International Journal of Thermofluids最新文献

{"title":"Numerical investigation of thermoreactive hybrid nanofluid flow with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux over a porous disk","authors":"Talha Anwar ,&nbsp;Qadeer Raza ,&nbsp;Bagh Ali ,&nbsp;Ehsanullah Hemati","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the unsteady three-dimensional mixed convection flow of a hybrid nanofluid over an expanding or contracting porous disk, taking into account Cattaneo–Christov heat flux, activation energy, and chemical reaction effects. Two types of nanoparticles, metallic (Cu) and non-metallic (Al₂O₃) are dispersed in a water-based fluid, accounting for nanolayer thermal conductivity and internal heat generation. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed via similarity variables and solved numerically using an optimized shooting method with a fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme. Results indicate that increasing the mixed convection parameter significantly enhances radial velocity, while a higher buoyancy ratio suppresses it. Activation energy and thermal gradients were found to intensify mass transfer, whereas strong internal heat generation reduces heat transfer efficiency due to thermal resistance. Additionally, higher nanoparticle volume fractions improve momentum transport but may lower thermal and mass diffusivity. These findings contribute to the design and optimization of advanced thermal systems, with real-life applications in rotating thermal reactors, porous catalytic converters, energy harvesting devices, and magnetically controlled nanofluid transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the drying uniformity in solar drying systems: Computational and experimental study","authors":"Halefom Kidane ,&nbsp;Istvan Farkas ,&nbsp;János Buzás","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drying is a widely used method for food preservation, but convectional drying systems are energy-intensive. Solar drying presents a sustainable and cost-effective alternative, offering significant energy savings and reduced environmental impact. However, challenges such as poor airflow uniformity and inefficiencies within the drying chamber limit its performance and product consistency. This study investigates the use of triangular and rectangular baffles, along with swirl generators, inside a drying chamber connected to a diffuser-shaped single-pass solar air heater to improve flow uniformity. While baffles are commonly used in various thermal systems and process equipment to improve flow uniformity, their application in solar dryers remains limited. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to analyze airflow patterns, identify inefficiencies in the baseline design, and assess the impact of proposed modifications. Experimental validation was also performed to evaluate the effects of baffles and swirlers on drying uniformity under varying solar radiation and ambient conditions. Results demonstrated that triangular baffles improved moisture distribution across trays, reducing the coefficient of variation (Cv) from 11.16 % to 10.26 %. Similarly, the integration of rectangular baffles lowered Cv from 12.55 % to 10.96 %, indicating enhanced uniformity in weight loss. The incorporation of a swirler further improved drying consistency, with Cv decreasing markedly from 14.95 % to 8.86 %.These findings highlights that internal airflow control elements such as baffles and swirlers effectively enhance drying performance and product consistency across trays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial bent fins for the phase-change heat transfer enhancement in triplex-tube ice storage systems","authors":"Farhad Afsharpanah ,&nbsp;Masoudi Izadi ,&nbsp;Seyed Soheil Mousavi Ajarostaghi ,&nbsp;Sébastien Poncet ,&nbsp;Leyla Amiri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fins are known as effective tools to compensate for the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCMs) and increase the phase change rate in latent thermal energy storage devices. Numerous innovative fins have been designed and introduced in previous studies; however, fabrication complexity usually hinders these fins from entering the industry. The current work introduces a practical yet effective axial bent fin configuration to improve the rate of ice formation, saving time and operational costs in a triplex-tube ice storage system without imposing any complicated fabrication process for the fins. Through transient computational simulations, the influence of various fin parameters, such as the bend angle (30°, 60°, and 90°), direction (unidirectional and bidirectional), and location (near the roots, in the middle, and near the tips), on solidification is studied. It is essential to note that during these examinations, not only the PCM volume but also the heat transfer surface is kept constant. Based on the results, bending the fins with an angle of 60° in a bidirectional configuration and with a bend formed near the roots yields the best solidification rate. The findings reveal that the bend fins can offer up to 45.03% acceleration in the solidification rate compared to the finless case and up to 7.98% improvement compared to the case with conventional straight fins with the same heat transfer surface area and PCM volume. Considering that the fins are not complex, this approach can be a practical solution for industrial and commercial applications in thermal energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of internal heat production and absorption on an unstable MHD free convective flow through an inclined porous plate","authors":"Mahamudul Hassan Milon,&nbsp;Md Hasanuzzaman,&nbsp;Ashish Barmon,&nbsp;Md. Asaduzzaman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a numerical analysis of the effects of internal heat generation and absorption on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convective flow along an inclined porous plate. The local similarity transformation transforms the governing partial differential equations into ordinary ones. To obtain numerical solutions, the resulting ordinary differential equations are tackled using the shooting technique in conjunction with MATLAB software. The effects of key dimensionless parameters, including heat generation or absorption parameter<span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, magnetic force parameter<span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, inclined angle (<span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>), Schmidt number <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, Prandtl number<span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mtext>Pr</mtext><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, Soret number <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mtext>Sr</mtext><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, local Grashof number (Gr), suction parameter <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>v</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, Dufour number <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mtext>Df</mtext><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and modified Grashof number <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mtext>Gm</mtext><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> on flow, concentration, and temperature distributions are considered and showcased. The fluid velocity and temperature rises as the internal heat generation values increases. As the value of Q increases from 0.6 to 2.0, the local skin-friction coefficient increases by about 17% whereas the heat transfer rate experiences a significant reduction of 83%. An increase in the inclination angle results in a reduction in fluid velocity. Finally, a comparison with previously published results confirms that the present numerical solutions are in good agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3E (Energy, Exergy, and Economic) comparative analysis for a novel methane-nitrogen finned channel printed circuit heat exchanger at supercritical pressures in small-scale natural gas liquefaction refineries","authors":"Mehdi Salmanpour,&nbsp;Mohammad Ameri,&nbsp;Sahand Majidi,&nbsp;Ali Jahangiri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) using nitrogen as a renewable coolant are a progressive candidate in small-scale natural gas liquefaction refineries. In response to the increasing global focus on LNG production due to the global warming challenges, this study provides a 3E analysis of the effect of longitudinal fins on the cooling process of methane at supercritical pressures. An economic evaluation based on the second law of thermodynamics applies to a counter-flow PCHE. Parameters such as Nusselt number, Richardson number, PCHE effectiveness, performance evaluation criterion, rational efficiency, and thermodynamic-economic cost are analyzed. The capital cost and the irreversibility penalty cost make the total cost of the PCHE. The results predict that the irreversibility cost can be 20 times the capital cost. The comparative results reveal that by sinusoidalizing and applying one longitudinal rectangular fin, the PCHE effectiveness increases by 6.34 %, the total entropy generation decreases by 9.1 %, the methane outlet temperature decreases by 7.57 %, the rational efficiency rises by 2.68 %, and 9.77 % reduction in thermodynamic-economic cost are obtained compared to the fin-less straight channel. This study proposes new Nusselt number correlations for methane at supercritical pressures. This study can expand the feasibility of small-scale natural gas liquefaction units to use this clean fossil fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental characterization of primary breakup in an air-swirl-assisted liquid jet atomizer","authors":"S Karthick,&nbsp;K Balaji","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel atomizer utilizing air-induced swirling flow has been experimentally tested to enhance the breakup of high-inertia liquid jets into ligaments and droplets. The tangential swirl generates centrifugal forces that thin the liquid film and promote radial dispersion. The liquid exits the nozzle at high velocity, accompanied by superimposed swirl and shear, resulting in finer droplet formation. Primary breakup dynamics were captured using high-speed imaging under a range of liquid-to-gas Weber number ratios (0.3–42). Key stability parameters - including interfacial wave growth rate (0.035–0.08 m/s), breakup frequency (26.5–80.2 Hz), critical wavenumber (354.6–645.9 rad/m), and breakup length (0.05–0.41 m)-were quantitatively extracted. Improved empirical correlations for these parameters were established within the tested Weber number range. Compared to parallel-flow air-assisted atomizers without swirl, the swirling configuration demonstrated superior breakup efficiency, even at high liquid velocities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-convective magnetized ternary hybrid nanofluid flow between two parallel plates: A numerical approach","authors":"Talha Anwar ,&nbsp;Ajab Khan ,&nbsp;Syed Arshad Abas ,&nbsp;Mehreen Fiza ,&nbsp;Hakeem Ullah ,&nbsp;Seham M. Al-Mekhlafi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to explore the heat and mass transfer characteristics of MHD three dimension ternary hybrid nanofluid flow between parallel plates. The ternary hybrid nanofluid comprises Cu (copper), SiO₂ (silicon dioxide) and Fe₂O₄ (Iron II, III oxide) nanoparticles mixed in H₂O (water), selected for their superior thermal, magnetic, and stability properties.</div></div><div><h3>Novelty</h3><div>The novelty of this study lies in the combined effect of Joule heating, thermal radiation, chemical reaction and motile microorganisms in a ternary hybrid nanofluid flow, which has not been thoroughly investigated in parallel plate channel. Moreover, the interaction of different nanoparticles and microorganisms introduces new insights into bio-convection transport phenomena.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>The leading flow equations are obtained as PDEs, which are subsequently transformed into ODEs via similarity transformation. The problem is solved numerically by utilizing bvp4c technique in the MATLAB package.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The microorganism profile shows increment for higher magnitude of thermophoresis parameter, on the other hand decreases against higher Peclet and Lewis number. The axial velocity diminished near the bottom plate due to higher magnetic and rotation parameter, while upsurge at the top plate. The skin friction decrease 0.17%, while Nusselt number, Sherwood number and coefficient of motile microorganism escalates 13.37%, 2.4%, and 0.23% respectively. Density of the microorganism number elevate 0.11% as Lewis number gets larger, also for Peclet number 0.74% increment is observed. The temperature distribution amplified radiation, themophoresis, Eckert number and Browning parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Application</h3><div>This model finds particle applications in cooling systems, micro-reactors, drug delivery and thermal solar devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of entropy optimization and viscous nanofluid over a nonlinear parabolic stretching surface","authors":"T. Salahuddin ,&nbsp;Muhammad Awais ,&nbsp;Mair Khan ,&nbsp;Abduvali Sottarov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exploration of heat transmission in nanofluid flow over curved geometries is dynamic for improving the significance of advanced thermal systems used in manufacturing, energy, and biomedical applications. In this paper, we consider two dimensional in-compressible viscous flow with water based nanofluids (<span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span>-water, <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>-water) flowing over a nonlinear parabolic stretched surface past a porous medium using heat generation/absorption effect. For this objective we used <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> as nanoparticals and water as a base fluid. Basically, in this study we compared two nanofluids <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span>-water and <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>-water due to their high heat transfer characteristics. The governing nonlinear mathematical model of continuity, momentum and temperature equations are transformed into nonlinear ODEs by using similarity transformations. Furthermore, the transformed ODEs are than inspected numerically in MATLAB using computational procedure of Bvp4c. The combination of <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> hybrid nanoparticles, porous parabolic surface shape, and entropy generation analysis, and this combination analysis never previously reported. Moreover, the graphs are plotted against temperature and velocity fields for two distinct nanofluids (<span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span>-water, <span><math><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>-water). An entropy production analysis is also performed for an incompressible viscous nanofluid model. According to the results, adding Cu–TiO₂ nanoparticles greatly improves thermal conductivity, which raises entropy production from fluid friction while also improving heat transfer rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 101400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process synthesis of natural gas liquefaction through exergy loss recovery at the pressure reduction station via enhancement strategy method","authors":"Seyed Hossein Habibian,&nbsp;Ali Jahangiri,&nbsp;Mohammad Ameri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using natural gas (NG), as a low-carbon energy source, has been highly prevalent in order to address the growing energy demand, leading to its increased global consumption. NG is commonly transported through pipeline, where high-pressure gas is transferred to the desired location through pipes and subsequently reduced at pressure reduction station (PRS) so as to reach the proper distribution pressure. The conventional form of this process leads to energy loss. To tackle this issue, NG liquefaction methods, particularly self-cooling, are widely used due to their low power consumption, simplicity, low investment costs, and the ability to recover wasted energy. In the present study, an innovative bifunctional process has been developed to liquefy natural gas and reduce the pipeline pressure with zero or near-zero power consumption. Two schemes were devised based on the storage method. These include the Low-pressure Liquefaction Pressure Reduction System (L-LPRS) for storage in atmospheric flat-bottom tanks, and the High-pressure Liquefaction Pressure Reduction System (H-LPRS) for storage in high-pressure vacuum bullet tanks. Comparing these configurations with similar studies, it shows notable improvement in performance criteria. Thanks to the configuration of this cycle, the energy consumption for the liquification process was brought to zero. This is while the feed pressure is 50 bar, which is a common number for many PRSs, and the designed equipment are conventional, making it feasible to implement the findings of this study. The results indicated that the liquefaction rate (LR) reached 25.03 % in the L-LPRS and 28.3 % in the H-LPRS. At the maximum LR condition, the specific power consumption and exergy efficiency for the L-LPRS were 14.75 kWh/ton LNG and 63.3 %, respectively. The exergy efficiency of the H-LPRS was 63.9 %, with no significant power consumption required. Thus, H-LPRS achieved a higher liquefaction rate without compromising exergy efficiency or consuming excess power. According to the obtained results, replacing conventional systems with LPRS might recover 60 % of the exergy typically wasted in PRS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiphase Eulerian–Eulerian study on sedimentation and thermal transport of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanofluids in a heated microchannel","authors":"Abdullah Aziz ,&nbsp;Anas Alazzam","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sedimentation plays a critical role in accurately assessing the heat transfer performance of microchannel-based thermal systems. This study investigates the sedimentation behavior of MXene–water nanofluid (MWNF) in a bottom-heated 2D microchannel with and without internal fins using the two-phase Eulerian–Eulerian (EE) approach. The analysis also focuses on the impact of particle concentration (ϕ), internal fins, and sphericity-sensitive drag models such as Haider–Levenspiel (<em>HL</em>) and Schiller–Nauman (<em>SN</em>) on heat transfer performance and nanoparticle (NP) dynamics. Results show that the <em>HL</em> model captured the behavior of 2D Ti₃C₂ MXene (TMX) NPs more accurately, where <em>SN</em> overestimated the average Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) by 1.15 % and the Euler number (<em>Eu</em>) by 5.1 %, for higher ϕ. Finned microchannels significantly influence NP sedimentation, which increased the local ϕ by 49.83 % compared to unfinned configurations and disrupted the symmetry of particle distribution across the microchannel. While both drag models estimated similar <em>Nu</em> at low concentrations, deviations widen with increasing ϕ, particularly in finned geometries. At ϕ = 3 wt.%, <em>Nu</em> enhancement reached 15.78 % with <em>HL</em> versus 13.09 % with <em>SN</em>, reinforcing the superiority of the <em>HL</em> model in microscale simulations involving 2D materials. The findings also demonstrated that while ϕ influences heat transfer, its effect is moderated by fin-induced thermal disruptions, highlighting the need for coupled consideration of NF properties and internal geometries in microscale heat exchanger design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 101396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}