International Journal of Thermofluids最新文献

{"title":"Using heat recovered from drain water and exhaust gases to enhance heat pump performance - Numerical study with economic and environmental insights","authors":"Rabih Murr ,&nbsp;Jalal Faraj ,&nbsp;Hicham El Hage ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Khaled","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy crisis has gotten out of hand to the point where quick fixes are required. It goes without saying that a strong solution should either use renewable energy sources or manage the energy that is already available, such as through heat recovery. Exhaust gases from fuel power generators or boilers, as well as wastewater from showers and other sources, contain energy that is released into sewage systems and the atmosphere at relatively high temperatures. In this context, the present paper investigates the application of heat recovery systems to capture waste heat from power generator exhaust gases and household wastewater (e.g., from showers, washing machines, dishwashers) to improve the performance of an air-to-air heat pump system. Nine combined systems are proposed, with some utilizing drain water as a heat source for the evaporator, while others use drain water and/or exhaust gases to preheat the supply air, placing heat recovery heat exchangers around the condenser. An in-house code was developed to simulate these systems and assess their efficiency based on performance improvement and electric energy reduction at three ambient temperatures. Results indicate that all proposed systems outperform the basic air-to-air heat pump, with the configuration \"D-C-UP-E-EG-C-DO<img>HP\"—using both drain and exhaust gas heat recovery—achieving the highest coefficient of performance (32.5 at -5 °C, 34.6 at 0 °C, and 37 at 5 °C) and electric energy savings (526.7 kWh/month at -5 °C, 426.7 kWh/month at 0 °C, and 337.2 kWh/month at 5 °C). Additionally, cost and environmental impact analyses for Lebanon show substantial savings and reduced CO₂ emissions, with the \"D-C-UP-E-EG-C-DO<img>HP\" system yielding the highest monetary savings ($68.5/month at -5 °C, $55.5/month at 0 °C, and $43.9/month at 5 °C) and emissions reductions (373.9 kg CO₂/month at -5 °C, 302.9 kg CO₂/month at 0 °C, and 239.4 kg CO₂/month at 5 °C). By exploring and improving multi-source systems that combine various heat recovery systems with heat pumps, this study addresses a significant knowledge gap and paves the way for more efficient and environmentally friendly energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of integrated photovoltaic thermal systems utilizing nanoparticles with phase change material and fin attachments","authors":"Kosar Parach ,&nbsp;Bahram Jafari ,&nbsp;Khashayar Hosseinzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a three-dimensional photovoltaic thermal /phase change material (PVT/PCM) model is numerically assessed to evaluate the impact of using a variable number of rectangular fins on the system's efficiency. Specifically, PVT/PCM assemblies with 5, 10, 15, and 20 fins, alongside vane heights of 0.15, 0.4, 0.65, and 0.9 (expressed as the ratio <em>h/H</em>), were examined using a 6 % MWCNT nanofluid coolant. A novel aspect of this research is the investigation of the cooling process's response to flow conditions ranging from laminar to turbulent. The charging and solidification processes of PCM are modeled using a method that combines enthalpy and porosity considerations. Furthermore, a pressure-dependent finite volume method with a transient solver has been employed to perform the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the relevant equations. The numerical results show that the utilization of rectangular fins in the PCM region reduces both the average photovoltaic temperature and the coolant outlet temperature while at the same time increasing the melting fraction of the PCM. Specifically, a fin with an h/H ratio of 0.9 outperforms the 0.65 h/H configuration by 8.8 %, the 0.4 h/H setup by 32.4 %, and significantly surpasses the 0.15 h/H arrangement by 70.2 %. In terms of electrical efficiency, the PVT/PCM system achieves its peak at a blade-to-channel height ratio (<em>h/H</em>) of 0.9 and a blade count (<em>N</em>) of 5, corresponding to a Reynolds number of 5000, with a peak efficiency recorded at 13.524 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal analysis of lithium-ion batteries using forced-air cooling and circular fin systems: A numerical study","authors":"Allaa Abdulqadir Omar,&nbsp;Ahmed Mohammed Adham","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel cooling technique utilizing circular fins and smooth pipe design is demonstrated to tackle the issues of temperature rise and uneven temperature uniformity in typical air-cooled battery thermal management systems. The use of circular fins and the optimization of airflow routes markedly enhance heat dissipation, addressing the shortcomings of conventional rectangular channel layouts. The circular fins facilitate consistent airflow over the battery module, and the smooth circular tubing lowers flow resistance and improves heat transfer without adding complexity to the system. The design process commenced with the assessment of three fin configurations namely, longitudinal, spiral, and circular, utilizing computational fluid dynamics simulations. Circular fins exhibited superior performance, which was enhanced by modifying fin thickness, radius, and pitch gap at an airflow velocity of 5.26 m/s. The enhanced circular fin configuration achieved a temperature reduction of 1.95 % at a Reynolds number of 12,837, indicating superior performance. At a Reynolds number of 8558, the temperature rising by 2.4 %, indicating a less positive outcome. The substitution of the rectangular channel with a smooth circular pipe decreased the peak battery temperature from 36.579 °C to 33.895 °C, indicating a notable enhancement compared to conventional design. This redesigned battery thermal management systems exhibits enhanced thermal performance, homogeneity, and simplicity, providing a cost-efficient option for cylindrical battery modules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation and simulation of commercial absorption chiller using natural refrigerant R717 and powered by Fresnel solar collector","authors":"I. Boukholda ,&nbsp;N. Ben Ezzine ,&nbsp;A. Bellagi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we present preliminary results from testing a solar refrigeration system. These tests were conducted on a Robur commercial refrigeration unit with a cooling capacity of 12 kW. The chiller operates on a modified single-effect absorption cycle and uses an aqueous ammonia solution as working fluid mixture. The system is powered by a field of Fresnel solar collectors.</div><div>The experimental device equipped with the necessary metrological sensors is connected to a computer to monitor and store measurement data during the 24 h of testing. Experimental results show that the temperature of the heat transfer fluid can reach 190 °C and that of the chilled water leaving the evaporator -7.8 °C. The average coefficient of performance of the chiller is 0.65.</div><div>To gain more insight in the internal operation of the chiller, first a steady-state simulation model of the machine was elaborated using the Aspen-Plus platform. The good agreement between the calculated and experimental performances indicates that the simulation model has correctly taken into account the main complex heat and mass transfer processes occurring in the different components of the chiller. In a second stage, a dynamic model of the chiller, more adapted to the refrigeration systems driven by intermittent solar energy, has been developed. The effect of heat source temperature on machine behavior was investigated. The results show that temperatures above 200 °C, such as those provided by linear Fresnel sensors for example, are not necessary, as the temperature and pressure evolutions inside the chiller are only slightly affected by these higher temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MHD analysis of couple stress nanofluid through a tapered non-uniform channel with porous media and slip-convective boundary effects","authors":"P. Deepalakshmi ,&nbsp;G. Shankar ,&nbsp;E.P. Siva ,&nbsp;D. Tripathi ,&nbsp;O. Anwar Bég","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101208","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The current research addresses the peristaltic transport mechanism that propels fluid through a conduit through rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the conduit walls, a phenomenon evident in numerous biological systems, including the gastrointestinal tract. Motivated by applications in nano-pharmacological drug delivery and thermo-biomagnetic therapy, a mathematical and computational analysis of radiative heat transfer in peristaltic pumping of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) couple stress nanofluid through a tapered asymmetric passage, with the influences of a porous medium and wall slip, is presented. Buongiorno's two-component nanoscale model is deployed and the Stokes couple stress non-Newtonian model utilized. Physically the porous medium is modelled with a drag force formulation and simulates the presence of obstructions and deposits in the gastric tract and blood vessels. The governing equations for the couple stress nanofluid are reduced by employing the long-wavelength approximation and the low Reynolds number condition, both standard approaches in fluid dynamics research. Analytical solutions are derived for axial velocity, temperature profile, nanoparticle concentration, stream function, and pressure gradient, providing a comprehensive understanding of the flow dynamics. Furthermore, numerical integration methods are utilized to calculate the average pressure increase (ΔP) and the heat transfer coefficient (Z). The impact of critical parameters namely the Hartmann number (M), Brownian motion parameter (&lt;em&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;), thermophoresis parameter (&lt;em&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;), Prandtl number (Pr), slip parameter (L) and radiation parameter (R&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;) on fluid dynamics is examined through comprehensive graphical representations. The findings indicate that peristaltic pumping efficiency is superior in a uniform channel relative to a non-uniform channel, underscoring the influence of channel geometry on flow performance. Moreover, the synergistic effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion result in a substantial elevation of fluid temperature, enhancing thermal energy transfer throughout the system. Increasing wall slip parameter diminishes the friction between the fluid and the channel walls, facilitating smoother fluid flow and decreasing thermal resistance. Stronger radiative heat flux promotes energy absorption in the system, resulting in accelerated fluid cooling at the boundary of the conduit (channel). Increasing non-uniformity parameter associated with asymmetry (m) leads to a diminished nanoparticle concentration. Increasing Brownian motion nanoscale parameter elevates nanoparticle concentrations. A strong modification is also computed with thermophoretic nanoscale parameter. Heat transfer coefficient displays oscillatory behavior attributable to the contraction and expansion of the channel walls. The complete flow zone is categorized into four quadrants (peristaltic pumping zone, increased flow zone, free pumpin","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double effect and double stage absorption refrigeration cycle thermodynamic study","authors":"William Galiotto ,&nbsp;Sujit Kr. Verma ,&nbsp;Andrés Z. Mendiburu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Absorption refrigeration systems are thermal cycles activated by heat in which the presence of mechanical work is practically negligible. These cycles have become more attractive because they have low electricity consumption, low operating costs, and reduced environmental impact. They do not use gases harmful to the ozone layer and can be integrated into cogeneration systems. These systems show versatility in heat sources, operating solar energy and combustion gases from industrial processes. This study aims to study the performance of double-effect and double-stage absorption refrigeration cycles with different input parameters, using the NH₃-H₂O solution as the working fluid. A thermodynamic model of the cycle was developed by applying the law of conservation of mass and the First Law of Thermodynamics. The model was implemented and solved using the EES software. Operational temperatures of condenser, evaporator, generator and absorber, were varied. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the cycle was higher for higher evaporation temperatures, lower condensing temperatures and lower absorber outlet temperatures. Considering all the simulations performed, the COP values were between 0.63 and 0.84, with the evaporation temperature being the most influential parameter of the cycle. It was observed that higher condensing temperatures require higher minimum temperatures in generator 2 due to heat transfers limitations that occur internally in the cycle. The influence of each stage of the cycle on the generation of refrigerant vapor varied with the cycle operating parameters, with the first stage being responsible for approximately 70 % of the mass flow generated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid AI-CFD framework for optimizing heat transfer of a premixed methane-air flame jet on inclined surfaces","authors":"Panit Kamma ,&nbsp;Kittipos Loksupapaiboon ,&nbsp;Juthanee Phromjan ,&nbsp;Chakrit Suvanjumrat","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate and optimize the heat transfer characteristics of a premixed methane-air flame jet impinging on an inclined surface. Key parameters—including the mixture equivalence ratio (ϕ = 0.8–2.0), burner-to-plate distance (H/<em>d</em> = 2–6), Reynolds number (<em>Re</em> = 400–1200), and plate inclination angle (θ = 0°–90°)—were systematically analyzed to evaluate their effects on heat flux distribution and thermal efficiency. Using OpenFOAM, the laminar flame behavior was modeled under diverse conditions, revealing strong agreement with experimental data, with average errors of 6.23 % for flame height and 6.47 % for thermal efficiency. To reduce the computational expense of these simulations, a hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) model was developed. The ANN accurately predicted thermal efficiency based on operational parameters, while the GA optimized these inputs to achieve maximum thermal efficiency of 76.9955 %, closely matching the CFD-predicted value of 70.86 % (discrepancy:6.1355 %). The ANN-GA model demonstrated a low absolute error of 7.97 %, confirming its reliability and precision. This research is the first to establish a robust AI-driven framework for optimizing flame jet heat transfer performance on inclined surfaces, offering valuable insights for improving industrial heating processes and advancing the application of AI in thermal system design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropy generation and magnetohydrodynamic influences on hybrid nanofluid convection in a staggered cavity","authors":"Yasir Ul Umair Bin Turabi ,&nbsp;Shahzad Munir ,&nbsp;R. Nawaz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Staggered cavity designs are widely used in engineering to enhance heat transfer and airflow, thereby improving the efficiency of systems such as radiators, heat exchangers, and electronic cooling. They also support renewable energy applications like solar collectors and insulated buildings by enhancing thermal resistance and reducing energy losses. In this computational study, we investigate entropy generation and double-diffusive natural convection in a staggered cavity containing a pair of embedded circular cylinders filled with a Casson hybrid nanofluid. The nanofluid comprises an ethylene glycol-water mixture with dispersed copper and alumina nanoparticles. The governing mathematical model is solved using the finite element method. Our analysis examines the influence of key parameters including the Casson parameter, magnetic field intensity, buoyancy effects, mass diffusivity, and nanoparticle volume fraction on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The results reveal that enhanced buoyancy and a higher Casson parameter improve heat and mass transfer while increasing entropy generation, whereas stronger magnetic fields tend to suppress these effects. Additionally, higher nanoparticle concentrations lead to improved thermal performance. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing thermal management systems in various industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticles enhanced phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications: An assessment","authors":"M.M. Ismail ,&nbsp;I. Dincer ,&nbsp;Y. Bicer ,&nbsp;M.Z. Saghir","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective utilization of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) has gained significant potential for thermal energy storage (TES) applications due to their high latent heat capacity, making them highly efficient for storing thermal energy. This property enables PCMs to serve a critical role in shaping the future of TES systems. However, conventional PCMs face a significant challenge when it comes to low thermal conductivity, hindering their overall performance and broader application. The integration of nanoparticles into PCMs, forming nanoparticles-enhanced PCMs (NPCMs), has emerged as a promising solution to overcome these limitations. NPCMs exhibit improved thermal properties, including higher thermal conductivity, faster temperature response, and increased storage capacity. These enhancements make NPCMs a viable option for addressing the shortcomings of traditional PCMs, thereby improving TES system efficiency and reliability. This perspective article provides a comprehensive overview of NPCMs for thermal energy storage applications, discussing recent advancements, current challenges, and future opportunities. By examining the properties, performance, and integration techniques of NPCMs, this review highlights their potential to revolutionize TES systems and contribute to the development of sustainable energy solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significance of Rosseland’s radiative process in magnetohydrodynamic Darcy–Forchheimer non-Newtonian fluid flow in a parabolic trough solar collector: Probable error","authors":"Anum Shafiq ,&nbsp;Tabassum Naz Sindhu ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ahmad Iqbal ,&nbsp;Tahani A. Abushal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal energy is produced from sunlight through solar thermal collectors, with the parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) playing a crucial role in concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies by capturing solar energy at temperatures between 325 and 700 K. The tangent hyperbolic fluid model, a non-Newtonian fluid model, effectively predicts shear thinning behavior, as shown in experimental studies. This model’s rheological properties at varying shear rates contribute to its superior heat transmission performance. This study investigates the thermal efficiency of Darcy–Forchheimer magnetohydrodynamic tangent hyperbolic fluid flow in inclined cylindrical films, incorporating a non-uniform heat source/sink in the PTSC framework. The analysis considers the effects of radiation alongside the non-uniform heat source or sink on thermal phenomena. By applying relevant transformations, the governing equations are reformulated into a nonlinear ordinary differential system, solved using the Runge–Kutta fourth-order method with the shooting technique. Results are analyzed mathematically and graphically. The correlation coefficient is used as a statistical metric to examine the relationship between key parameters and their effect on the skin friction coefficient (SKF) and local Nusselt number (LNN). This approach evaluates potential errors to determine statistical significance. Findings show that Reynolds number exhibits a strong correlation of 0.8828 with SKF and 0.9769 with LNN, suggesting significant effects on heat transfer. Notably, parameters such as local porosity number and magnetic number affect SKF, while local porosity and mixed convection parameters strongly correlate with LNN, indicating that utilizing such fluids in PTSCs can enhance heat transmission rates and optimize solar energy utilization, ultimately improving system efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}