British and Irish Orthoptic Journal最新文献

{"title":"Opinions on Amblyopia Treatment in Microtropia - A Questionnaire Study of Orthoptists in Scandinavia.","authors":"Jannicke Røe, Gemma Arblaster","doi":"10.22599/bioj.316","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microtropia is a small angle strabismus of less than or equal to ten prism diopters. It often co-exists with anisometropia, and patients may require amblyopia treatment. Diplopia following amblyopia treatment is considered rare, but older literature can advise caution when treating amblyopia in microtropia. This study aimed to explore orthoptists' opinions on amblyopia treatment in microtropia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Orthoptists working in Scandinavia were invited to complete an online questionnaire regarding their views on amblyopia treatment. They were presented with three different clinical scenarios: 1) patient with anisometropia; 2) patient with anisometropia and microtropia with identity; and 3) patient with anisometropia and microtropia without identity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The questionnaire received responses from 30 orthoptists, which were analysed. The results showed a significantly higher concern for diplopia in patients with microtropia undergoing amblyopia treatment than in patients with anisometropia. They responded that to prevent diplopia, it is more important to stop amblyopia treatment before equal visual acuity (VA) is reached in microtropia compared to anisometropia. Thus, amblyopia treatment was stopped more often in microtropia, even if VA was improving and diplopia was absent. Equal VA was perceived to be more difficult to achieve in microtropia, both with and without identity, compared to anisometropia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite more recent evidence that diplopia following amblyopia treatment is extremely rare, orthoptists working in Scandinavia reported more concerns about diplopia when treating amblyopia in microtropia than in anisometropia. Stopping amblyopia treatment in microtropia before equal VA was achieved was considered somewhat important to prevent diplopia. Orthoptists also reported that equal VA was difficult to achieve in patients with microtropia, both with and without identity. Further research would help improve the evidence and inform clinical decisions about microtropia and amblyopia treatment in microtropia.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"226-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11568811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum of Visual Dysfunction Detected by a Novel Testing Protocol Within a Special School Eye Care Service.","authors":"Mohammud Musleh, Alison Green, Aleks Mankowska, Catherine Viner, Rachel Pilling","doi":"10.22599/bioj.391","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Children with special educational needs are more likely to have vision problems than peers in mainstream education. Reports focus on visual acuity and refraction, overlooking visuoperceptual difficulties, including cerebral visual impairment. This article reports on the feasibility and outcomes of visual function testing performed during in-school visual assessments.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective chart review was undertaken of children participating in a special school vision programme. The testing strategy included acuity, fields, contrast sensitivity, eye movements, accommodation, stereopsis, visual attention, refraction and a parent-completed questionnaire. The testing method was chosen based on the child's ability to engage with testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>78 cases were identified (mean age 9.6 years). Low vision (worse than 6/19) was identified in 31%. All six tests of visual function were completed by 44% (mean 5.1; range 2-6). The mean number of atypical responses was 1 (range 0-4). Almost half (49%) showed at least one atypical response, most commonly visual attention (35%) and 25% had atypical eye movements.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Overall, only 20% of children in the special school setting demonstrated a normal response to each test they were able to complete. Acuity testing alone does not demonstrate the atypical visual function of a child with special needs. Using techniques which require minimal cognitive, speech or motor function, a range of visual functions can be elicited during in-school testing. This testing strategy has the advantage of demonstrating areas of visual (dys)function impacting on the child's ability to access learning which can be immediately fed back to teaching staff and carers.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"219-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11568808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Chatbots (ChatGPT and Google Gemini) Versus Traditional Patient Information Leaflets for Local Anesthesia in Eye Surgery: Correspondence.","authors":"Hinpetch Daungsupawong, Viroj Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.22599/bioj.423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22599/bioj.423","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"217-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11546207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compliance and Determinants of Spectacle Wear Among Moroccan Adults Residing Beni-Mellal Khénifra Region.","authors":"Abderrahim Dahbi, Ahmed Chetoui, Farida Bentayeb, Samya Korziti, Abdelilah Errachidi, Youssef El Merabet","doi":"10.22599/bioj.375","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Ensuring a high level of adherence to wearing spectacles is essential to preserve eye health and achieve optimal vision correction. Comprehending the factors influencing adherence to wearing spectacles can inform strategies to improve eye care outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors influencing adherence to wearing spectacles among Moroccan adults residing the Beni-Mellal Khenifra region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional interview survey was conducted involving 389 adult spectacle wearers. Participants were recruited through a multilevel random sampling technique and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. This questionnaire collected data on demographics, spectacle prescription, usage patterns, and barriers to compliance. Compliance was assessed based on self-reported frequency and duration of spectacle wear according to the prescription. Possible factors influencing the wearing of spectacles were investigated using both univariate and multivariate regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study revealed that 57.6% of participants adhered to the recommended use of spectacles. Factors associated with compliance were higher education level, longer duration of spectacle use, awareness about the importance of spectacle wear, absence of a family history, specific refractive error types, and increased severity of refractive errors. Participants reported various reasons for not adhering to the recommended use of spectacles, with the most common being forgetfulness, perceiving improved vision without spectacle, discomfort while wearing spectacle, difficulty adapting to spectacle, and loss of spectacle.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the high prevalence of non-compliance to spectacle wear among adults in the Beni-Mellal Khenifra region, it is evident that additional efforts are required to improve understanding and education regarding the advantages of consistent spectacle usage. Targeted educational and awareness initiatives have the potential to substantially enhance adherence rates and consequently improve visual health outcomes in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"207-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11488196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors for Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia in Children and Young Adults: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Manjushri Yuan Rou Lee, Mei Shi Pearl Lee","doi":"10.22599/bioj.386","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) is a rare subtype of esotropia that occurs after infancy. The exact pathogenesis of AACE remains unknown with aetiologies ranging from benign conditions to serious underlying neurological diseases being reported. Given the elusive characteristic of AACE, diagnostic and management guidelines remain unclear. This systematic review aims to contribute to this field by summarising the risk factors for AACE reported thus far.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review was conducted with papers found in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane library, PubMed databases and other sources. Eligible studies investigating the risk factors for, and clinical features of, AACE in children and young adults were critically appraised before relevant data were extracted and discussed via a narrative summary.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve studies were included in the final review, of which six and eight papers reported on benign and non-benign risk factors for AACE respectively. Identified benign risk factors varied among studies, while non-benign risk factors were associated with intracranial pathologies, multiple sclerosis and head trauma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the low generalisability of study findings, no definitive conclusions can be drawn on the significance of each risk factor on AACE development. Further prospective research with more objective measurements of 'near work', larger sample sizes and control groups is required to better ascertain any cause-effect relationship, refine the diagnostic criteria for each AACE subtype and advise on appropriate management guidelines for AACE.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"193-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11378710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142156224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Accuracy, Readability, Sentiment, and Actionability: Artificial Intelligence Chatbots (ChatGPT and Google Gemini) versus Traditional Patient Information Leaflets for Local Anesthesia in Eye Surgery.","authors":"Prakash Gondode, Sakshi Duggal, Neha Garg, Pooja Lohakare, Jubin Jakhar, Swati Bharti, Shraddha Dewangan","doi":"10.22599/bioj.377","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Eye surgeries often evoke strong negative emotions in patients, including fear and anxiety. Patient education material plays a crucial role in informing and empowering individuals. Traditional sources of medical information may not effectively address individual patient concerns or cater to varying levels of understanding. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the accuracy, completeness, readability, tone, and understandability of patient education material generated by AI chatbots versus traditional Patient Information Leaflets (PILs), focusing on local anesthesia in eye surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Expert reviewers evaluated responses generated by AI chatbots (ChatGPT and Google Gemini) and a traditional PIL (Royal College of Anaesthetists' PIL) based on accuracy, completeness, readability, sentiment, and understandability. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests, were conducted to compare the performance of the sources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Readability analysis showed variations in complexity among the sources, with AI chatbots offering simplified language and PILs maintaining better overall readability and accessibility. Sentiment analysis revealed differences in emotional tone, with Google Gemini exhibiting the most positive sentiment. AI chatbots demonstrated superior understandability and actionability, while PILs excelled in completeness. Overall, ChatGPT showed slightly higher accuracy (scores expressed as mean ± standard deviation) (4.71 ± 0.5 vs 4.61 ± 0.62) and completeness (4.55 ± 0.58 vs 4.47 ± 0.58) compared to Google Gemini, but PILs performed best (4.84 ± 0.37 vs 4.88 ± 0.33) in terms of both accuracy and completeness (p-value for completeness <0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AI chatbots show promise as innovative tools for patient education, complementing traditional PILs. By leveraging the strengths of both AI-driven technologies and human expertise, healthcare providers can enhance patient education and empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health and medical care.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"183-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142056779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation Into the Orthoptist Experience of Instilling Eye Drops in Children Attending the Eye Clinic.","authors":"Hanish Chauhan","doi":"10.22599/bioj.314","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Eye drops instillation in children is a fundamental part of accurately examining a child's eyes. Unfortunately eye drops can be a distressing experience for children, parents/guardians and orthoptists. The purpose of this research is to focus on the experiences of orthoptists and delve deeper into their views and explore if improvements can be made.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a Qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with 8 registered and currently practicing orthoptists in the UK. The interviews were undertaken online via Microsoft TEAMS. Thematic analysis was carried out for the purposes of data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>3 major themes were identified (1) how orthoptist frame instilling eye drops, (2) techniques to address challenges, and (3) improvements to eye drops instillation process. Orthoptists were aware that instilling eye drops in children brought specific challenges such as distress and resistance; however they saw it as an essential part of their job. Orthoptists understood their role within a wider team which delivered eye care to children effectively and that there was a division of they believed that. Orthoptists were aware that the eye drops may cause some distress, however this did not affect compliance with treatment such as wearing glasses and/or a patch. Orthoptists believed verbal and non-verbal communication with the child was essential. Help was sought from parents or colleagues for physical restraint if required. Orthoptists suggested adapting to children with additional needs and giving out eye drops to parents/carers to instill at home if dilation in the eye clinic became difficult. They suggested improvements such as assistance from play specialists, developing a pre-procedural information video, practise as a student, the study of the medical exemptions module and the potential of using eye sprays instead of eye drops.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study reiterates the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication. The results may facilitate recommendations for change such as encouraging the study of medical exemptions and help support a case for play specialist support regularly, and the encouragement to develop a pre-procedural information video to improve quality of care. This is currently inconsistent across different Trusts in the UK. The study could result in improvements to current practise and influence other fields of medicine such as blood tests and MRI scans in children. The study also recommends further studies to investigate the parental perspective of instillation of eye drops in their child's eyes when they attend the eye clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"171-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11328678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Dynamic Contrast Sensitivity Chart.","authors":"Nikhita Jacob, Vandana Kamath, B N Sanjay","doi":"10.22599/bioj.365","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dynamic visual acuity (DVA) is a complex visual function that requires the observer to detect a moving target, to visually acquire it by eye movements, and to resolve critical details contained in it, in a relatively brief time exposure. Dynamic contrast sensitivity (DCS) functions are determined over a range of angular velocities to complement the traditional contrast sensitivity (CS) functions (obtained with stationary targets).</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A new chart is constructed to assess DCS by chosen 5×5 grid and Sloan letters (D, H, N, U, V, R, Z, S, K, O, C). Letters are constructed at a constant visual acuity of six lines having the contrast varied at each interval of the line. Each line has six letters and each line subtends different contrast (0.20 logCS-1.70 logCS). The chart has a motor of 45 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 30 rpm and measured among the normal population of the age group of 17 to 30.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results shows that CS declines once the target stimulus is in motion. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the stimulus speeds of 30 rpm and 45 rpm. Dynamic contrast sensitivity values increased for lower target velocity indicating that as speed of the target stimulus increases, CS decreases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study concludes that the DCS decreases as the velocity increases. Consequently, incorporating the DCS chart into comprehensive eye examinations provides a holistic understanding of an individual's visual function.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"165-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11259109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental Awareness of the Preschool Orthoptics Visual Screening in Brunei-Muara District and Factors Contributing to Defaulters.","authors":"Sharimawati Sharbini, Nur Aimi Diyana Awang Damit, Ted Maddess, Siti Nurliyana Abdullah","doi":"10.22599/bioj.349","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The preschool orthoptics visual screening program began in Brunei Darussalam in 2004 to detect amblyopia, a common cause of treatable visual disorders in children. Amblyopia can be asymptomatic, easily missed, and cause permanent adverse visual consequences; hence, it is necessary to be screened. The parental role in ensuring timely visual screening is pivotal to their child's visual well-being and educational success. This study explored parental awareness and reasons for their nonattendance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study of 401 parents was conducted in the Brunei-Muara district in private kindergarten schools and maternal and child health clinics. A self-designed and self-administered questionnaire was used. Data collected was analysed using RStudio in the form of descriptive and analytic statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study findings showed that 52.8% defaulted their screening and there was a significant association between parental awareness and the defaulters (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Only 39.9% of parents were aware of the screening service availability, and 50.1% had not taken their children for an eye check. The most significant sociodemographic factor that influenced awareness of the importance of vision screening was parental employment status (<i>p</i> = 0.013), revealing a 4.43 times higher likelihood of default if the father was unemployed. This study found that with each additional child, parents are 1.25 times less likely to seek eye screening (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The main reason for nonattendance was a lack of awareness of the situation and parents believed that their children were seeing well. Mitigating child visual screening defaults requires a community-focused approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"154-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11122692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141155572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact on Vergence Parameters After Smartphone Gaming.","authors":"Vishal Biswas, Roshni Majumder","doi":"10.22599/bioj.335","DOIUrl":"10.22599/bioj.335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To evaluate the impact of smartphone gaming on the vergence system of the eye.</p><p><strong>Settings and design: </strong>A 5-month (from March 2023 to August 2023) comparative and experimental research was conducted.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eighty-two participants with a mean age of 21.98 ± 2.26 years were present in the study. Prior to assessing accommodation and vergence system characteristics, participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The participants were asked to play a shooting game on a smartphone for 30 minutes at a 40 cm distance. Measurements of the vergence parameters were taken before and after the activity and afterwards were compared.</p><p><strong>Statistical analysis: </strong>Non-parametric tests were used to compare pre- and post-task measurements. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the variables: Negative fusional vergence (NFV), Positive fusional vergence (PFV), Near point of convergence (NPC), and Vergence Facility (VF), with the alpha error set at 5%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the participants was 21.98 ± 2.26 years. Post-task, the vergence parameters: NPC (p < 0.001), NFV for near distance (p < 0.001), PFV for near distance (p < 0.001), and VF (p < 0.001) showed significant decrease in vergence parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study shows smartphone gaming for 30 minutes affects the vergence system, leading to binocular vision anomalies in young individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":36083,"journal":{"name":"British and Irish Orthoptic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"146-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11086604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140913139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}