International Journal of Thermofluids最新文献

{"title":"Numerical investigation of flow distribution and energy extraction in multi-fractured doublet Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)","authors":"M.J. Uddin ,&nbsp;M.M. Rahman ,&nbsp;Salah A. Faroughi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) offer significant potential for sustainable, high-temperature energy extraction, yet their efficiency depends strongly on how fluid flow and heat transfer evolve within complex fracture networks. This study introduces a novel numerical framework that captures the coupled flow and thermal behavior in a multi-fractured EGS by solving the Forchheimer and energy equations simultaneously within both wells and fractures using the finite element method. Four EGS configurations — parallel, anti-parallel, converging, and inclined — are evaluated to examine the influence of fracture permeability, porosity, inlet velocity, inlet temperature, and well inclination on fluid distribution and thermal performance. Results demonstrate that the anti-parallel configuration provides the most balanced flow distribution, minimal short-circuiting, and the highest production temperatures, while the converging configuration exhibits the weakest thermal performance due to accelerated flow convergence and reduced residence time. Permeability strongly governs velocity redistribution and thermal sweeping, whereas porosity plays only a secondary role. Increasing inlet velocity decreases fracture temperatures by shortening residence time, whereas higher inlet temperatures produce nearly proportional increases in production temperature. Well inclination modifies flow alignment and thermal gradients, with moderate angles offering optimal heat extraction. This study emphasizes the crucial importance of coordinating fracture geometry, flow resistance, and operational parameters to optimize thermal recovery in EGS reservoirs. Water produces higher but more uneven velocities across the fractures, whereas supercritical CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> maintains a more uniform flow with a comparable downstream velocity increase, indicating its suitability for stable heat extraction in antiparallel EGS systems. These findings provide a basis for optimizing fracture-network design and motivate future studies on advanced working fluids, such as nanofluids and water–CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> mixtures, which offer tunable thermophysical properties and the potential to balance heat transfer enhancement with flow uniformity for improved geothermal energy extraction efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacuum pressure application in biodiesel production from refined bleached deodorized palm olein","authors":"Rondang Tambun,&nbsp;Bode Haryanto,&nbsp;Juan Surya Manurung,&nbsp;Nicholas,&nbsp;Vikram Alexander,&nbsp;Anggara Dwita Burmana,&nbsp;Ulfatunnisa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many developments in biodiesel production have been carried out to streamline costs and energy required. Studying biodiesel production at vacuum pressure aims to save energy by operating at lower temperatures than non-vacuum methods. This research aims to produce biodiesel from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Olein (RBDPO) under vacuum pressure conditions. In this research, RBDPO was methanolyzed using KOH as a catalyst. The process consists of several stages, namely making a methoxy solution, conducting the transesterification process, and purifying the methyl ester. This research is conducted using a sequential experimental design, following a one factor at a time approach. The first phase involves varying the operating pressure (650 mbar, 750 mbar, 850 mbar, and 950 mbar) while keeping the molar ratio of methanol to raw materials at 10:1, the reaction time at 60 min, the catalyst amount at 1%, and the reaction temperature at 50 °C. After identifying the highest conversion based on operating pressure, the second phase explores variations in the amount of catalyst (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%). The third phase focuses on the molar ratio of methanol to raw materials (10:1, 12:1, 14:1, and 16:1). The fourth phase involves varying the reaction time (60, 70, 80, and 90 min). Finally, the reaction temperature is varied in the fifth phase (45 °C, 50 °C, 55 °C, and 60 °C). In this study, the highest biodiesel conversion obtained is 97.86% at a pressure of 750 mbar, reaction time of 60 min, catalyst amount of 1%, mole ratio of 14:1, and reaction temperature of 55 °C. The results of gas chromatography analysis show that C₁₆ and C₁₈ esters are the most common components in the raw materials and biodiesel produced. The results of the physical properties of biodiesel obtained are ester content of 97.53%, density (40 °C) of 879 kg/m³, kinematic viscosity (40 °C) of 3.920 cSt, flash point of 150 °C, and water content of 0 mg/kg, which meet ASTM D-6751, EN 14214, and Indonesian National Standard 7182:2015. This study demonstrates that applying vacuum conditions during transesterification not only enhances biodiesel conversion but has lower process energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101571"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to \"Corrigendum to “Soret and nonuniform heat source/sink effects in micropolar nanofluid flow over an inclined stretching sheet” [International Journal of Thermofluids Volume 27 (2025) 101160]\" [International Journal of Thermofluids 27 (2025) 101233]","authors":"Machindranath Diwate ,&nbsp;Pradeep G. Janthe ,&nbsp;Nitiraj V. Kulkarni ,&nbsp;S. Sunitha ,&nbsp;Jagadish V. Tawade ,&nbsp;Nodira Nazarova ,&nbsp;Manish Gupta ,&nbsp;Nadia Batool","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101582","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101582"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to \"Soret and nonuniform heat source/sink effects in micropolar nanofluid flow over an inclined stretching sheet\" [International Journal of Thermofluids 27 (2025) 101160]","authors":"Machindranath Diwate ,&nbsp;Pradeep G. Janthe ,&nbsp;Nitiraj V. Kulkarni ,&nbsp;S. Sunitha ,&nbsp;Jagadish V. Tawade ,&nbsp;Nodira Nazarova ,&nbsp;Manish Gupta ,&nbsp;Nadia Batool","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101583","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid PCM–nanofluid cooling for photovoltaic modules: outdoor experimental performance evaluation","authors":"Aschenaki Altaye ,&nbsp;Piroska Víg ,&nbsp;István Farkas","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elevated operating temperatures significantly degrade photovoltaic module performance, creating a strong demand for effective thermal management solutions. This study investigates enhanced thermal regulation in PV systems through the integration of encapsulated phase change material and serpentine tube cooling within a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal configuration. The objective was to experimentally evaluate and compare the electrical and thermal performance of this design with a fin-assisted PV/T module, with particular emphasis on the role of latent heat storage. Two PV/T configurations were fabricated: one comprising serpentine copper tubes combined with PCM encapsulated in thermally conductive aluminium pouches, and another employing serpentine tubes with louvered fins to enhance convective heat transfer. A (MWCNT)/water nanofluid was used as the circulating coolant. The novelty of this work lies in the integrated use of encapsulated PCM with serpentine tube cooling to improve PV thermal regulation. Statistical significance of the cooling configurations was confirmed using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests. PCM-integrated PV/T system achieved a maximum power output of 41.5 W and an electrical efficiency of 9.3%, corresponding to relative improvements of 62.7% in power output and 45.3% in efficiency compared with the reference module (25.5 W, 6.4%). The fin-assisted configuration also demonstrated enhanced performance, reaching 37.3 W and 8.4% efficiency. Moreover, the PCM-based system exhibited superior thermal energy recovery and operational stability by mitigating thermal stress during peak irradiance. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of PCM–serpentine tube integration for improving PV/T system performance and reliability in combined electrical and thermal energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homotopy simulation of oscillatory powell–eyring nanofluid under rotating MHD Forces with Hall–ion slip and thermophoretic deposition","authors":"Fahad Sameer Alshammari ,&nbsp;S. Karthik ,&nbsp;P.K. Nagarajan ,&nbsp;B.Vinoth Kumar ,&nbsp;Nisha ,&nbsp;Ali Akgül","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an analytical investigation of the unsteady magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a Powell–Eyring nanofluid over an oscillating vertical plate in a rotating frame. The combined effects of Hall current, ion slip, Brownian motion, and thermophoretic diffusion are incorporated to describe coupled momentum, heat, and mass transport. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are rendered dimensionless using similarity transformations and solved analytically through an optimized Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The influence of the magnetic field, rotation rate, Hall and ion slip parameters, and nanoparticle diffusion mechanisms on flow and thermal characteristics is thoroughly examined. Results reveal that the magnetic parameter induces Lorentz damping, which suppresses the primary velocity by about 12–15%, while the Hall parameter enhances it by nearly 10–14%. A 20% increase in the rotation parameter promotes flow stabilization and enhances temperature uniformity across the boundary layer. The thermophoretic parameter intensifies nanoparticle migration, thickening the thermal boundary layer by approximately 18–22% and increasing wall temperature, whereas Brownian motion slightly elevates the diffusion rate. These combined electromagnetic and diffusion-driven effects strongly regulate the transport behavior of Powell–Eyring nanofluids under oscillatory and rotational conditions. Overall, the study provides a reliable analytical benchmark for optimizing magnetically controlled nanofluid systems. The findings have direct applications in the design of electromagnetic cooling devices, rotating machinery, and high-current electrical wiring systems, where precise control of heat and mass transfer under magnetic and rotational influences is crucial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-technique optimization for boosting energy transmission in time-dependent MHD Casson nanofluid flow under convective boundary conditions","authors":"Mehdi Mahboobtosi,&nbsp;Shabnam Shahri,&nbsp;Fateme Nadalinia Chari,&nbsp;Davood Domiri Ganji,&nbsp;Mofid Gorji","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study optimizes energy transmission in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Casson nanofluid flow between parallel disks under convective boundary conditions. A semi-analytical approach using Akbari–Ganji's Method (AGM) solves the complex governing equations, while statistical techniques, including Taguchi’s method, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), are applied to identify key parameters influencing energy transmission. The study examines the effects of structural and physical parameters, such as suction/injection conditions, magnetic field strength and nano-transport properties, on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. Results show that geometric-flow parameters and nano-transport properties significantly impact momentum and heat/mass transfer. The results show that the geometric-flow parameter, namely the suction parameter (S), induces region-dependent nonlinear variations in the velocity field, with more pronounced effects under injection conditions due to the additional mass inflow that enhances local acceleration and flow recovery compared to suction. Statistical analysis confirms high predictive reliability, with R² values of 0.9993 for skin friction and 0.9996 for Nusselt number. The study identifies optimized parameter combinations for controlling energy transmission, offering a pathway for enhancing heat and mass transfer without structural redesign. This research provides a strategy for improving energy efficiency through tailored parameter tuning. The findings of this research can be applied to enhance heat and mass transfer in various industrial and biomedical systems, such as energy generation, refrigeration and medical treatments. By optimizing the key parameters in MHD Casson nanofluid flow, this study provides a practical approach for improving the efficiency of thermal management processes without the need for structural redesign.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101585"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the role of interfacial layer in free convective axisymmetric MHD flow over a heated rotating cone in non-Newtonian based ternary hybrid nanofluids","authors":"Yihui Ma,&nbsp;Nour Mamoun Awad,&nbsp;Ayesha Rashed Saif Rashed Alsalmi,&nbsp;Noor Ahmad Mohammad,&nbsp;Ahad Rashed Saif Alsalmi,&nbsp;Qasem M. Al-Mdallal,&nbsp;S. Saranya","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research addresses the influence of the solid–liquid interface layer on free convection flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian-based ternary hybrid nanofluids over a rotating vertical cone within a curvilinear coordinate framework. The cone is placed upside down and is uniformly heated while rotating at a constant angular velocity. It is submerged in a ternary hybrid nanofluid of sodium alginate containing <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><msub><mi>l</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><mi>Ti</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mspace></mspace><mtext>and</mtext><mspace></mspace><mi>Si</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> nanoparticles. The non-Newtonian Casson fluid model is selected as the base fluid model to study the behavior of fluids. Governing equations for mass, momentum and energy are derived and similarity transformed into a dimensionless form. Using MATLAB's BVP4C solver, the transformed governing nonlinear equations are solved numerically. The study focuses on the impacts of interfacial layer thickness, Casson parameter, magnetic field strength, and nanoparticle concentration on flow and thermal fields. The findings indicate that the thermal conductivity ratio has a more pronounced effect on thermal conductivity than nanoparticle size. The interfacial layer's thickness and its thermal conductivity ratio confirm that it can modulate the velocity and the temperature fields. This study presents a comprehensive imaging approach to thermal systems incorporating non-Newtonian effects, magnetic effects, and interfacial effects for enhanced functional systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven prediction and multi-objective optimization of pemfc performance using an ANN–GA hybrid model","authors":"Arom Boekfah ,&nbsp;Chayanid Seanglumlert ,&nbsp;Supachai Rumnum ,&nbsp;Siripat Rattanaphan ,&nbsp;Wonsiri Punurai ,&nbsp;Chakrit Suvanjumrat","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are regarded as a key clean energy technology for transportation, portable power devices, and stationary power generation due to their high efficiency, low operating temperature, and zero-emission characteristics. Improving PEMFC performance while reducing system cost remains a critical challenge, requiring accurate prediction tools and robust optimization strategies. This study proposes a novel, unified artificial neural network–genetic algorithm (ANN–GA) framework for simultaneous performance prediction and optimization of PEMFC systems. A multilayer perceptron ANN, with its architecture and hyperparameters optimized using a genetic algorithm, was trained using 239 experimentally obtained datasets to predict cell voltage (<em>V</em>) and power density (<em>I</em>). The model accounts for key operating and design parameters, including hydrogen flow rate (<span><math><msub><mi>Q</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></msub></math></span>), anode relative humidity (<span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>), anode back pressure (<span><math><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></math></span>), cell operating temperature (<span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>E</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), anode stoichiometric ratio (<span><math><msub><mi>λ</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></math></span>), oxygen flow rate (<span><math><msub><mi>Q</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></msub></math></span>), cathode relative humidity (<span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>), cathode back pressure (<span><math><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math></span>), stack number (<em>n</em>), active area (<em>A</em>), and current density (<em>J</em>). Sensitivity analysis revealed that operating temperature is the most influential factor affecting PEMFC performance, followed by stack number. The optimized ANN exhibited excellent predictive accuracy, achieving a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.99868 and a mean squared error of 0.0007655, with a mean absolute prediction error of 6.27% across the independent ANN test dataset, corresponding to a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.99868. For the optimization stage, the trained ANN was coupled with a genetic algorithm to perform multi-objective optimization, in which PEMFC performance indicators and cost-related outputs were simultaneously predicted and subsequently aggregated using a weighted-sum strategy to identify an optimal trade-off operating condition. The proposed framework represents a distinct advancement over existing data-driven PEMFC models, offering a computationally efficient, experimentally validated, and practically deployable tool for the design and optimization of high-performance, cost-effective PEMFC systems for next-generation hydrogen energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101580"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of boiling in wick structures: Comparative analysis of mono-, Bi-, and hybrid porous media","authors":"M.E. Nimvari ,&nbsp;T. Persoons ,&nbsp;M.J. Gibbons","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient thermal management is critical in high-power electronic and energy systems, where overheating can lead to performance degradation or material failure. Capillary-driven boiling in porous media is a promising passive cooling solution. The advent of advanced fabrication methods, such as additive and subtractive manufacturing, enables controlled fabrication of porous structure geometry. However, limited research exists to numerically guide porous structure design and explore the complex pore-scale two-phase interplay during the boiling phenomena. The present work provides an in-depth pore-scale numerical investigation of capillary-fed boiling in three porous configurations: monoporous, biporous, and hybrid (combining mono- and biporous) media. Simplified cluster geometries were used to model complex biporous and hybrid structures, and simulations were carried out spanning heat flux levels from 1 to 50 W/cm², validated against experimental data. At low heat fluxes, monoporous and hybrid wicks outperform biporous ones due to reduced vapor entrapment. However, at high heat fluxes, biporous structures exhibit superior performance, thanks to their higher permeability and stronger capillary pumping, which enhance vapor removal and liquid replenishment. Under the peak tested heat flux of 50 W/cm², the biporous media achieves the lowest wall superheat (∼15 K) and vapor saturation (∼0.25), indicating the highest resistance to dry-out. The hybrid wick demonstrates the best performance under low to moderate heat fluxes, whereas at high heat flux levels it exhibits intermediate performance, benefiting from both monoporous and biporous characteristics. The results in this work elucidate the complex two-phase boiling phenomena in varied porous structure geometries that have been commonly experimentally applied. As such, it may serve as a design guide for future advanced wick structures in high-performance cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}