International Journal of Thermofluids最新文献

{"title":"The conundrum of employability of 2D simplifications in phase change numerical problems: A case of finite sized PCM heat sink","authors":"Salah Addin Burhan Al-Omari ,&nbsp;Farooq Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Mohammad Qasem ,&nbsp;Zahid Ahmed Qureshi ,&nbsp;Emad Elnajjar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the conundrum of 2D simplification employability in transient thermal management problems by comparing 2D and 3D numerical simulations of finite-size finned Phase Change Material (PCM) heat sinks. Gallium has been employed as the PCM in the heat sinks owing to its superior thermal response as opposed to conventional paraffinic PCMs. We analyzed two designs; a taller/narrower (Case 2A) and a shorter/wider (Case 1A); both with identical PCM volume, fin material, and heated base dimensions, subjected to a constant 10 W/cm² heat flux. Initial 2D simulations indicated superior heat dissipation for the shorter/wider design. Consistent with this, 3D results corroborated the shorter/wider finned PCM heat sink's superior performance, exhibiting peak base temperatures 10 to 25 K lower than the taller/narrower configuration (Fig. 4a). This advantage is attributed to the strategic PCM allocation in the shorter/wider design, positioning a larger latent heat storage capacity closer to the heat source. Crucially, 3D effects, notably the onset and nature of chaotic mixing, were found to be highly dependent on the applied base boundary conditions. In Case 1A, an unheated base portion created a stabilizing cool region, promoting prolonged near-two-dimensional flow despite emerging 3D effects. Conversely, Case 2A, with its entirely heated base, lacked this stabilization, leading to earlier and more pronounced three-dimensionality and highly chaotic mixing. Quantitatively, these enhanced 3D effects in Case 2A resulted in peak sink base temperatures up to about 10 °C lower than its 2D counterpart (Case 2), alongside faster melting. Despite these significant quantitative deviations, 2D simulations demonstrated qualitative consistency with 3D findings regarding the relative performance ranking of the two designs and the overall PCM melting behavior. These results confirm that while 3D simulations offer a more complete capture of the underlying physics, 2D models remain invaluable for preliminary design purposes, serving as a computationally efficient approach for initial comparative assessments and concept screening before detailed 3D modeling or experimental validation for final design optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning integrated higher-order model application for critical heat flux investigations in pressurized water reactors","authors":"Stephen A. Ajah ,&nbsp;Lateef Akanji ,&nbsp;Jefferson Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nuclear power station disasters like those at Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima Daiichi have highlighted how urgently improved nuclear safety is needed. This usually happened due to impeded cooling systems, resulting in heat accumulation, coolant boiling, and phase transformation leading to critical heat flux (CHF) events. Understanding bubble nucleation and dynamics during boiling heat transfer is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of pressurized water reactors (PWRs), particularly during postulated severe accident scenarios. Existing numerical models often struggle to accurately capture the complex multifluid interfaces and non-isothermal flow conditions inherent in these events, leading to potential inaccuracies in accident progression predictions. To address this gap, this study presents a novel numerical approach combining a high-order discontinuous Galerkin method (CVFEM), a conservative adaptive interface capturing method (CAICM), and a machine learning (ML) model (CVFEM+CAICM+ML/EoS). The ML component significantly enhances the accuracy of multifluid interface capturing in non-isothermal flows through precise fluid density evaluation, a key improvement over traditional methods. An adaptive mesh algorithm was implemented to optimize computational resource allocation, focusing on critical material interfaces. The model was validated against experimental data on single rising bubble dynamics, demonstrating its reliability. Analysis of dimensionless parameters, specifically the Galileo and Eötvös numbers, revealed the transition from laminar liquid flow to mixed vapor regimes, indicative of severe accident progression. This research provides a robust and validated tool for understanding complex boiling heat transfer mechanisms and bubble nucleation dynamics in PWRs, contributing to enhanced reactor safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101561"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A technical note on solar thermal applications of semi-transparent liquid films","authors":"Boris V. Balakin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With over 500 GWth of installed total capacity, solar thermal generation provides approximately one-third of the world’s solar power. However, this important branch is based on the last-century thermal technology, flat plate solar collectors, which demonstrate low efficiency in moderate-to-cold climates. This contribution proposes a concept of a film solar collector (FSC) based on thin semi-transparent liquid layers cooling the collector’s absorbing surface. A prototype collector was tested at 0.13-0.74 sun and air temperatures of ∼25°C using water, an edible oil, and a red-colored oil to enhance the film’s volumetric absorption. Due to evaporation, the water-based FSC has a low thermal efficiency of 20%. The colored oil increased efficiency to 55%, and the semi- transparent oil film collected about 85% of solar heat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101578"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD analysis of temperature-driven flow for passive HVAC applications in Irish homes","authors":"Rahul D ,&nbsp;Anjaneya G ,&nbsp;Manjunatha N K ,&nbsp;Sunil S ,&nbsp;Mohan Kumar G R ,&nbsp;Girish Kumar G S ,&nbsp;C.Durga Prasad ,&nbsp;Nithesh Kumble Gokuldas ,&nbsp;Nilesh H. Khandare ,&nbsp;Nimona Hailu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buoyancy-driven ventilation is a sustainable alternative to conventional HVAC systems, leveraging temperature differences to induce airflow. This study analyzes buoyancy-driven flow using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS Fluent to evaluate its feasibility for natural ventilation. The simulation models a contracting pipe with internal heating fins, made of copper, which gets heated by sunlight up to 60 °C, inducing airflow through natural convection. A pressure inlet at 0 gauge pressure and a pressure outlet at −20 Pa were applied. The steady-time simulation used the realizable k-ε turbulence model with buoyancy effects enabled and the energy equation enabled. Results show flow from the inlet to the outlet domain, which was confirmed by evaluating volumetric flow rate at the outlet and observing velocity streamlines, confirming that the design effectively enhances natural ventilation. A grid independence study was conducted by evaluating the Grashof number (Gr) on one of the heated walls. Grid independence was achieved with 693635 elements with a Grashof number value of 3*e¹⁰. A parametric study was conducted for varying wall temperatures (30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C), and the Volumetric flow rate at the outlet was monitored. Results indicate a linear trend between temperature and volumetric flow at the outlet, proving that more air can be expelled with higher blade temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on preparation and thermal performance of carbon sphere-modified PCM perlite-paraffin composite","authors":"Qi Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Na ,&nbsp;Quanhe Gai ,&nbsp;Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Xucheng Chen ,&nbsp;Zhao Cao ,&nbsp;Shuguang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A carbon sphere modification approach was developed to construct a perlite/paraffin composite phase change material (CS-PCM) with both high photothermal conversion efficiency and stable thermal energy storage capability. The surface of the perlite matrix was modified using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC<img>Na), increasing the water contact angle from 0° to 67° Micro/nanoscale carbon spheres (0.1–20 μm) derived from tea waste were embedded into a resin matrix, demonstrating superior performance compared to conventional carbon-based additives. The CS-PCM was incorporated into thermal storage walls through a scalable manufacturing process, with phase change materials comprising 30 % of the system. Experimental application in high-latitude greenhouses during winter confirmed that the integrated system maintained an internal crop environment at 13.6 ± 4 °C. This composite material features both low cost and reduced carbon emissions. The results offer a promising solution for thermal management in protected agriculture in cold regions and provide a theoretical and technical reference for the design of multifunctional phase change materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow behaviors of anionic polyacrylamide aqueous solutions","authors":"Mamdouh T. Ghannam ,&nbsp;Mohamed Y.E. Selim ,&nbsp;Ahmed Thaher ,&nbsp;Taif Ali Alameri ,&nbsp;Shaikha Salem Alamri ,&nbsp;Mariam Khalifa Alketbi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experimental study investigates the flow behaviors of anionic polyacrylamide (APAA) aqueous solutions to better understand their characteristics for different industrial uses and applications. This study examined numerous experimental samples of polymer solutions using FLOC 24 APAA powder over concentration range of 500-5000 mg/L, and two different electrolytes of NaCl and CaCl₂ were included with concentration range of 1-10 Wt.%. To scrutinize the flow behavior of APAA aqueous solutions, rheological measurements of shear stress and dynamic viscosity versus shear rate were carried out employing MCR 92 rotational rheometer over four temperatures of 20, 40, 60, and 80 °C. The main outcomes of the current study include, firstly, the shear stress increases with both shear rate and APAA concentration. The effect of polymer concentration is mostly notable at shear rate of less than 200 s^-1, above this verge, the shear stress contours are similar regardless of APAA concentration. Secondly, the rheogram contours decline significantly as the temperature rises from 20 °C to 80 °C, attributed to negative thermal effects on molecular cohesion forces of APAA solutions. The APAA solutions generally exhibit shear-thinning behavior up to a critical shear rate, after which a shear-thickening behavior is observed. Thirdly, temperature has a strong negative influence on the reported dynamic viscosity across the tested range of 20 °C to 80 °C. Lastly, the introduction of varying concentrations of NaCl and CaCl₂ salinity consistently leads to a reduction in dynamic viscosity of APAA polymer solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LMA-driven analysis of transient MHD Eyring–powell flow in stretching squeezing channel with Raditive-reactive and heat generation/absorption","authors":"Davood Domiri Ganji,&nbsp;Mehdi Mahboobtosi,&nbsp;Fateme Nadalinia Chari","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates unsteady heat and mass transfer in a squeezing channel filled with a magnetohydrodynamic Eyring–Powell non-Newtonian fluid, incorporating the effects of thermal radiation, chemical reaction, and internal heat generation or absorption. The investigation is significant for understanding complex flow behaviors in industrial and engineering applications where magnetic forces, non-Newtonian fluids, and wall motion interact. Nonlinear equations have been solved using MATLAB. The squeezing motion of the channel walls, together with magnetic forces and non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, produces complex flow behavior marked by velocity suppression in one region of the channel and enhancement in another. Thermal analysis reveals that stronger squeezing and internal heat generation elevate the temperature field, whereas thermal radiation promotes heat dissipation. In addition, an increase in the Schmidt number reduces the concentration distribution due to weakened mass diffusion. To complement the mathematical modeling, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) framework is employed to capture the nonlinear relationships between governing parameters and the resulting velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The complete dataset for all parameters was divided into training, validation, and testing sets, with 70%, 15%, and 15% of the data allocated to each set, respectively. The ANN demonstrates strong predictive capability, as evidenced by low mean squared error values and close agreement between predicted and reference data across training, validation, and testing stages. The combined physical and data-driven analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the parametric influences governing MHD Eyring–Powell squeezing flows and highlights the potential of ANN-based approaches for analyzing complex nonlinear heat and mass transfer phenomena relevant to advanced engineering and industrial applications. This study’s findings contribute to the analysis of nonlinear heat and mass transfer in advanced engineering and industrial applications, offering a new perspective compared to earlier literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-layered blood flow analysis through progressive bell-shaped arterial stenosis","authors":"Biddha Pokhrel ,&nbsp;Pushpa Nidhi Gautam ,&nbsp;Daniel Oluwasegun Adams ,&nbsp;Jeevan Kafle","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stenosis is the unwanted deposition in the artery that reduces blood flow, and it is the major cause of cardiovascular disease. As time progresses, a bell-shaped stenosis becomes more severe, resulting in increased arterial narrowing and enhanced flow obstruction. In this work, a progressive, time-dependent bell-shaped stenosis is modeled to investigate its hemodynamic effects using a two-layer blood flow framework. The bell-shaped stenosis exhibits a sharp head, which causes a significant obstruction to blood flow even in its early stage. The geometry of the bell-shaped stenosis, which gradually narrows the artery, is used in the Navier–Stokes equations and solved separately in each layer by taking suitable boundary conditions because of their distinct rheological properties. The core layer is modeled as a non-Newtonian fluid, while the peripheral layer is treated as Newtonian, allowing for a comparison of flow behavior between the two regions. Analytical solutions of key flow characteristics, including velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, pressure drop and its ratio, and shear stress and its ratio, are calculated in terms of time, viscosity, and consistency index. The findings indicate that an increase in time, viscosity, and consistency index decreases velocity, volumetric flow rate, and shear stress ratios, whereas pressure drop and its ratio increase markedly. Among the governing parameters, viscosity exerts a more dominant influence than temporal variations on velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, and pressure drop, while time primarily modulates the evolution of these effects. Furthermore, due to its non-Newtonian nature, the core layer exhibits stronger sensitivity to rheological parameters than the Newtonian peripheral layer. Incorporating the temporal term in bell-shaped arterial geometry to get more accurate results and understand vascular conditions in such morphological structures using two-layered blood rheology is our novel work. This model may help with the interpretation of the imaging results, treatment planning and surgical intervention, and the early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste heat recovery from diesel engines for water desalination","authors":"Maryam Nooman AlMallahi ,&nbsp;Anas Bin Abdul Hadi ,&nbsp;Montaser Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem ,&nbsp;Abdul Ghani Olabi ,&nbsp;Saeed Alnuaimi ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Elgendi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Desalination is vital to overcome water scarcity and provide a reliable freshwater supply. Current desalination methods require significant energy, resulting in high costs and notable environmental pollution. Utilizing waste heat (WH) in desalination systems can lower energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and operational costs. The WH can be driven directly by thermal energy or indirectly through various waste-heat recovery methods. This paper reviews waste heat recovery from diesel engines in desalination systems. The paper categorizes the application of WH for thermal desalination technologies, including multi-stage flash desalination (MSF), humidification and dehumidification (HDH), and multi-effect desalination (MED). Additionally, it classifies waste heat recovery techniques, such as thermoelectric generators, power cycles, waste heat-to-heat conversion, and thermal energy storage systems. Waste-to-power energy recovery systems can generate the power required to drive desalination processes. When combined with the WHR system, the freshwater production rate reached 146 kg⋅h^-1, and a net power of 354.65 kW was recovered. Thus, using WH to desalinate water has demonstrated significant economic and environmental benefits in many industries, especially maritime vessels. It reduces the need for large storage tanks and regular supplies, ultimately increasing sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear hydrogen prospects in MENA region with economic insights","authors":"Ammar Alkhalidi ,&nbsp;Shatha Alyazouri ,&nbsp;Belal Almomani ,&nbsp;A.G. Olabi ,&nbsp;Abdul Hai Alami ,&nbsp;Thanh Mai Vũ ,&nbsp;Ala’aldeen Al-Halhouli ,&nbsp;Mohamad K. Khawaja","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for energy and environmental pollution have prompted a transition toward hydrogen production. Nuclear hydrogen, in particular, offers the potential for large-scale production while effectively reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents the potential of nuclear hydrogen in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It begins by assessing the current status of nuclear energy and hydrogen generation plans across MENA countries. It also offers insights into the economic viability of nuclear hydrogen for several next-generation reactors through the Hydrogen Economic Evaluation Programme (HEEP). Additionally, it considers the front-end costs associated with potential uranium reserves in the region, as well as the economic sensitivity of various technical and fiscal parameters. Despite its potential, much of the MENA region faces challenges related to inadequate nuclear infrastructure and stalled development plans. The comparison of the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen Generation (LCHG) among various reactor technologies reveals that the most favorable scenario involves integrating the Advanced Pressurized Reactor (APR-1400) with Conventional Electrolysis (CE), compressed gas hydrogen storage, and vehicle transportation, yielding the lowest LCHG of $ 3.47 USD/kg H₂. Sensitivity analyses indicate that nuclear hydrogen production is highly vulnerable to fiscal parameters, particularly discount and interest rates. This review highlights the economic viability and potential of nuclear hydrogen as a sustainable energy solution in the MENA region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}