top three parameters that affect the mitigating performance. The AI algorithms behaved a good performance in evaluating and optimizing the mitigating performance for TR of lithium-ion batteries. Hence, this work can provide a refence for improving the safety of EVs and ESSs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards integrated thermal management systems in battery electric vehicles: A review","authors":"Xiaoya Li,&nbsp;Ruzhu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The market expansion of battery electric vehicles has stimulated the development of advanced vehicle thermal management systems to address the complicated thermal challenges of the batteries, cabin, motors, and power electronics across various driving conditions and ambient temperatures. This review comprehensively summarizes the key technologies underlying the distributed thermal management systems, addressing the specific heating and cooling requirements of each subsystem. The strengths and limitations of the individual thermal management approaches have been compared. Furthermore, the review highlights the progress in integrated thermal management systems (ITMS) for BEVs, examining configuration integration–classified into airflow, indirect secondary-loop, and direct refrigerant-side integration–and information integration within the context of connected and automated vehicles. The challenges and opportunities associated with the ITMS have also been critically discussed, in terms of the system configuration, refrigerant selection, intelligent integration, advanced battery technologies, and performance evaluation. This review aims to stimulate interest and debate in both academia and industries, contributing to the evolution of compact, efficient, and intelligent ITMS for battery electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}