Etransportation最新文献_第2页

A spatiotemporal clustering method for mobile energy storage routing and vehicle-to-grid 移动储能路径和车到网的时空聚类方法

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100478

Xinjiang Chen , Jiayang Yao , Guannan He

{"title":"A spatiotemporal clustering method for mobile energy storage routing and vehicle-to-grid","authors":"Xinjiang Chen , Jiayang Yao , Guannan He","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mobile Energy Storage (MES) has proven effective in integrating renewable energy and alleviating grid congestion due to its flexible deployment. However, in MES routing and Vehicle-to-Grid applications (such as energy arbitrage), the large-scale routing problem involving multiple vehicles and nodes encompasses high-dimensional spatiotemporal decision variables, making it challenging for general commercial solvers to solve efficiently. To address this challenge, we develop an improved time–space network-based model that uses feasible spatiotemporal arcs to represent the routing schemes for MES throughout the entire scheduling period. Furthermore, we propose an adaptive spatiotemporal clustering algorithm based on time–space network aggregation-split to solve the model quickly. In the aggregation phase, given the lower bound of cluster quantities, nodes with closely related spatiotemporal distances are clustered into one representative node. During the split phase, we design a spatiotemporal envelope method to identify nodes with potential arbitrage opportunities in each cluster and classify them into a separate cluster. We apply the proposed model and algorithm to the energy arbitrage of MES within the California power grid. The results reveal that, compared to the commercial solver, the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the average time overhead by 92.7%, while only sacrificing 0.9% in optimality in more than 300 daily scheduling cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100478"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Component-level analysis for developing an energy consumption model for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in operation 基于组件级分析的纯电动汽车运行能耗模型开发

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100472

Dongmin Kim, Kitae Jang

{"title":"Component-level analysis for developing an energy consumption model for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in operation","authors":"Dongmin Kim, Kitae Jang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In battery electric vehicles (BEV), energy originates in the battery and is transmitted to the wheels through a series of energy conversion processes involving the inverter and motor. Therefore, understanding the energy conversion mechanisms in both the inverter and motor is essential for accurately modeling energy consumption. However, in previous studies, real-world driving data are often limited, making it challenging to fully analyze the complex and nonlinear relationships within each conversion component. In this study, we collected input–output data from the inverters and motors of fifty-four BEVs, measured repeatedly over time. The data revealed a piecewise nonlinear relationship between input and output, prompting us to partition the models by different phases: propulsion, regeneration, and battery status. For each phase, we applied linear mixed-effects models to account for the hierarchical structure of the data, estimating coefficients separately for the inverter and motor using a randomly selected 75% of the dataset. Through this component-level modeling approach, the models not only capture component-level random-effect parameters but also effectively model the nonlinear energy conversion characteristics at the component level. The two models were then integrated to estimate the total driving energy consumption of the BEVs, and the results were validated against actual observations using the total driving energy from the remaining 25% of the dataset. Model performance was evaluated using the Total Consumption Estimation Rate (TCER) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The proposed model achieved at least 95.27% in TCER and 86.34% in MAPE, outperforming existing approaches with a 20% higher TCER and an MAPE approximately ten times lower on average. The comparison demonstrated that our model accurately estimates driving energy consumption, as it effectively captured the heterogeneous and nonlinear relationships between input and output energy for each component.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100472"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revealing the self-ignition mechanism of lithium iron phosphate battery modules: the coupling effect of battery inconsistency and BMS failure 揭示磷酸铁锂电池模块自燃机理：电池不一致性与BMS失效的耦合效应

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100484

Yuxuan Li , Wenxin Mei , Yin Yu , Chaoshi Liu , Yue Zhang , Ping Zhuo , Ye Chen , Jinhua Sun , Kaiqiang Jin , Qingsong Wang , Qiangling Duan

{"title":"Revealing the self-ignition mechanism of lithium iron phosphate battery modules: the coupling effect of battery inconsistency and BMS failure","authors":"Yuxuan Li , Wenxin Mei , Yin Yu , Chaoshi Liu , Yue Zhang , Ping Zhuo , Ye Chen , Jinhua Sun , Kaiqiang Jin , Qingsong Wang , Qiangling Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are widely used in energy storage stations (ESS) and electric vehicles owing to their intrinsic safety and long cycle life. While flame formation during thermal runaway (TR) is rarely observed at the single-cell level, module-level fires have been increasingly reported in operational ESS installations. In this study, we experimentally reproduced spontaneous ignition in LFP modules under conditions of BMS failure and state of charge (SOC) mismatch. Our results show that, although a single LFP cell does not self-ignite during TR, module-level thermal runaway propagation (TRP) can concentrate heat and accumulate electrolytes, thereby creating conditions favorable for ignition. Two primary ignition mechanisms were identified: (1) frictional sparks arising from safety valve ruptures, and (2) arc triggered by pooled electrolytes that cause external short circuits. Furthermore, TRP accelerates heat accumulation and mechanical expansion, forming a positive feedback loop that intensifies fire hazards. Notably, the TRP time interval between successive internal rolls was reduced by 85.5 % (from 241 s to 35 s) once ignition occurred, while the module expansion force increased by 136.3 % compared with the pre-TR state (from 167.4 kgf to 395.6 kgf). These findings challenge the conventional single-cell safety paradigm and highlight the urgent need for revised module-level safety strategies in the design of electrochemical ESS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100484"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting battery degradation for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft: A comprehensive review of methods, challenges, and future trends 预测电动垂直起降（eVTOL）飞机电池退化：方法、挑战和未来趋势的综合回顾

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100477

Baoji Wang , Teng Xu , Bailin Zheng , Yue Kai , Kai Zhang

{"title":"Predicting battery degradation for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft: A comprehensive review of methods, challenges, and future trends","authors":"Baoji Wang , Teng Xu , Bailin Zheng , Yue Kai , Kai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of intelligent technologies in aviation, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have emerged as key players in the low-altitude economy, their battery performance directly impacts safety and cost, making accurate prediction essential. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on battery degradation prediction methods for eVTOL aircraft, providing a brief overview on early modeling approaches and placing primary emphasis on recent advances in their applicability and limitations under unique operational scenarios of eVTOL, such as frequent takeoffs and landings, high power loads, and complex environmental conditions. Current prediction efforts primarily target key indicators including battery lifespan, health status, and capacity retention, employing a range of technical approaches such as electrochemical modeling, equivalent circuit modeling, data-driven algorithms like machine learning and deep learning, and hybrid physics-informed models that integrate domain knowledge with data analysis. The review systematically summarizes the main prediction methods and their evolution in different phases of the development of eVTOL technology. On this basis, we highlight existing technical bottlenecks and unresolved challenges, including the high demand for data and computational resources limiting real-time performance, poor accuracy of traditional models under high discharge rates and extreme conditions, challenges in accurately modeling complex multi-physics interactions and achieving a stable balance among prediction accuracy, interpretability, and real-time computational efficiency, as well as the scarcity of historical flight data affecting model reliability and generalization. This review also proposes future research directions to enhance the reliability and accuracy of battery degradation forecasting for eVTOL applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Grid-friendly operation of EV parking lots: Optimal load management under cluster power and phase unbalance constraints 电动汽车停车场的电网友好运行：集群功率和相位不平衡约束下的最优负荷管理

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100458

Xihai Cao, Jan Engelhardt, Charalampos Ziras, Mattia Marinelli

引用次数: 0

Advancing the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis: Perspective on the affordable hydrogen production cost 推进质子交换膜电解：从可负担的制氢成本的角度

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100481

Junyu Zhang , Mingye Yang , Gongquan Wang , Jian Dang , Xu Hao , Depeng Kong , Fuyuan Yang , Minggao Ouyang

{"title":"Advancing the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis: Perspective on the affordable hydrogen production cost","authors":"Junyu Zhang , Mingye Yang , Gongquan Wang , Jian Dang , Xu Hao , Depeng Kong , Fuyuan Yang , Minggao Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis demonstrates critical advantages for renewable-integrated hydrogen production, including rapid dynamic response (<1s), high current density (>3 A cm<sup>−2</sup>), and pressurized output (≥350 bar) to reduce compression costs. However, high material costs (Ir-based catalysts, Ti bipolar plates, membranes) and durability challenges under harsh conditions (pH 2–4, 60–90 °C, O<sub>2</sub> saturation) hinder commercialization. Recent advances propose multi-level optimizations: 1) Material innovations (low-iridium catalysts, corrosion-resistant porous transport layers, etc.); 2) Interface engineering to enhance triple-phase boundaries and mitigate catalyst isolation; 3) Component integration (one-piece electrode assembly, artificial intelligence-driven optimized configuration). Techno-economic projections indicate 50–60 % cost reduction through scaled production and efficiency gains, potentially achieving <2.5 USD/kg H<sub>2</sub> by 2030. Through AI-driven configuration parameters of components and system control strategy optimization, the realization of inexpensive hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles can be further accelerated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cathode with a temperature-switchable interlayer for thermally self-regulating smart lithium-ion batteries 具有温度可切换中间层的阴极，用于热自动调节智能锂离子电池

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100483

Kehan Le , Chunchun Sang , Qijun Luo , Hui Li , Yongjin Fang , Xinping Ai

{"title":"Cathode with a temperature-switchable interlayer for thermally self-regulating smart lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Kehan Le , Chunchun Sang , Qijun Luo , Hui Li , Yongjin Fang , Xinping Ai","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal safety is crucial for the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles and energy storage stations. To boost thermal safety of LIBs, we propose herein a reversible temperature-responsive membrane (RTRM) and use this membrane as surface-modification layer of current collector to develop temperature-responsive cathodes. The RTRM is fabricated by uniformly dispersing conductive fillers of short-cut carbon fibers (CCFs) in a blended plastic matrix of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) through solution casting. Benefiting from the large thermal expansion provided by LDPE and good structural reproducibility given rise by the ultra-high melt viscosity of UHMWPE, the as-fabricated RTRM exhibits a strong and reversible positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect, with its resistivity increasing sharply by 7.1 orders of magnitude at 110–120 °C and returning to the initial value reversibly upon cooling down even after 30 thermal cycles. As a result, the LiFePO<sub>4</sub> cathode with the RTRM demonstrates a reversible temperature-switching behavior by spontaneously halting the electrode reaction at elevated temperatures and resuming the electrode reaction upon cooling, thereby providing reversible thermal protection for LIBs. Notably, such a temperature-switchable cathode maintains normal charge-discharge performance even after 28 thermal on/off cycles. This study offers a promising strategy for developing temperature-responsive cathode and thermally self-regulating smart LIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100483"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Online generation of full-frequency electrochemical impedance spectra for Lithium-ion batteries using early-stage partial relaxation voltage curve 利用早期部分弛豫电压曲线在线生成锂离子电池全频率电化学阻抗谱

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100482

Jiajun Zhu , Xin Lai , Zhicheng Zhu , Penghui Ke , Yuejiu Zheng , Xiaopeng Tang , Xiang Li , Ye Yuan , Haoyu Chong , Chenhui Yan , Ying Wang , Yanke Lin , Xiaolei Zhou , Yingjie Chen

{"title":"Online generation of full-frequency electrochemical impedance spectra for Lithium-ion batteries using early-stage partial relaxation voltage curve","authors":"Jiajun Zhu , Xin Lai , Zhicheng Zhu , Penghui Ke , Yuejiu Zheng , Xiaopeng Tang , Xiang Li , Ye Yuan , Haoyu Chong , Chenhui Yan , Ying Wang , Yanke Lin , Xiaolei Zhou , Yingjie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) serves as a powerful non-destructive tool for lithium-ion battery state assessment, yet its real-time application faces significant challenges including expensive hardware requirements, time-consuming measurements, and stringent data quality demands. This study develops a hardware-free online electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using only relaxation voltage, achieved through a physics-informed neural network (PINN) that predicts full-frequency EIS from early-stage partial relaxation curves. The proposed approach exhibits remarkable insensitivity to battery state of charge and state of health, as validated by a comprehensive dataset containing over 300 impedance spectra from four batteries under various aging conditions. Experimental results demonstrate accurate EIS prediction with relative errors (RE) below 5.6 % and mean absolute errors (MAE) below 1.12 mΩ when using complete relaxation curves. Crucially, the method maintains reliability under practical constraints, achieving maximum RE of 6.1 % and MAE of 1.29 mΩ even with limited sampling data and shortened relaxation curves. By enabling online full-frequency EIS acquisition through relaxation voltage signals without hardware requirements, this work establishes a new paradigm for real-time battery diagnostics, providing valuable insights for state estimation and fault detection in battery management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100482"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A state-of-the-art review on eVTOL thermal management: system architectures, key components and emerging technologies eVTOL热管理的最新研究综述：系统架构、关键组件和新兴技术

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100480

Zhe Li , Peng Xie , Cheng Lin , Guoyu Liu

{"title":"A state-of-the-art review on eVTOL thermal management: system architectures, key components and emerging technologies","authors":"Zhe Li , Peng Xie , Cheng Lin , Guoyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) represent a transformative solution for modern transportation, offering high speed, low noise, and operational flexibility. However, the performance of their powertrains is highly temperature-sensitive, and their operating scenarios and mission profiles differ significantly from those of ground-based electric vehicles (EVs). In addition, cabin thermal regulation significantly affects energy consumption, thereby influencing the flight range. Consequently, an efficient thermal management system (TMS) is essential for eVTOL applications. This paper first reviews eVTOL powertrain architectures, followed by a systematic examination of the corresponding TMS architectures, including their operating principles, characteristics, and limitations. The thermal management requirements of key powertrain components are then analyzed, along with the review of relevant thermal management technologies. Moreover, emerging technologies applicable to eVTOLs are discussed, with an emphasis on their potential to enhance system performance. Finally, current research gaps are identified, and directions for future investigation are proposed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dedicated review of thermal management technologies for eVTOLs, aiming to clarify the state of the art, identify existing challenges, and provide valuable insights for researchers and industry practitioners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Three-dimensional modeling with experimental validation of non-PGM polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells 非pgm聚合物电解质膜燃料电池的三维建模与实验验证

IF 17 1区工程技术

Etransportation Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100479

Yiheng Pang , Rui Gao , Yujiang Song , Hui Xu , Yun Wang

{"title":"Three-dimensional modeling with experimental validation of non-PGM polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells","authors":"Yiheng Pang , Rui Gao , Yujiang Song , Hui Xu , Yun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High catalyst cost impedes PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) commercialization, making the development of high-performance non-platinum(Pt) group metal (PGM) cathode catalyst layers (CLs) critical for advancing fuel cell technology. CLs contribute to a major portion of PEMFCs cost due to the use of PGM catalysts. To reduce the cost, non-PGM catalysts offer a viable alternative to low-Pt loading. In this study, we develop a three-dimensional (3-D) model to investigate the reaction rate, oxygen, and liquid water distributions in PEMFCs with a focus on the non-PGM cathode catalyst layer, which provides unique insights into electrochemically coupled transport processes that cannot be resolved by reduced-dimension or experimental approaches. Experiments were conducted using two types of non-PGM catalysts, including Fe-N-C and Mn-N-C based materials, to validate the 3-D model predictions. It is shown that CL properties such as catalyst materials, porosity, and ionomer content can play important roles in PEMFCs voltage gain, highlighting the performance impact of non-PGM catalysts. Large variations in the liquid water and oxygen contents occur in the gas diffusion layer from the land to channel under 1 A/cm<sup>2</sup>. The through-plane distributions under the channel show large spatial variations across the non-PGM CLs in oxygen and the electrolyte phase potential. Liquid water shows little change across the catalyst layer based on the 3-D model prediction. These findings advance PEMFC development by informing the design of durable, high-performance non-PGM CLs to reduce fuel cell cost for transportation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100479"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0