British and Irish Orthoptic Journal最新文献

{"title":"The Test-Retest Variability of the COMPlog System in Participants with Induced Non-Normal Visual Acuity.","authors":"Mun Wei Kan,&nbsp;Anne Bjerre","doi":"10.22599/bioj.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine and compare test-retest variability (TRV) of the computerised visual acuity (VA) COMPlog system on participants with normal vision and non-normal vision induced by bangerter foils (BFs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty adult volunteers with VA of 0.100 logMAR or better in each eye and no eye conditions were included. Monocular VA data using the COMPlog system under five conditions-with plain Plano glasses (visually normal condition) and four pairs of Plano glasses with BF strengths of 0.6, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 (induced non-normal vision conditions)-were collected on two separate visits. To reduce bias, the eye tested and order of the BFs assessed were randomised. Data comparison was analysed using 2-factor ANOVA and paired t-tests and Bland Altman analysis to assess TRV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean VA score from the two visits was -0.072 ± 0.1 logMAR for Plano, 0.106 ± 0.1 logMAR for BF 0.6, 0.428 ± 0.1 logMAR for BF 0.3, 0.662 ± 0.09 logMAR for BF 0.2 and 0.850 ± 0.08 logMAR for BF 0.1. As BF density increased, VA score significantly worsened (p < 0.0001). Overall mean VA score from the first and second visit was 0.410 ± 0.4 logMAR and 0.379 ± 0.4 logMAR, respectively. This improvement was significant (p < 0.009). The 95% limits of agreement of the VA scores between testing conditions had a range of ±0.120 to ±0.220 logMAR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increase in BF strength led to a worsened VA score. However, the COMPlog TRV under the visually normal and induced non-normal vision conditions were within a similar range (±0.120 to ±0.220 logMAR). VA significantly improved on the second visit, suggesting a possible learning effect, which could have a clinical impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"47-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38442676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual Profile of Children who Passed or Failed the UK School Vision Screening Protocol.","authors":"Sara McCullough,&nbsp;Kathryn Saunders","doi":"10.22599/bioj.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We applied the National Screening Committee vision screening protocol [pass criterion monocular acuity ≤ 0.2 LogMAR in both eyes(BE)] to children four to five years old to investigate the visual profile of children who passed/failed. Previous studies have only evaluated those failing. The aim was to derive false positive and negative values, specificity/sensitivity of the vision screening protocol for detecting significant visual defects (strabismus and/or significant refractive error) and the utility of a 'plus blur test' in identifying hyperopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 294 children (5.2 ± 0.4 yrs). In addition to the vision screening protocol (monocular acuity-3 m crowded Keeler LogMAR letters), acuities were recorded through +2.50D and +4.00D lenses and ocular alignment and cycloplegic refractive error were assessed. Using acuity measures, participants were classed as passing/failing the screening protocol. Each participant was also classed as having a strabismus and/or significant refractive error (hyperopia ≥ +4.00DS; myopia ≤ -0.50DS; astigmatism ≤ -1.50DC; anisometropia ≥ +1.50DS) or no significant visual defects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 284 children who completed all tests, 27.8% failed to achieve 0.2 LogMAR in BE. The acuity pass/fail criterion had a sensitivity of 70.4% and specificity of 82.2% for detecting strabismus and/or significant refractive error. Of those who failed, 51.9% (n = 41/79) had no strabismus and/or significant refractive error (false positives). Of those who passed, 7.8% (n = 16/205) had visual defects (false negatives). The 'plus blur tests' improved sensitivity in detecting significant refractive error (+2.50D & +4.00D 90.7%) but significantly reduced specificity (+2.50D = 65.2%; +4.00D = 60.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>School-entry vision screening is reasonably sensitive and specific for detecting strabismus and/or significant refractive error. Most children with visions poorer than 0.2 LogMAR need refractive intervention, and the majority of the remainder are likely false positives for significant visual defects. One in 13 children who pass have either strabismus and/or significant refractive error (7.8%). The inclusion of a 'plus blur test' was not a useful addition to the vision screening protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"36-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VeRSE: Vertical Reading Strategy Efficacy for Homonymous Hemianopia after Stroke: A Feasibility Study.","authors":"Lauren Hepworth,&nbsp;Fiona Rowe,&nbsp;Heather Waterman","doi":"10.22599/bioj.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To conduct a feasibility study using vertical reading for stroke survivors with homonymous hemianopia. Feasibility objectives included assessing the appropriateness of testing methods, outcomes and amount of recruitment possible. Vertical reading has yet no empirical evidence for its use in homonymous hemianopia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-over design was used involving stroke survivors with homonymous hemianopia. Three reading directions (horizontal; 90° clockwise rotation; 90° anti-clockwise rotation) were assessed in a randomised order whilst measuring reading speed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven participants with stroke-induced homonymous hemianopia were recruited (25.9% recruitment rate). The mean horizontal reading speed was 120.3 (SD 33.9) words per minute. When reading vertically (downwards) at 90° clockwise rotation the mean reading speed was 62.7 (SD 43.4) words per minute. When reading vertically (upwards) at 90° anti-clockwise rotation the mean reading speed was 74.6 (SD 53.5) words per minute.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This feasibility study has informed and provided vital information for planning and developing future studies for vertical reading. The primary outcome measure for future studies should be reading acuity, taking account of both speed and errors. Further preliminary studies are required which incorporate a practice element to assess for any improvement over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"28-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral, Unaugmented, Loop Myopexy Performed for a Severe Case of Heavy Eye Syndrome.","authors":"David Maskill,&nbsp;Janice Hoole,&nbsp;Katerina Oikonomi,&nbsp;Ian Simmons,&nbsp;Evangelos Drimtzias","doi":"10.22599/bioj.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To report the clinical features and surgical outcomes of one patient with heavy eye syndrome who underwent bilateral, unaugmented, full loop myopexy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 47-year-old lady with high myopia, high axial length, progressive esotropia, slippage of the lateral rectus (LR) inferiorly and superior rectus (SR) medially on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was diagnosed with heavy eye syndrome. Unaugmented loop myopexy without medial rectus (MR) recession was offered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On follow-up at 30 months, a small residual esotropia of 6 prism diopters (PD) at near and 10 PD at distance was achieved. Both abduction and elevation were improved in both eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The high angle of esodeviation can be challenging to correct adequately with surgery, with many options available: resection-recession, hemitranspositions (Yamada's procedure), partial loop myopexy (modified Jensen's procedure) and full loop myopexy (Yokoyama's procedure). It remains unclear which procedure is optimal for severe disease. In this case, we present bilateral, unaugmented, full loop myopexy as our preferred choice for high esotropia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"25-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which Stereotest do You Use? A Survey Research Study in the British Isles, the United States and Canada.","authors":"Kathleen Vancleef,&nbsp;Jenny C A Read","doi":"10.22599/bioj.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A wide range of stereotests are available to measure stereopsis. Because each test has its own advantages and disadvantages, opinions differ on which is the preferred test to use in clinical practice. We conducted surveys comparing the use of stereotests in the British Isles and in the United States and Canada. Two online surveys were developed following consultation with eye care professionals, one for each geographical area. Both surveys included two questions on the frequency of use of different stereotests, two questions on best practice stereotests, and two questions on the usefulness of stereotests. Researchers made distinctions between appointments with children below or above 6 years old for respondents from the British Isles and below or above 5 years old for respondents from the Unites Stated and Canada. The surveys were distributed through professional organisations. We found Frisby to be the most used stereotest on the British Isles for both age groups. In the US and Canada, Titmus and Randot stereotest are more frequently used. Respondents consider these tests as the best practice stereotests. Eye care professionals agree stereotests are useful in the diagnosis and treatment decision making and even more so in obtaining an accurate measure of stereoacuity, especially with older children.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"15-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Diplopia on Reading.","authors":"Beckie Lijka,&nbsp;Sonia Toor,&nbsp;Gemma Arblaster","doi":"10.22599/bioj.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the effect of induced vertical diplopia (small and large separation) on reading speed and accuracy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Radner Reading Chart (RRC) was used to measure reading speed (correct words per minute (wpm)) and accuracy (percentage). Accuracy was measured using two different methods: 'accuracy-omission' where only the omission of a word reduced the score, and 'accuracy-addition and omission' where any error reduced the score. Three viewing conditions were created using Fresnel prisms on plano glasses: a control condition without diplopia (6 prism dioptres (Δ) base up (BU) over each eye), small separation vertical diplopia (3Δ BU right eye and 3Δ base down (BD) left eye) and large separation vertical diplopia (6Δ BU right eye and 6Δ BD left eye). Viewing conditions were counterbalanced to minimise order effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-four participants were included with a mean age of 20.1 years. The mean reading speed in the control condition was 156.90 wpm. Both diplopic conditions significantly reduced the reading speed compared to the control condition, small separation diplopia to 62.75 wpm (p < 0.001) and large separation diplopia to 105.71 wpm (p < 0.001). The mean reading speed with small separation diplopia was significantly slower than the mean reading speed with large separation diplopia (p < 0.01). Median accuracy scores in the control and the large separation diplopia conditions were 100% using both methods of measuring accuracy. The small separation diplopia condition significantly reduced accuracy to 92.86% (accuracy-omission method) and to 57.50% (accuracy-addition and omission method) compared to the control condition (p < 0.01) and the large separation diplopia condition (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>When vertical diplopia was induced using Fresnel prisms, diplopia of smaller separation resulted in the greatest reduction in reading speed and accuracy, compared to without diplopia and large separation diplopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"8-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ophthalmologists on Smartphones: Image-Based Teleconsultation.","authors":"Amit Mohan,&nbsp;Navjot Kaur,&nbsp;Vinod Sharma,&nbsp;Pradhnya Sen,&nbsp;Elesh Jain,&nbsp;Manju Gajraj","doi":"10.22599/bioj.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Teleophthalmology has the potential to facilitate wider access to expert advice. It includes viewing of ophthalmic images by experts either on handheld devices like smartphones/tablets or office devices such as computer screens. However, to ensure rapid feedback, the turnaround time of any consultation must be kept to a minimum which requires use of handheld user-friendly devices. The purpose of this study was to assess whether images of different eye ailments viewed on smartphones and tablets are of comparable subjective quality as those viewed on a computer screen.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective study comparing the subjective quality of images on a smartphone, tablet and computer screen. Thirty images were analysed - 10 of extraocular morphology, 10 of the anterior segment pathology and 10 of retinal diseases. Ten ophthalmologists participated and were instructed to rate the overall quality of each image on a 7-point Likert scale (terrible-1, poor-2, average-3, fair-4, good-5, very good-6, excellent-7).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall smartphones were found to have higher ratings of subjective image quality (5.9 ± 0.48) than images displayed on tablets (5.13 ± 0.51) and computers (5.0 ± 0.37). The images were rated 'good' or 'very good' in all (100%) of the smartphone images. Fundus images and extraocular images were rated higher than anterior segment images on the smartphone. When comparing the two handheld devices with computers, both smartphones and tablets had similar image quality (p > 0.05, not significant) to computer images. However, for extraocular diseases, smartphone (6.1 ± 0.32) had significantly better image quality and images were easier to interpret compared to images on the computer (p < 0.05).Smartphones were rated 'very good' in 88.33% cases. All consultants (n = 10) were comfortable with the use of smartphone images and were already using it for teleconsultation at least three times in a month. Vision technicians reported minimum delay in getting advice when sending the images on mobile application to expert ophthalmologists.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Smartphones can be used for teleconsultation. Subjective qualities of ophthalmic images on a smartphone are similar to those on tablets and computers. For rural communities that rely on teleconsultation, this small study provides useful evidence which may support the use of smartphones, tablets or computers for viewing ophthalmic images.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"3-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum: The Need for a Unified Protocol for Termination of Amblyopia Treatment.","authors":"Mahmoud M Nassar,&nbsp;Fiona Campbell Mitchell","doi":"10.22599/bioj.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.22599/bioj.109.].</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38442029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postural Patterns of the Subjects with Vergence Disorders: Impact of Orthoptic Re-education, a Pilot Study.","authors":"Gwenaelle Delfosse,&nbsp;Dominique Brémond-Gignac,&nbsp;Zoï Kapoula","doi":"10.22599/bioj.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Vergence insufficiency is a common oculomotor disorder which causes visual but also general, and even postural symptoms. This study aimed to characterise postural control of subjects with isolated vergence disorder and assess whether orthoptic therapy affects it.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Vergence disorders were evaluated and treated by orthoptists. Postural control quality was measured before and after orthoptic therapy in different conditions to study the role of vision, fixating distance, binocular vision and ocular dominance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Before orthoptic therapy, we recorded less body sway when subjects had their eyes closed than when they had their eyes open, and also less sway for the binocular condition when compared with monocular viewing conditions. This is opposite to well-known normal behaviour. Moreover, no distance or ocular dominance effect was found. After orthoptic therapy, our subject's body sway was less when they had their eyes open than with their eyes closed and less when they looked at near fixation. No difference was found between monocular and binocular viewing conditions, but a small advantage of ocular dominance was found for one parameter.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We conclude that subjects with vergence disorders show postural behaviour that is not characterized by the normal regularities observed in healthy subjects. Orthoptic re-education may have contributed to promoting such regularities. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"64-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Study of Orthoptic Students' and Teaching Experience with the Introduction of Technology Promoting a Blended Learning Environment: <i>Experiences with technology in a blended learning environment</i>.","authors":"Carla Lança,&nbsp;Anne Bjerre","doi":"10.22599/bioj.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Evaluation of the students' experience and academic achievements following the introduction of online learning.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>In 2011, online learning activities were introduced in the teaching of the Research in Orthoptics module for final year undergraduate orthoptic students. The online learning activities were created and delivered in Moodle; an open-source online learning platform. Students from the academic year groups of 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2016-17 completed an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into 6 categories (relevance, reflection, interactivity, tutor support, peer support and interpretation) with 4 questions within each category. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score each question. The sum of answers within each category ranged from 4 (negative perception) to 20 (positive perception). Student performance was assessed using the marks retrospectively for 2 years before online learning was introduced and when online learning was included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-two students replied to the questionnaire with a mean age of 23.0 ± 2.3 years (range 21-32). There were 38 females (90.5%) and 4 males (9.5%). Combining the 3 academic cohorts there was a significant difference between the 6 categories of the questionnaire (p < 0.0001). Three categories obtained the same high median score of 16: relevance (range 9-20), reflection (range 11-20) and tutor support (range 12-20). Peer support resulted in the lowest median score of 13. Separation of the three academic year cohorts' revealed significant differences for tutor support (p = 0.03). The score increased from 16 in 2012-13 and 2013-14 to 18 in 2016-17. Significant differences were found between the marks for the cohorts from 2009-10 to 2016-17 (F_7,245 = 5.07: p < 0.0001). The mean mark for year group 2009-2010 was significantly less compared to 2012-13 (p < 0.0001), 2014-15 (p = 0.01) and 2015-16 (p = 0.02) and year group 2011-12's mark significantly less than 2012/13 (p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Including online learning in the research module had a positive impact on the student experience, although more work needs to be done to improve peer support. Marks obtained by the orthoptic students have improved since the introduction of online learning suggesting that a mixture of teaching and learning methods is beneficial for students. However, more work needs to be done to provide teacher assistance in the design of online learning and blended learning approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"56-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38541445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}