Global patterns and drivers of protected area system decentralization: A cross-national analysis

This study presents the first global analysis of decentralization patterns in national protected area systems (NPAS) across 118 countries. Using a hurdle regression model, we examine how country characteristics influence both the adoption and extent of NPAS decentralization. Our findings reveal that most NPAS remain largely centralized, with significant regional variations: the Americas show the highest rate of decentralization (31 %), while Europe shows the lowest (4 %). Conservation funding and public participation positively correlate with decentralization adoption. Among countries that have adopted decentralization policies, country size significantly increases the extent of decentralization, while protected area system age significantly constrains it. These findings provide insights for policymakers and conservation practitioners, suggesting that effective NPAS decentralization requires tailored approaches considering the local context, public engagement, and historical institutional development.