International Journal of Thermofluids最新文献

{"title":"Waste heat recovery from diesel engines for water desalination","authors":"Maryam Nooman AlMallahi ,&nbsp;Anas Bin Abdul Hadi ,&nbsp;Montaser Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem ,&nbsp;Abdul Ghani Olabi ,&nbsp;Saeed Alnuaimi ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Elgendi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Desalination is vital to overcome water scarcity and provide a reliable freshwater supply. Current desalination methods require significant energy, resulting in high costs and notable environmental pollution. Utilizing waste heat (WH) in desalination systems can lower energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and operational costs. The WH can be driven directly by thermal energy or indirectly through various waste-heat recovery methods. This paper reviews waste heat recovery from diesel engines in desalination systems. The paper categorizes the application of WH for thermal desalination technologies, including multi-stage flash desalination (MSF), humidification and dehumidification (HDH), and multi-effect desalination (MED). Additionally, it classifies waste heat recovery techniques, such as thermoelectric generators, power cycles, waste heat-to-heat conversion, and thermal energy storage systems. Waste-to-power energy recovery systems can generate the power required to drive desalination processes. When combined with the WHR system, the freshwater production rate reached 146 kg⋅h^-1, and a net power of 354.65 kW was recovered. Thus, using WH to desalinate water has demonstrated significant economic and environmental benefits in many industries, especially maritime vessels. It reduces the need for large storage tanks and regular supplies, ultimately increasing sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear hydrogen prospects in MENA region with economic insights","authors":"Ammar Alkhalidi ,&nbsp;Shatha Alyazouri ,&nbsp;Belal Almomani ,&nbsp;A.G. Olabi ,&nbsp;Abdul Hai Alami ,&nbsp;Thanh Mai Vũ ,&nbsp;Ala’aldeen Al-Halhouli ,&nbsp;Mohamad K. Khawaja","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for energy and environmental pollution have prompted a transition toward hydrogen production. Nuclear hydrogen, in particular, offers the potential for large-scale production while effectively reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents the potential of nuclear hydrogen in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It begins by assessing the current status of nuclear energy and hydrogen generation plans across MENA countries. It also offers insights into the economic viability of nuclear hydrogen for several next-generation reactors through the Hydrogen Economic Evaluation Programme (HEEP). Additionally, it considers the front-end costs associated with potential uranium reserves in the region, as well as the economic sensitivity of various technical and fiscal parameters. Despite its potential, much of the MENA region faces challenges related to inadequate nuclear infrastructure and stalled development plans. The comparison of the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen Generation (LCHG) among various reactor technologies reveals that the most favorable scenario involves integrating the Advanced Pressurized Reactor (APR-1400) with Conventional Electrolysis (CE), compressed gas hydrogen storage, and vehicle transportation, yielding the lowest LCHG of $ 3.47 USD/kg H₂. Sensitivity analyses indicate that nuclear hydrogen production is highly vulnerable to fiscal parameters, particularly discount and interest rates. This review highlights the economic viability and potential of nuclear hydrogen as a sustainable energy solution in the MENA region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of surface roughness on CFD performance prediction of francis turbines: Grid convergence analysis and experimental validation across variable operating conditions","authors":"Thaithat Sudsuansee ,&nbsp;Suwat Phitaksurachai ,&nbsp;Chakrit Udomsin ,&nbsp;Suebwit Sathornsamritphon ,&nbsp;Thanakorn Chalermrat ,&nbsp;Sukrit Chandravisut ,&nbsp;Noppong Sritrakul ,&nbsp;Yodchai Tiaple","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of a medium-head Francis turbine performance using computational fluid dynamics with emphasis on grid sensitivity analysis and wall roughness effects. Four progressively refined meshes ranging from 3.28 to 8.77 million cells were evaluated using the Grid Convergence Index (GCI) methodology to quantify numerical uncertainty. The finest mesh achieved GCI values of 0.42% for power output with dimensionless wall distance (y⁺) below 3 on critical surfaces, while hydraulic efficiency demonstrated grid independence with maximum variation of ±0.06%. Steady-state Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations employing the SST k-ω turbulence model were conducted using the Multiple Reference Frame approach. The incorporation of realistic surface roughness (<em>k_s</em> = 0.045 – 0.18 mm) proved critical for accurate performance prediction, with simulations achieving agreement within 1-2% of experimental measurements across rotational speeds from 400 to 1000 rpm. The turbine demonstrated distinct operational characteristics: flat efficiency profile (49-51%) at 400 rpm indicating viscous-dominated flow, peaked efficiency (75.5%) at 700 rpm showing transition behavior, and broad high-efficiency operation (&gt;80%) at 1000 rpm confirming design optimization. Detailed flow field analysis revealed progressive evolution of blade loading patterns, with pressure differentials increasing from 90 kPa to 220 kPa across the speed range. Draft tube flow exhibited progression from stable columnar vortices at low speed to precessing vortex rope structures at high speed, with corresponding pressure recovery efficiency varying from 65% to 75%. Three-dimensional visualization of pressure distributions and near-wall streamlines confirmed the correlation between flow organization and performance metrics. The study demonstrates that wall roughness modeling is essential for accurate turbomachinery CFD predictions, particularly at off-design conditions where boundary layer effects significantly influence overall performance. The validated numerical framework provides reliable performance prediction capabilities for Francis turbine design optimization and operational analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven geometric optimization of helical tube heat exchangers for enhanced heat transfer with acceptable pressure drop","authors":"Seyyed Kazem Yekani,&nbsp;Tuhid Pashaee Golmarz,&nbsp;Seyyed Faramarz Ranjbar,&nbsp;Sina Borousan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient heat exchangers are essential in modern energy systems, where the demand for compact, reliable, and cost-effective thermal devices continues to grow. Conventional straight-tube exchangers often suffer from fouling, limited heat transfer rates, and high maintenance requirements, highlighting the need for alternative geometries that deliver superior performance without excessive pressure losses. Although helical tube configurations show promise, systematic optimization of their geometric parameters remains underexplored, particularly in balancing enhanced heat transfer with acceptable hydraulic penalties. This study addresses that gap by employing a data-driven approach to optimize helical tube heat exchangers using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Within the turbulent flow regime (Reynolds numbers 3000–10,000), results reveal that the helical configuration elevates the Nusselt number by 3.7–3.9 times compared to straight tubes. For a working fluid entering at 20 °C and exposed to a 620 °C surface, the outlet temperature increases by over 80% in helical tubes, versus 45% in straight tubes. Geometric parameters—including loop number and helix pitch (26–36 cm)—are shown to be decisive in maximizing performance. RSM analysis demonstrates strong model reliability, with R² values of 0.796 for temperature increase and 0.999 for pressure loss. The optimum configuration is identified as a single-loop helix with a pitch of 30.83 cm and a radius of 60 cm. Beyond technical performance, the findings carry practical implications for energy policy and architectural applications. By enabling higher thermal efficiency with reduced maintenance, helical exchangers can contribute to energy-saving strategies, carbon reduction, and sustainable building services such as HVAC and district heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101565"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of thermal energy storage for central receiver concentrating solar power plants under charging cycles through structural assessment","authors":"José Luis Torres-Madroñero ,&nbsp;Julian D. Osorio ,&nbsp;Julián Sierra-Pérez ,&nbsp;César Nieto-Londoño","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electricity production by concentrated solar power (CSP) systems has stood out among energy transition alternatives due to their large generation capacity (between 30 MW and 400 MW) and high capacity factor (80%) when incorporating thermal storage systems (TES). Although TES tanks in operation worldwide are made of austenitic steels with remarkable mechanical and anticorrosive properties, operational failures have been reported due to low-cycle fatigue, creep, and the abrupt release of residual stresses generated during tank manufacturing. A critical operation for salt tanks is the initial daily charging operation, given the low fluid level and the thermal gradients between the inventory and the salt entering the tank. This study presents a structural simulation of a 39.6 m-diameter molten salt tank for central receiver CSP plants, accounting for temperature and pressure variations during charging and different sparger ring inlet configurations. The initial pre-stressed condition of the floor, resulting from the manufacture of welded plates, is used as a boundary condition. The fatigue and creep life analyses were performed in accordance with the ASME BPVC and API standards. It was found that the tank’s floor is in a less favourable mechanical condition than the wall, due to its initial manufacturing condition and the maximum temperature differences during charging. A critical zone was identified in an area affected by residual stress on the floor and under the sparger ring. The baseline sparger ring configuration, with 52 2-inch-diameter orifices and a flow direction of 90°, results in an average floor stress of approximately 25 MPa and creep damage after 1.2 years of tank operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101563"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of aspect ratio effect in combined shear-driven and pressure-difference driven flow characterization of a third grade fluid in a rectangular channel","authors":"Ayusman Nayak,&nbsp;Rajiva Lochan Mohanty,&nbsp;Sumanta Chaudhuri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Combined shear-driven and pressure-difference driven flow of a third grade fluid through a rectangular channel is studied as it has wide applications in extrusion, glass-fibre drawing, blood flow in arteries etc.. Pressure-difference driven flow case can be retrieved by setting the upper walls velocity to be zero. First, governing equation is formulated from the constitutive equation of third grade fluid considering hydro-dynamically fully developed flow, where the axial velocity is independent of the axial coordinate. The dimensionless governing equation is solved using the least square method using Symbolic Computation in MATLAB. As no experimental result or other numerical or analytical results are reported in the literature, the equation is again solved by least square homotopy perturbation method and standard numerical technique. Results from both these methods are compared for validation. In addition, velocity distribution in the limit of vanishing aspect ratio is compared with that of the previously reported results of third grade fluid flow between parallel plates. In both the cases, results are in close match which validate the results of the present study. Influence of aspect ratio, third grade fluid parameter on velocity distribution are analyzed. In case of combined shear- driven and pressure-difference driven flow, the effect of favourable and adverse pressure gradient is discussed. It is noted that increase in aspect ratio, arrests the flow separation and back flow in the channel. Increase in third-grade fluid parameter also increases the flow resistance with consequent prevention of flow separation and back flow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion effects on a leakage steam control valve: analysis and risk assessment on the biodiesel plant case study","authors":"Anggara Dwita Burmana ,&nbsp;Rondang Tambun ,&nbsp;Taslim ,&nbsp;Barbara Ernst ,&nbsp;Yacine Benguerba ,&nbsp;Iriany","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>General surface erosion can be caused by the continuous exposure of metal surfaces to corrosive materials, resulting in further weight loss. This happened in the steam control valve, where continuous exposure to the steam flow rate resulted in erosion of the control valve wall. The purpose of this study is to discuss the causes of steam control valve failure due to corrosion in a biodiesel plant using the gravimetric and salt spray methods, based on the effects caused, and to review the safety risks and implication in more detail. Corrosion which occurred in the first year was 0.7321 mm/year, while corrosion which occurred in years 12 to 15 was relatively more stable at about 0.005 mm/year. Weight and metal losses during the first year were 45 g/year and 0.6052 mm/year, while those during the 14th to 15th years were relatively stable at about 4 g/years and 0.0630 mm/years. The results of the control valve salt spray chamber measurements are value obtained shows that higher NaCl concentration causes higher corrosion. In this observation, the highest value obtained was 0.3181 mm/year at 20% NaCl concentration, while the lowest value was 0.1548 mm/year at 5% NaCl concentration. A robust maintenance schedule helps identify early signs of wear and corrosion, allowing for timely intervention. Implementing a comprehensive maintenance and predictive programme will save time and reduce operating costs for a biodiesel plant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy and environmental analysis of a hydrogen energy cogeneration system based on photovoltaic power generation for low-carbon building","authors":"Bin Chen,&nbsp;Yutong Lei,&nbsp;Jiayun Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancement and implementation of low-carbon buildings are crucial for global climate change mitigation and sustainable development. However, conventional single-energy systems often suffer from limited efficiency and high carbon emissions, highlighting the need for integrated and efficient multi-output energy solutions. This study proposes a novel cogeneration system for simultaneous electricity, hydrogen, and heat production based on photovoltaic power generation, with operational parameters for electrolysis and fuel processes determined through parametric analysis. Energy and environmental assessments were conducted to evaluate system performance. The results show that the system achieves a peak solar power output of 125.68 kW/h, an alkaline electrolysis hydrogen production rate of 708.9 mol/h, and a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power generation of 10.3 kW. The overall system efficiency reaches 0.90, representing improvements of 30.19% and 74.77% compared to standalone alkaline electrolysis and fuel cell systems, respectively. Additionally, the system can reduce CO₂ emissions by 352,451 kg annually, demonstrating significant potential for enhancing energy efficiency and supporting decarbonization in the building sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of chemically reacted hybrid nanofluid Forchheimer flow across a porous cone/wedge with radiation absorption","authors":"Chundru Maheswari ,&nbsp;Bhavanam Naga Lakshmi ,&nbsp;Ravuri Mohana Ramana ,&nbsp;Samad Noeiaghdam ,&nbsp;Unai Fernandez-Gamiz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study provides a numerical exploration of steady, laminar, two-dimensional Forchheimer flow involving a chemically reacted <em>Al₂O₃–Cu/H₂O</em> hybrid nanofluid over vertically oriented porous wedge and cone geometries with non-isothermal and non-isosolutal constraints, incorporating the influence of radiation absorption and the thermal Grashof number. The set of non-linear ODEs is derived from the set of non-linear PDEs by employing similarity transformations. Numerical solutions are obtained using the bvp5c method implemented in MATLAB. The influence of key parameters on the flowing fields, along with heat and mass transmission rates, is analysed and presented through graphical and tabular formats. The results indicate that the velocity profile rises with an increase in the thermal Grashof number, whereas it declines with greater values of the Forchheimer number and porosity parameter. The temperature profile shows an upward tendency with increasing Forchheimer number, porosity and radiation absorption, while it decreases as thermal Grashof number intensifies. The concentration decreases with higher thermal Grashof number and chemical reaction, but increases with greater Forchheimer number. These effects are more pronounced in the wedge configuration than in the cone. Furthermore, the heat and mass transmission rates influenced by the key parameters are systematically summarized in tables. The analysis illustrates the skin friction coefficient increases by 24% and 34% as the thermal Grashof number rises from 1 to 4, and decreases by 12% and 16% with increasing Forchheimer number and porosity parameter (0.1 to 1) in the cone and wedge respectively. The Nusselt number decreases by 74% for the cone and 8% for the wedge as radiation absorption increases from 1 to 1.3, while the Sherwood number increases by 10% and 11% as the chemical reaction parameter rises from 0.5 to 0.8 in the cone and wedge respectively. The accuracy of the proposed model has been thoroughly validated against existing literature, showing strong consistency with earlier findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and enviro-economic evaluation of a compound parabolic collector enhanced with Al2O3-water nanofluid and dual twisted inserts","authors":"Bhavin Mehta ,&nbsp;Choon Kit Chan ,&nbsp;Abhishek Swarnkar ,&nbsp;Dattatraya Subhedar ,&nbsp;Saurav Dixit ,&nbsp;Subhav Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) are potential solar thermal systems, but their performance is usually limited by restricted convective heat transfer within the absorber tube. Although nanofluids and internal inserts have been investigated individually, few efforts have been directed toward their combined use in CPCs. This experiment explores the synergistic effect of Al₂O₃–water nanofluid (1% vol.) and dual twisted tape inserts (DTI) with pitch ratios of 2, 3, and 4 on the performance of CPC. Important parameters such as absorbed heat flux, Nusselt number, and collector efficiency were quantified for various flow rates. Results indicate that at a pitch ratio of 2, the Nusselt number was boosted by a maximum of 365% and absorbed heat flux by 13.3% over water in a bare tube. Collector efficiency was enhanced by a maximum of 35.6%, with marginal increases in friction factor and pumping power. The enviro-economic analysis also exhibited CO₂ emission reductions of up to 12.3% and a 15% reduced payback period compared to the reference system. These observations affirm that the integration of nanofluids with turbulence-generating inserts provides a viable route to boost CPC performance, with possible applications in industrial process heating, desalination, and other green thermal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermofluids","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}