Etransportation最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic control of stack temperature prevents abnormal flooding in 60 kW PEM fuel Cells: Modeling and 2000h road validation","authors":"Shuai Zhu,&nbsp;Po Hong,&nbsp;Pingwen Ming,&nbsp;Cunman Zhang,&nbsp;Bing Li,&nbsp;Weibo Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water content inside the stack affects durability of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in vehicle. Gas temperature and relative humidity at stack inlet are important factors affecting the water content. This paper proposes a model-based dynamic control of stack temperature to prevent abnormal flooding in a 60 kW PEM fuel cell stack with experiment validation. To be specific, a hydrothermal dynamic model of air supply subsystem including gas-gas humidifier is established by taking into consideration heat exchange between air supply subsystem and environment, heat capacity of humidifier and influence of liquid water at stack outlet on exchange of heat and water in humidifier. Simulation result shows that during load change, liquid water at stack outlet and thermal response of parts of air supply subsystem (particularly the humidifier) dominate large latency and multi-stage dynamic response of gas temperature and relative humidity at stack inlet. Experiment is performed on a 60 kW fuel cell system. During load increase, gas temperature at stack inlet rises in four stages, which is consistent with simulation result. During load decrease, average high frequency impedance, air temperature at stack inlet and average cell voltage of the stack are gradually decreased and reach stable state in about 2000s. Experiment result validates the dynamic model and discovers abnormal phenomenon of flooding for the stack at 87A. Accordingly, a control strategy for water management by adjusting stack temperature is further developed to adapt to variable environment condition. Finally, road test indicates that the water management strategy effectively reduces degradation rate of cell voltage to −2.18μV/h within 2000h from winter to autumn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100447"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ estimation of nitrogen concentration in fuel cell systems via anode pressure drop modeling","authors":"Naiyuan Yao ,&nbsp;Tiancai Ma ,&nbsp;Weikang Lin ,&nbsp;Lei Shi ,&nbsp;Yanbo Yang ,&nbsp;Ruitao Li ,&nbsp;Ziheng Gu ,&nbsp;Jinxuan Qi ,&nbsp;Enyong Li ,&nbsp;Qiyuan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing hydrogen supply control is critical to enhancing the efficiency and lifespan of fuel cell systems. Nitrogen permeation across the membrane dilutes hydrogen concentration and increases the risk of hydrogen starvation. However, the absence of real-time, cost-effective methods to monitor or estimate nitrogen concentration hinders efforts to optimize hydrogen utilization and mitigate hydrogen starvation. To address these challenges, this study establishes an anode pressure drop model incorporating key operational parameters, including nitrogen concentration. Then, a series of experiments under various operating conditions are conducted on a 130 kW full-scale fuel cell system to validate the model, with the ultrasonic sensor employed to measure the flow rate and gas concentration within the hydrogen recirculation loop. Finally, a nitrogen concentration estimation algorithm based on the model is proposed and experimentally verified. Results demonstrate that the mean absolute error of the estimated nitrogen concentration is around 1 vol% under steady-state and dynamic conditions. This work employs a mechanistic model based on the relationship between gas composition and viscosity to elucidate the coupled variation of anode pressure drop and nitrogen concentration. Compared with existing solutions, the proposed nitrogen concentration estimation algorithm features high accuracy, low cost, and robustness against stack degradation, and can be implemented in controllers for in-situ nitrogen concentration estimation. These advancements enable predictive hydrogen supply regulation, which is anticipated to improve the system's durability and efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LSTM-augmented DRL for generalisable energy management of hydrogen-hybrid ship propulsion systems","authors":"Ailong Fan ,&nbsp;Hanyou Liu ,&nbsp;Peng Wu ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Cong Guan ,&nbsp;Taotao Li ,&nbsp;Richard Bucknall ,&nbsp;Yuanchang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the generalisation of energy management strategies is crucial for hybrid ship power systems to adapt to unknown navigation conditions effectively. A long short-term memory (LSTM)-based data augmentation method is employed to mitigate uncertainty in propulsion power, thereby enhancing the generalisation of energy management strategies based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Simulations using a hybrid propulsion model and operational data from “Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No.1” compared DQN and DDPG algorithms with and without LSTM integration. By evaluating the DRL strategy's performance in reducing fuel cell operating pressure and energy consumption before and after data augmentation, the quality of generalisation performance is characterised. Results show that optimisation target weights affect training convergence and performance under unknown test conditions. Data enhancement via the LSTM model improves DRL generalisation in unknown navigation conditions. Compared to original DDPG, LSTM-DDPG reduces FC operating pressure by 5.82 % and 1.86 %, and cuts hydrogen consumption by 0.80 % and 2.13 % under two days of unknown conditions. This research offers guidance for designing energy management strategies with high generalisation, addressing adaptability issues with real-world data uncertainty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance solid-state sodium-ion batteries for lightweight electric vehicles: A closed-loop feedback-optimized composite electrolyte design","authors":"Liu Pei ,&nbsp;Ying Han ,&nbsp;Jingjing Dong ,&nbsp;Yifei Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Xingliang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhidan Diao ,&nbsp;Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Xindong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The composite solid electrolytes integrate the merits of polymers and inorganic materials, which provide a strong guarantee for the safety and stability of solid-state sodium-ion battery systems. In this work, based on the multicomponent synergistic effect in the composite electrolytes, the system composition of the electrolytes was regulated by the closed-loop feedback strategy, and the novel composite solid electrolytes modified by NASICON(Na Super Ionic Conductor) active fillers were constructed, and the sodium ion transport pathways in the system were explored in detail. Meanwhile, N'N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was chosen as the solvent to form [DMF-Na⁺] as the transport carriers, and the co-allocation competition state between -CN and TFSI- anions enhanced the dissociation process of sodium salts. The introduction of Na_3.4Zr_1.8Ni_0.2Si₂PO₁₂ improved the migration ability of sodium ions in the electrolytes, thereby significantly improving the performance of the composite solid electrolytes. The prepared PNS/NZSP-Ni0.2 (PVDF/NaTFSI/SN/Na_3.4Zr_1.8Ni_0.2Si₂PO₁₂) electrolytes exhibit high sodium ion conductivity of 1.02 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature. The further assembled Na|PNS/NZSP-Ni0.2|Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ solid-state sodium-ion battery shows excellent cycling stability, with a capacity retention rate of 90 % after 700 cycles at a current density of 0.5C. This work advances the development of safe, high-performance batteries for transportation electrification and grid-scale energy storage, while the closed-loop feedback strategy has been applied for the first time to the optimization of sodium-ion solid electrolytes, overcoming the bottleneck of single-component optimization of electrolytes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100439"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual modification of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode via Ti doping and Li4Ti5O12 coating for mitigating interfacial degradation and improving cycle stability in all-solid-state batteries","authors":"Seungwoo Lee ,&nbsp;Jeongheon Kim ,&nbsp;Jaeik Kim ,&nbsp;Joonhyeok Park ,&nbsp;Chanho Kim ,&nbsp;Ungyu Paik ,&nbsp;Taeseup Song","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) face critical challenges, including the structural collapse of cathode active materials (CAMs) during cycling and interfacial instability between the sulfide-based solid electrolyte (SE) and the cathode, which leads to deteriorated electrochemical performance. Here, we report high-performance ASSBs enabled by localized titanium (Ti) doping and the formation of a Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) coating layer on CAMs, utilizing residual lithium (Li) components present on their surface as the Li source. The LTO offers a cost-effective, earth-abundant, and electrochemically stable alternative to LiNbO₃. Ti incorporation into the LiNi_xCo_yMn_1-x-yO₂ (NCM) lattice enhances the mechanical robustness of secondary particles by reinforcing their structural integrity. Moreover, the conformal LTO layer serves as a chemically stable interphase that effectively suppresses undesirable side reactions with sulfide-based SEs. The combination of Ti doping and LTO surface modification synergistically improves the mechanical integrity and interfacial stability of the electrode. As a result, ASSBs employing Ti-NCM@LTO with a high areal capacity of 8 mAh/cm² exhibit enhanced electrochemical properties, including an initial capacity of 165.9 mAh/g, outstanding cycle stability of 83.4 % at 0.1C over 100 cycles, and a rate capability (reversible capacity) of 166.4, 148.4, 135.5, 130.4 and 119.4 mAh/g at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0C, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100437"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic model for estimation of hydrogen flow rate in hydrogen recirculation system for the PEM fuel cell stack","authors":"Po Hong,&nbsp;Pingwen Ming,&nbsp;Cunman Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen utilization rate is critical for hydrogen-electricity conversion efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. Significant part of hydrogen is inevitably wasted as a result of essential periodical vent of accumulated gaseous and liquid impurities, which degrades hydrogen flow rate and hydrogen concentration, in hydrogen recirculation system (HRS) for anode reaction chamber of the stack. Estimation of hydrogen flow rate is the key to improving hydrogen utilization rate, because impurities can be vented only when actual flow rate is lower than acceptable range. This paper investigates dynamic model of the HRS to construct connection between hydrogen flow rate and obtainable parameters. Firstly, lumped-parameter dynamic model is established for the recirculation pump-driven and ejector-driven HRS. Coupling mechanism between hydrogen flow rate and pressure of each recirculation apparatus is introduced to dynamic model, and then transfer function between pressure at inlet and outlet of anode chamber is derived for estimation of hydrogen flow rate in comparison. According to Nyquist plot, the recirculation pump-driven HRS behaves as a common first-order or second-order inertial system while the ejector-driven HRS behaves as a novel shifted first-order system. Secondly, effect of purge valve action on flow rate of the ejector-driven HRS is analyzed in analogical way based on transition between operating points on ejector characteristic curve. It shows that opening purge valve contributes to larger flow rate, even if pressure at backflow inlet is decreased. Thirdly, experiment on plant of an ejector-driven HRS shows that Nyquist plot of transfer function in complex coordinate is a circle with origin included and it's in consistent with that by dynamic model. Besides, relation is found between circle radius and flow rate at ejector outlet. Finally, experiment result on a 120 kW fuel cell system validates explanation to effect of opening purge valve on hydrogen flow rate of the ejector-driven HRS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamental insights into static immersion cooling of large-scale lithium-ion Batteries: Thermal behavior, heat transfer mechanisms, and multivariable analysis","authors":"Shaohong Zeng ,&nbsp;Jiaxing Li ,&nbsp;Sihui Hong ,&nbsp;Yajun Qiao ,&nbsp;Weixiong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immersion cooling has emerged as a promising thermal management solution for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), offering superior heat dissipation compared to conventional methods. However, most existing research predominantly focused on small-scale, low-power batteries, leaving a critical gap in understanding static immersion cooling (SIC) for large-scale batteries. In this study, a dedicated experimental platform was developed to systematically investigate the thermal control performance of cooling methods, immersion heights, battery placements, ambient temperatures, and dielectric fluid types (transformer oil, silicone oil, and fluorinated liquids). The results indicate that fully immersing the LIB in transformer oil reduces the battery maximum temperature by 30–35 % compared to natural air convection, while maintaining heat dissipation rate of 45–60 %. Under high discharge rates (5 C), the battery temperature can be effectively kept below the 60 °C safety threshold. Furthermore, the natural convection patterns in the fluid and heat transfer characteristics were analyzed. It is found that fluid natural convection may increase the temperature difference when the battery is immersed upright, whereas an inverted configuration could improve temperature uniformity. Besides, among the tested dielectric fluids, fluorinated liquid exhibits superior performance, achieving a heat dissipation rate of 54.13 %, attributed to its high heat capacity and low viscosity. This research provides fundamental insights into SIC mechanisms, advancing the design of efficient immersion thermal management technology for applications in electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting battery capacity for second-life applications using physics-informed recurrent neural networks","authors":"Sina Navidi ,&nbsp;Kristupas Bajarunas ,&nbsp;Manuel Arias Chao ,&nbsp;Chao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately forecasting lithium-ion battery capacity degradation is crucial for optimizing the second-life utilization of these batteries, enabling reliable operation, reduced maintenance costs, and extended life cycle performance. However, achieving consistent forecasting accuracy across cells and over time remains challenging due to significant cell-to-cell variability and substantial changes in real-world usage conditions during the transition from first to second life. In this study, we propose a new physics-informed machine learning method that integrates an aging-aware electrochemical model with a recurrent neural network, creating a physics-informed recurrent neural network (PI-RNN). This hybrid model leverages both physics-based insights and data-driven learning to predict capacity fade under diverse usage conditions, including transitions from first- to second-life applications. We evaluate PI-RNN using two datasets: an open-source NASA dataset comprising 28 lithium cobalt oxide/graphite cells, and a newly collected dataset of 39 commercial lithium iron phosphate/graphite cells, where cells were initially cycled to 80% capacity in their first life before undergoing milder cycling in their second life. While PI-RNN performs comparably to data-driven models in the first-life phase, it demonstrates a clear advantage in second-life forecasting, reducing root mean squared error by approximately 40%–70% compared to baseline models when forecasting periods span the transition from first to second life, even when trained on as few as two cells. Parametric studies highlight the advantages of incorporating physics-based modeling, and uncertainty quantification ensures the reliability of long-term capacity forecasting. In addition, we conducted benchmarking studies to systematically assess the advantages and limitations of the proposed model, thus identifying the scenarios where this approach excels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100432"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grid integration of electric vehicles within electricity and carbon markets: A comprehensive overview","authors":"Xiang Lei ,&nbsp;Jiahao Zhong ,&nbsp;Yunwang Chen ,&nbsp;Ziyun Shao ,&nbsp;Linni Jian","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy security and the urgent challenges posed by climate change remain paramount in contemporary discourse, underscoring the critical need for substantial reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) are widely regarded as a promising solution for decreasing carbon emissions and reducing reliance on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Additionally, the development of electricity and carbon markets is essential for fostering renewable energy adoption, enhancing energy efficiency, and strengthening decentralized power supply systems. These market mechanisms are strategically designed to accelerate the transition to clean energy sources, thus reducing emissions and mitigating climate change impacts. Despite the significant body of literature exploring EV integration within electricity markets, this field remains nascent and rapidly evolving. This study presents a comprehensive review, elucidating current trends, key challenges, and future requirements. It introduces foundational concepts within electricity and carbon markets, examines diverse policy and regulatory frameworks, and highlights notable global initiatives aimed at supporting EV integration. Additionally, this review critically evaluates bidding strategies proposed in the literature, analyzing their advantages and limitations in the context of EV participation in electricity markets. The discussion further examines market clearance algorithms as applied to EV electricity trading, assessing their effectiveness, strengths, and potential drawbacks. The review concludes by summarizing critical insights and suggesting avenues for future research and innovation in EV grid integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100435"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bi-coordinating solvent in EC-free electrolyte to inhibit electrode crosstalk in high-voltage lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Mingsheng Qin ,&nbsp;Fenfen Ma ,&nbsp;Qiang Wu ,&nbsp;Ziqi Zeng ,&nbsp;Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Shijie Cheng ,&nbsp;Jia Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elevating the cut-off voltage is a pragmatic way to boost the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which nevertheless is plagued by the vulnerable electrolyte chemistry and parasite reactions at interphase. Herein, we proposed a new electrolyte design based on dicarbonyl solvents, which decreases HOMO energy level of 0.95 eV by forming bi-coordinating Li⁺ solvates. Moreover, dicarbonyl solvents facilitate hydrogen-transfer reaction with PF₆⁻ in the solvent-dominated chemistry, constructing an LiF-rich interphase for kinetic passivation. This peculiar coordination geometry contributes to less transition metal dissolution (&gt;60 % reduction) and improved capacity retention (from 48 % to 71 %) after cycling at 4.5 V. Consequently, the designed electrolyte shows wide-liquid range (−60∼60 °C) and oxidative tolerance (4.8 V vs. Li/Li⁺), validated in the 4.5 V-charged NCM811/graphite pouch cells at practical conditions. This work provides a new electrolyte design for advancing LIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100434"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}