Environmental and Sustainability Indicators最新文献

{"title":"Adapting farm-level sustainability assessment: Challenges for Florida strawberry agriculture","authors":"Elizabeth Wolcott ,&nbsp;Suzanne Thornsbury","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper evaluates the applicability of farm-level sustainability indices for measurement and identification of community-oriented issues in a high-value, rapidly urbanizing agricultural region. Agricultural sustainability indices must be measurable, operational, and tractable to be effective. As rural communities develop, it is paramount for agriculture industries, governments, and researchers to have effective frameworks for assessing sustainability.</div><div>We apply the Initiative for Sustainable Productive Agriculture's (INSPIA) indicator index as an assessment tool and Florida strawberries as an example industry. INSPIA's index is farm-level and ideally applied based on primary data (INSPIA, 2024). Cost, time, and confidentiality concerns often limit primary data collection, so we assess the indicators with secondary data. The accessibility of secondary data is crucial to evaluate communities, industries, and regions over time.</div><div>Communities in the region face pressures due to climate change, urbanization, and globalization and could benefit from effective sustainability assessment to track and evaluate their efforts. We find 87.8% of the variables required to evaluate INSPIA's indicators have measurement issues due to scope, compatibility, and data availability. The measurement issues represent index limitations but especially highlight the dearth of official (or even accessible) agricultural data available in the United States. More secondary data, particularly for specialty crops and rapidly urbanizing environments, and more tractable assessments are needed to enable accessible large-scale replication. Despite these issues, 51.6% of the indicators can be measured, if imperfectly, and provide a snapshot of the pressures on a community in transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100653"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between mean species abundance (MSA) and potentially disappeared fraction of species (PDF) are consistent but also uncertain","authors":"Koen JJ. Kuipers ,&nbsp;Adam Melki ,&nbsp;Stephane Morel ,&nbsp;Aafke M. Schipper","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potentially disappeared fraction of species (PDF) and the loss in mean species abundance (MSA) are two commonly used indicators to quantify losses in local biodiversity integrity associated with production and consumption of goods and services (biodiversity ‘footprints’). However, it is unclear to what extent these two indicators align. Here we explore if and how losses in MSA are related to PDF based on both simulated data from virtual species communities and empirical pairwise comparisons of impacted and reference communities (n = 19,891). We find a significant positive but uncertain relationship between MSA loss and PDF. Based on the empirical data, PDF leaves about half of the variance in MSA loss unexplained. Our results further highlight that MSA loss and PDF reveal distinct aspects of community change. At a PDF of zero, we find an average decline in MSA of 0.20 (95% CI = 0.09–0.42), reflecting that abundance loss precedes species extinction and that MSA loss is a more sensitive indicator of biodiversity change than PDF, particularly at low PDF values. Given the intrinsic differences between the indicators and the large residual heterogeneity in the relationship between them, we conclude that MSA loss and PDF provide complementary information. We recommend either making an informed choice for one of the indicators in view of the goals and scope of the application, or using them in parallel for a more comprehensive assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100652"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connecting the water footprint with the water-energy-food-ecosystems nexus concept and its added value in the Mediterranean","authors":"Ali Rhouma ,&nbsp;Georg Seitfudem ,&nbsp;Jerome El Jeitany ,&nbsp;Tommaso Pacetti ,&nbsp;Floor Brouwer ,&nbsp;José M. Gil","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mediterranean region faces significant challenges within the Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem (WEFE) Nexus due to water scarcity, increasing agricultural and energy demands, and ecosystem degradation exacerbated by climate change. This research addresses these challenges by integrating two water footprint (WF) methodologies, the volumetric Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) and the impact-oriented Water Scarcity Footprint (WSF) and then correlating the results with the WEF Nexus Index and other sustainability indicators, to explore trade-offs and synergies across water, energy, food, and ecosystem dimensions at multiple scales. Findings highlight that the most significant impacts of water consumption stem from the cultivation of water-intensive crops in water-scarce regions, both within and beyond the Mediterranean. This underscores the pivotal role of virtual water trade and the global implications of local water management practices. The results further reveal critical disparities in water resource use and stress among Mediterranean countries, emphasizing the need for targeted policy interventions and international cooperation to address these challenges. By elucidating the interdependencies between water and the other WEFE Nexus dimensions, this study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders striving to achieve sustainable resource management and resilience in the Mediterranean region and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100640"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of the ecological redline policy in conserving mangroves via assessment on coverage and carbon storage","authors":"Jin Liang ,&nbsp;Yisheng Peng ,&nbsp;Hanxi Chen ,&nbsp;Yafei Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Xing ,&nbsp;Yan Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mangrove ecosystems are famed for their crucial ecological functionalities in moderating global carbon cycling process. To safeguard these ecosystems, the Chinese government implemented the Ecological Redline Policy (ERP) in 2017. This study evaluated the effectiveness of ERP in protecting mangroves and enhancing their carbon storage potential using multi-temporal Landsat-8 OLI images via InVEST Carbon Storage and Sequestration model, and field surveys conducted in Guangdong Province, which hosts the largest mangrove distribution in China. The results revealed a total increase of 2094 ha in mangrove area, with approximately 65.2% of mangroves increase currently included in the ERP zoning plan. Within ERP zones, the mangrove increment was 1365.55 ha, with a lower expansion rate of 20.7% while the Non-ERP zones exhibited an increment of 729.32 ha at a higher expansion rate of 38.3%. Furthermore, around 80.0% of carbon storage in mangroves was managed within ERP zones, with no significant difference in carbon density between ERP and Non-ERP zones, though both groups showed an overall increase in carbon density by 2021 compared to 2013. It is suggested that the ERP zone not only enhances carbon storage but also improves other ecological traits of ecosystem. However, the current ERP appeared to fall short of fully meeting strategic needs, emphasizing the necessity of optimized planning to minimize tradeoffs between environmental quality and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100650"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing air quality monitoring systems towards sustainable green development: Insight for metropolitan cities in Indonesia","authors":"Hunggul Yudono Setio Hadi Nugroho,&nbsp;Tyas Mutiara Basuki,&nbsp;Pratiwi,&nbsp;Endang Savitri ,&nbsp;Agung Budi Supangat,&nbsp;Pamungkas Buana Putra,&nbsp;Purwanto,&nbsp;Nining Wahyuningrum,&nbsp;Rahardyan Nugroho Adi,&nbsp;Ogi Setiawan,&nbsp;Ryke Nandini,&nbsp;Sigit Andy Cahyono,&nbsp;Diah Auliyani,&nbsp;Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya Nada,&nbsp;Dian Pratiwi,&nbsp;Muhammad Hasani","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban development, industrialization, higher living standards, and growing population, which have led to a decline in environmental quality, including air pollution, have become major concerns for decision-makers in many major cities in Indonesia. Air quality monitoring adopted by the Indonesian government has not produced timely, complete, continuous, and relevant data for effective policy and decision-making. This paper aims to provide insight for decision-makers on the potential implications of implementing an inclusive advanced air quality monitoring system in building effective and efficient air pollution mitigation for metropolitan cities in Indonesia. The method comprehensively reviews literature and other data sources on air quality monitoring and its significance. The results show that current air pollution monitoring systems failed to provide reliable data for effective control and mitigation, so more advanced and inclusive monitoring systems integrating Artificial Intelligence, cutting-edge technologies, and stakeholder involvement are urgently needed. The four main values of advanced air quality monitoring systems are: 1) real-time hotspot monitoring, 2) decision-making based on data/evidence, 3) increasing public awareness, and 4) improving the quality of spatial planning towards sustainable green development. This paper recommends implementing an advanced air quality monitoring system that combines technological infrastructure development with strengthening stakeholders' roles through the implementation of a quadruple helix interaction model, namely the interaction of four main innovation components: research/education, policy, business, and society. Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (National Research and Innovation Agency) has developed SI PUBER, an IoT-based mobile air quality monitoring system to monitor urban pollution spatially and temporally in real-time and continuously.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100649"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing provincial inter-provincial carbon flow and economic inequality in China's construction industry","authors":"Guo Xiaomin ,&nbsp;Fang Chuanglin","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inter-regional trade leads not only to the movement of goods and economies, but also to the shifting of emissions<strong>.</strong> As one of the largest emitters in China, the carbon flow and economic inequality in the construction industry due to inter-provincial trade need to be further investigated, which is essential for developing sustainable models. Based on various data sources, this study applied the emission coefficient method, multi-regional input-output analysis, and carbon inequality index to investigate the inter-provincial transfer of carbon emissions within China's construction industry. This study found, there are substantial disparities in the embodied flows of carbon emissions and the economic benefits across provinces, with a high concentration of emissions in the northern coastal regions. Henan stands out as the province with the highest carbon emissions supporting its own development, with 172.09 <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> 10⁴ t and importing the largest economic benefit,5732.89 billion yuan,. Zhejiang is the biggest contributor, of 40.92 <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> 10⁴ t and 969.30 billion yuan, respectively. Additionally, the study reveals a significant correlation between net carbon emissions transfer and GDP per capita. Regions in the southeast and northeast generate higher economic output per unit of carbon emissions from the Construction Industry, in contrast to the northwest and southwest, where severe carbon inequality persists. These results highlight the need for reductions in embodied carbon emissions within the construction Industry and the implementation of carbon compensation mechanisms. This study can also serve as a reference for other emerging nations confronting similar challenges of carbon inequality and the pursuit of sustainable regional development models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100647"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing ecosystem services for environmental sustainability: An integrated assessment method in region 4 of Iran's spatial plan","authors":"Mehrdad Kashef ,&nbsp;Hassan Esmaeilzadeh ,&nbsp;Naghmeh Mobarghaee Dinan ,&nbsp;Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi ,&nbsp;Marina Viorela Marcu","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human activities and overpopulation have disrupted the balance of ecosystem services (ESs), leading to environmental instability. This study introduces an integrated assessment method for assessing ecosystem functions by identifying ecological functional zones based on supply-demand ratios for key services, including water yield, soil retention, food production, and carbon storage. Additionally, we assess regional carrying capacity using these ratios. By integrating land suitability with carrying capacity, we identified areas suitable for agricultural, urban, and industrial development within Region 4 of Iran's spatial plan. The findings reveal considerable spatial variability, with over 90 % of the region experiencing water yield deficits. Notably, strong synergies exist among carbon storage, soil retention, and water yield, with statistically significant explanation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.61, respectively (p &lt; 0.01). Based on ecosystem functionality, we classified the landscape into four zones: reconstruction (61 %), restoration (21 %), protection (6 %), and developable areas (12 %). The 6 % protection zone primarily within the Central Zagros—a critical water-supplying region—encompasses forested and mountainous areas such as Lordegan, Koohrang, and parts of Farsan, Izeh, Andika, and Borujen counties. These counties exhibit high water yield and carbon storage with minimal soil erosion. We recommend designating this zone as a protected area and implementing integrated watershed management strategies to enhance environmental sustainability. Alarmingly, only 0.2 % of the region is deemed suitable for future agricultural, industrial, and urban development, underscores the urgent need to prevent excessive agricultural expansion in Khuzestan and Isfahan provinces to protect regional sustainability. This approach highlights the necessity of integrating ecosystem science into spatial planning to support—an adaptable framework, for other Middle Eastern regions facing similar environmental challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100634"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bankruptcy rules and sustainable water management: A MODSIM-NSGAII simulation multi-objective optimization framework for equitable transboundary water allocation","authors":"Bentolhoda Asl-Rousta ,&nbsp;S. Jamshid Mousavi","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A primary challenge in shared or international water resources management is ensuring their \"equitable and reasonable utilization\". This issue is further complicated by scarcity and can be addressed using Bankruptcy Games (BG). Classical bankruptcy game methods assume homogenous resource accessibility, but water resource systems vary widely in both spatial and temporal dimensions. This study addresses these challenges by introducing a new optimal bankruptcy rule (OpPro rule) through a simulation-optimization model (MODSIM-NSGAII), where MODSIM simulates the spatial and temporal variability of water resources, and the NSGA-II optimization algorithm includes two objective functions of maximizing basin-wide ecological sustainability and maximizing economic efficiency reflecting \"equitable and reasonable utilization\" of water. A mechanism based on the rationality principle of cooperative games and the equity concept is designed to identify the most stable solution. Results indicate that the optimal bankruptcy coefficients for Iran and Iraq are 100 and 88, respectively, suggesting a 12% reduction in Iraq's agricultural water demands. Additionally, efficient water management practices and the cultivation of high-value agricultural products in Iraq are proposed to enhance the reasonable utilization of water in this country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100648"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and drivers of green total factor productivity network structure in the Yangtze River economic belt from the perspective of urban agglomerations","authors":"Huan Zhang ,&nbsp;Ting Song ,&nbsp;Jinhang Zheng ,&nbsp;Yuzhen Mei ,&nbsp;Jinhua Cheng ,&nbsp;Ruoyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing inter-city Green Total Factor Productivity (GTFP) connections is crucial for achieving high-quality development across the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). This study constructs a spatial correlation network of GTFP for this region, analyzing its characteristics within the YREB and its three major urban agglomerations from 2005 to 2020 using social network analysis. QAP analysis is applied to explore the drivers of GTFP linkages between cities. Results reveal that (1) GTFP connectivity within the YREB strengthened continuously during the study period. The spatial correlation network density of GTFP in the YREB, Yangtze River Delta city cluster, middle reaches of Yangtze River City cluster and Chengdu-Chongqing City cluster showed a development trend of “rise-decline-rise,\" “rise-decline,\" “decline-rise,\" and “decline-rise-decline,\" respectively, and the network density always showed a “downstream &gt; midstream &gt; upstream\" and\"central city &gt; non-central city.” (2) GTFP network's center shifted from Wenzhou to Suzhou, then to Changsha, and finally to Shanghai, with a growing multi-centrality trend in the Yangtze River Delta, dominant roles for Changsha and Wuhan in the middle reaches, and consistent leadership by Chengdu in the Chengdu-Chongqing agglomeration. (3) QAP analysis identifies urban agglomeration construction, industrial development, technological innovation, and environmental regulation as key drivers of GTFP spatial linkages, with urban agglomeration construction having the greatest impact. To advance GTFP and foster coordinated development in the YREB, this study recommends that central cities lead through strategic guidance and incentives for less developed areas, supporting agglomeration construction, technological innovation, and environmental protection as pathways to sustainable, high-quality growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100644"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A different destiny after the ice age: Impacts of climate change on the global biogeography of Carasobarbus","authors":"Hadi Khoshnamvand ,&nbsp;Asghar Abdoli ,&nbsp;Karel Janko ,&nbsp;Seyed Mohsen Mousavi ,&nbsp;Kourosh Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Amir Naghibi ,&nbsp;Faraham Ahmadzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change poses a significant global challenge, profoundly affecting species distribution. In recent years, research focusing on the impacts of climate change on freshwater taxa has been relatively limited compared to studies on terrestrial taxa. This study seeks to identify hotspots and occurrences of all <em>Carasobarbus</em> freshwater fish species while also predicting the potential implications of climate change through the use of ensemble species distribution modeling (ESDM). Analyze climatic changes across various temporal scales: the Mid-Holocene (6000 years BP), the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 years BP), the present, and future projections (2061–2080). Global circulation models (GCMs) showed strong predictive capabilities for the species climatic niches, with Area under the curve (AUC) and true skill statistics (TSS) values. Key predictors included Annual Mean Temperature, Mean Temperature of the Driest Quarter, and Precipitation of the Driest Month. The analysis revealed varied responses to climate change: Five and seven species are expected to lose climatically suitable habitats (losers) in SSP 126 and SSP 585, respectively, indicating heightened vulnerability, in SSP126 and SSP 585 four and three species are expected to see an increase (Winners) in their range respectively, and additionally, in SSP 126 and SSP 585 two and one species are anticipated to maintain approximately stable (Under 1 % change) distributions within their ranges under the specified scenarios. Additionally, the Iran-Anatolian hotspot emerges as crucial for <em>Carasobarbus</em> populations globally. The research highlights the effects of climate change on <em>Carasobarbus</em> distribution patterns, providing essential insights for conservation strategies and management to protect biodiversity in vulnerable regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100646"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}