Environmental and Sustainability Indicators最新文献

{"title":"A hedonic analysis of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in Northern New Jersey","authors":"Taylor Wieczerak ,&nbsp;Pankaj Lal ,&nbsp;Pralhad Burli ,&nbsp;Ben Witherell ,&nbsp;Erik Lyttek ,&nbsp;Bernabas Wolde ,&nbsp;Ava Distaso","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Significant water pollution caused by flooding due to heavy precipitation and extreme weather events has become a considerable problem, and changing weather patterns and sea level rise attributable to global climate change stand to further exacerbate the issue. During heavy precipitation events, combined stormwater and untreated sewage may be diverted to adjacent water bodies via combined sewer overflows (CSOs), resulting in contamination and water pollution that can be harmful to human and environmental health. Though water quality effects of CSO discharges have been studied, the socio-economic aspects of this infrastructure have not received much scientific attention. This study provides an analysis of the socio-economic impacts from the continued use of CSOs in the communities of Elizabeth, Newark, and Paterson in northern New Jersey through a hedonic analysis of disamenity value for residential properties near CSOs. We use GSMLS real estate data and county MOD-IV data in a GIS overlay to map residences and household, neighborhood, and environmental attributes in these urban New Jersey areas. We then use the data from GIS analysis in logistic regressions to analyze the significance of a number of these attributes, including proximity to the nearest CSO, and estimate the economic effect that each factor has on a residence's sale price. This information is critical for revealing the socio-economic consequences of continued CSO operation, and can be used to inform CSO management strategies, including the use of green infrastructure, to understand economic impacts and intuit public perceptions of various strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100879"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing water quality monitoring in a coastal shallow lake using GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis","authors":"Anja Batina,&nbsp;Ante Šiljeg","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water quality decline is a critical global issue affecting both aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study focuses on Vrana Lake, a coastal shallow lake in Dalmatia, Croatia, which is subject to seasonal water level fluctuations, salinization from the Adriatic Sea, and various anthropogenic and environmental pressures. To evaluate and improve water quality monitoring, a spatial assessment was conducted using a Geographic Information System-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) integrated with the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (F-AHP). The analysis incorporated multiple criteria including electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, distance from water resources, distance from land nutrient runoff, distance from environmental pollutants, wind, precipitation, and air temperature, using data collected from July 2023 to June 2024. The methodology included standardization of criteria in GIS software, weighting through F-AHP, and a sensitivity analysis using 1000 Monte Carlo simulations to assess model robustness. Results revealed spatial variations in water quality, with lower quality observed in the northwestern and southern regions, influenced by anthropogenic activities and seawater intrusion. An optimized monitoring network of seven stations was developed based on Jenks natural breaks classification, ensuring comprehensive lake coverage and efficient representation of all water quality classes. Three existing stations and two from previous networks were incorporated into the new network, with two additional stations proposed to maintain consistent spatial distribution. This study provides an adaptable decision support framework for improving water quality monitoring and management in coastal shallow lakes, offering a strategic approach to early eutrophication warning systems and informed resource planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100881"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of carbon emission efficiency in the Pearl River-Xijiang economic belt over the past 15 years and exploration of improvement opportunities","authors":"Jiaxin Tan ,&nbsp;Yulian Liang ,&nbsp;Sufang Yu ,&nbsp;Jiye He ,&nbsp;Ju Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon Emission Efficiency (CEE) serves as a crucial metric for assessing regional economic development and carbon mitigation. Enhancing CEE promotes synergy between economic growth and emission reduction, accelerating socio-economic green transformation. As China's first cross-basin ecological civilization pilot zone, the Pearl River-Xijiang Economic Belt (PXEB) exhibits significant upstream-downstream disparities in CEE, reflecting varying capacities to balance carbon reduction, economic growth, and ecological conservation. Investigating CEE determinants (including socio-economic and policy factors) is vital for designing spatially differentiated strategies aligning basin-wide sustainability with local development needs. Using 2005–2020 panel data from 67 PXEB districts, this study applies the SBM-DDF model and the Global Malmquist-Luenberger index to measure CEE, with GTWR modeling analyzing six influencing factors. Key findings: (1) During 2006–2020, PXEB's CEE showed fluctuating growth, with upstream areas having greater improvement potential. Upstream inter-county disparities constituted the primary source of regional imbalances. (2) CEE transition dynamics are spatially heterogeneous, where neighboring areas' improvements promote local upward shifts and curb declines within specific regional typologies. (3) Economic development level is the strongest driver of CEE improvement, while energy intensity constitutes the main barrier to enhanced CEE in the PXEB. This study comprehensively evaluates PXEB's CEE through dynamic-static dimensions, systematically examines drivers' spatiotemporally heterogeneous impacts, and clarifies mechanisms linking factors like population density to CEE, offering scientific support for tailored emission reduction policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100883"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem service value under changing land use in rocky mountainous area of Northern China: spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanism","authors":"Shuyuan Yang ,&nbsp;Jinkuo Lin ,&nbsp;Shuwei Zheng ,&nbsp;Zijun Li ,&nbsp;Xinru Qiao ,&nbsp;Jiayuan Liu ,&nbsp;Yingzi Li ,&nbsp;Na Zhao ,&nbsp;Mengjie Zhao ,&nbsp;Meng Zhou ,&nbsp;Jun Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yihe River Basin (YRB) is a typical rocky mountainous area in northern China, where decades of human activities have significantly altered land use, affecting landscape patterns and ecosystem service value (ESV). These transformations have profound implications for regional ecological integrity and the sustainable development of socio-economy systems. This study seeks to quantitatively assess ESV in the YRB and to investigate its spatiotemporal heterogeneity, as well as the factors influencing these variations. Utilising the revised equivalent factor (REF) method, this research evaluated ESV in the YRB from 1975 to 2020. Furthermore, the study employed optimal parameters-based geographic detector (OPGD) model to identify the primary driving factors affecting ESV. The findings indicated that ESV showed a fluctuating upward trajectory, increasing from 33.37 billion CNY in 1975 to 33.81 billion CNY in 2020, with regulating services comprising 54.14 % of the total value. Spatial analysis showed that ESV initially increased then declined with altitude, whereas hot spots were mainly located near mountains and reservoirs. Key land use types, namely forest land, grassland, and water body, significantly influenced ESV, while anthropogenic activities were the primary drivers of changes in ESV within the YRB. Land use intensity (LUI) proved to be more influential than climatic factors. Positive interventions related to LUI, along with natural factors, contributed to enhancing ESV. Therefore, it is essential to develop and implement scientific land use policies. Efforts should prioritize forest land and grassland protection, restrict overdevelopment, and promote ecological restoration to enhance ecosystem services and sustain the YRB landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100884"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ecology of urban Vegetation: Trade-Offs, stressors, and adaptive strategies","authors":"Szilvia Kisvarga ,&nbsp;Katalin Horotán ,&nbsp;András Neményi ,&nbsp;Táborská Jana ,&nbsp;Zsanett Istvánfi ,&nbsp;László Orlóci","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban vegetation has faced increasingly complex environmental stressors over the past 25 years. This review synthesizes peer-reviewed studies (2000–2025) using a PRISMA-based protocol to examine how key plant functional traits, such as leaf area index (LAI), air pollution tolerance index (APTI), and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) respond to urban pressures including air pollution, heat islands, soil compaction, and fragmented green infrastructure. Our findings show trait effectiveness is context-dependent, varying by climate and urban form, with no universal indicator of resilience. We place particular emphasis on the role of climatic predictability and seasonal timing of stress exposure. Recent studies suggest that plant performance is shaped less by the absolute magnitude of drought or pollution and more by the recurrence and timing of these stressors, such as early-season droughts or late-summer ozone peaks. Physiological acclimation to dynamic environments thus becomes a critical criterion for species selection. Furthermore, city-type specificity emerged as a key factor: while compact Mediterranean cities face heat and water stress, tropical megacities are challenged by soil toxicity and spatial fragmentation. These findings reinforce the need to abandon generic planting lists and typological greening schemes in favor of differentiated, ecologically grounded strategies. Based on the reviewed literature and analytical framework, we propose measurable trait thresholds and adaptive design principles for urban vegetation planning. By integrating physiological resilience, spatial structure, and climatic background, urban planting strategies can be tailored to meet the demands of rapidly changing environmental conditions and ensure the long-term viability of vegetation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100887"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scanning the horizon: anticipating future changes in Portuguese aquatic ecosystems","authors":"Ronaldo Sousa ,&nbsp;Verónica Ferreira ,&nbsp;Susana Costas ,&nbsp;Celso Alves ,&nbsp;Pedro Anastácio ,&nbsp;Paula Chaínho ,&nbsp;Pedro A. Costa ,&nbsp;Sofia Duarte ,&nbsp;Maria João Feio ,&nbsp;João N. Franco ,&nbsp;José Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Filipe Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Joana I. Robalo ,&nbsp;Rui Rivaes ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Santos ,&nbsp;Janine Silva ,&nbsp;Paula Sobral ,&nbsp;Janeide Padilha","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We identified 15 emerging and poorly understood topics related to aquatic ecosystems in Portugal (from an initial pool of 43), which were scored and prioritized using a consensus-based Delphi technique. For marine ecosystems, the topics included current and future threats to low-lying sandy coasts, the impacts of the green energy transition, the risks posed by pathogens on floating ocean debris, the strategic importance of algae for a sustainable future, and Portugal's potential contribution to the expansion of Marine Protected Areas. For freshwater ecosystems, the topics included identifying drought refuges for freshwater biodiversity, assessing the potential ecological and social costs of water highways, uncovering the hidden impacts of clean energy (floating solar panels and lithium mining), managing water quality in reservoirs, and understanding the potential impacts of the recent expansion of intensive olive orchards. For cross-cutting topics relevant to both types of ecosystems, the most scored topics included the importance of aquatic super-sites for ecological monitoring, new solutions for detecting and removing emerging pollutants, the application of rewilding, the impact of forest pathogens and emerging zoonoses, and the rise of organic compounds as a multidimensional threat. Prioritizing these topics can support a more proactive approach to conserving, managing, and sustainably exploring aquatic ecosystems in Portugal. This methodology can also be used to prioritize research funding areas identified bottom up (by the scientific community) rather than dictated from the top down (by decision-makers) and serve as a roadmap for conducting similar exercises in other regions of the world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100876"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land-use change and lake eutrophication: Stakeholders’ perceptions on practices and policies in Ethiopia","authors":"Alemu Bezie Debay,&nbsp;Nandika Tsendbazar,&nbsp;Erika N. Speelman","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding local land-use decisions and perceptions of land-use dynamics is essential for developing effective and sustainable resource management policies. However, the involvement of local communities in governance, policy development, and broader decision-making processes, especially in densely populated agricultural regions with intense competition for limited resources is often limited. Here, we assessed stakeholder perspectives on the drivers and consequences of land-use change in the Abaya-Chamo and Tana basins in Ethiopia, East Africa, with the goal of contributing to improved policy development. Using Q-methodology, 43 participants, including 22 smallholder farmers and 21 local decision-makers, sorted 30 statements, followed by in-depth interviews. The analysis identified three distinct perspectives: sustainable land-use advocates, economic-driven policy critics, and agricultural expansionists. Sustainable land-use advocates integrated ecological concerns with socioeconomic considerations; economic-driven policy critics prioritised economic outcomes while viewing land-use policies as ineffective; and agricultural expansionists emphasised maximising the economic use of land, lakes, and wetland resources. These groups showed marked disagreement over the economic use and management of lakes, wetlands, and non-forested lands. While some participants perceived farming as minimally linked to lake degradation, others emphasised the economic use of lakes and wetlands alongside an awareness of environmental impacts. A shared concern across all discourses was the negative view of forest to farmland conversion. Participants widely criticised current agricultural and conservation policies as ineffective or misaligned with local and agrological realities. This study identifies the heterogeneity of land-use perspectives across regions and stakeholders and shows the need for agroecologically grounded, region-specific policies and implementation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100880"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics and multidimensional drivers of tourism development-ecological resilience coupling coordination in Jiangxi Province, China","authors":"Xingxing Wang ,&nbsp;Sunhee Suk ,&nbsp;Novelia Triana ,&nbsp;Yuting Xue ,&nbsp;Xiuben Ma ,&nbsp;Fenghua Liu ,&nbsp;Liguo Wang ,&nbsp;Yiming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leveraging data from 2006 to 2022, this study examines Jiangxi's tourism development (TD) and ecological resilience (ER) coupling coordination (CCD) under China's ecological civilization agenda. Integrating SPA, PVAR, modified CCD, kernel density estimation, and XGBoost - SHAP, it constructs a hybrid framework to analyze spatiotemporal evolution and multi - dimensional drivers, focusing on dynamic interactions and nonlinear mechanisms.</div><div>The research reveals the following key findings: (1) Both TD and ER have increased significantly, with marked differences in growth fluctuations across cities; spatially, a pattern of strong north and weak south is observed, along with a core radiation effect. (2) The temporal progression of CCD between TD and ER has shifted from extreme incoordination to moderate coordination. Its spatial distribution is driven by Nanchang as a single core, forming a concentric circular structure with a gradient decrease around the provincial capital. (3) Factors including the proportion of the tertiary industry, municipal public investment, per capita GDP, and vegetation coverage exert significant driving force on coordinated development and exhibit synergistic interaction effects.</div><div>The added value of this study lies in revealing the evolutionary laws of the human-land relationship in Jiangxi Province, providing a policy toolkit and differentiated pathways for spatial governance of tourism-ecology systems. It also offers an interdisciplinary toolkit for balancing tourism growth and ER in eco-sensitive regions, providing policy insights for China's ecological civilization pilot zones and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100875"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecorestoration of degraded coal mines in India, present status and way forward for sustainable land management: A systematic review","authors":"Abhishek Kumar ,&nbsp;Sanjay Singh ,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar Gupta ,&nbsp;Komal Rani","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Degraded coal mines in India pose significant ecological and socio-economic challenges, requiring urgent and evidence-based ecorestoration strategies. We conducted a systematic literature review using PRISMA and bibliometric analysis to identify research gaps and future directions for rehabilitating these degraded areas. The research literature was sourced from various databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Crossref, JSTOR, and Google Scholar, using predefined keywords. The literature covered the last 30 years, resulting in 172 relevant studies that followed PRISMA guidelines. We identified five major groups that have worked extensively and made valuable contributions to this domain using the Biblioshiny tool in R Studio. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) analysis was performed to understand the major environmental indicators and causal factors that should be focused on while designing and implementing mine restoration for researchers and policymakers. We identified a set of strategies, including mechanical, chemical, and biological interventions, primarily used for the ecological restoration of coal mine-affected areas by reviewing and synthesizing the available literature. Results indicate that revegetation with native species, biochar, and microbe-assisted soil remediation, along with adopting community-based practices, are the most effective strategies. This study recommends long-term ecological studies that incorporate integrated approaches, such as climate-smart technologies, with scientific interventions that combine social, ecological, and economic aspects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100872"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of mountain wind farms on different vegetation types: A case study in Yunnan Province","authors":"Chenhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaobing Li ,&nbsp;Xin Lyu ,&nbsp;Dongliang Dang ,&nbsp;Siyu Liu ,&nbsp;Ning Su","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While wind power is regarded as a natural green energy source, the construction and operation of wind farms will inevitably have an impact on the local and even broader ecological environment. Therefore, exploring the ecological impacts caused by the construction and operation of wind farms to achieve a balance between energy transition and environmental protection is highly important. There is a paucity of research examining the impact of mountain wind farms on regional vegetation. This study examined the impact of mountain wind farms on different vegetation types, including forest, farmland, and grassland, in Yunnan Province, China, from 2008 to 2022. This study aimed to identify the potential causes of spatial heterogeneity in the impact of mountain wind farms on regional vegetation. The findings indicated that the influence of mountain wind farms on diverse vegetation types was predominantly evident within a 0.5 km radius. The wind farms exhibited notable uniformity in their inhibitory impact on the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across the different vegetation types, whereas the effects on the leaf area index (LAI) exhibited greater variability. The spatial heterogeneity in the impact of mountain wind farms on the FVC, NDVI, and LAI was associated with a range of factors. The study also revealed that the negative impact of mountain wind farms on forests is due mainly to their direct destruction during wind farm construction, so the area occupied by forests should be strictly controlled during wind farm construction, with stronger management of damaged vegetation restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36171,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Sustainability Indicators","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100873"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}