Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Thermodynamic Gas Hydrate Studies: A Review","authors":"Mahmood Riyadh Atta,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Akram Fadhl Al-Mahmodi,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Bhajan Lal*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Hakim Abdulrab,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Siak Foo Khor,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02863","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) have emerged as transformative tools for predicting the thermodynamic conditions of gas hydrate systems, offering an efficient and scalable alternative to traditional modeling methods. This review systematically analyzes studies published between 2016 and 2025 using a PRISMA-guided methodology and bibliometric mapping. The analysis reveals a dominant focus on binary water–gas systems (87.5%) and a strong reliance on experimental literature-derived data sets (73.9%). Artificial neural network, support vector regression, and random forest models are the most prevalent algorithms, with <i>R</i>² and root mean square error as the primary evaluation metrics, though the lack of uncertainty quantification remains a significant limitation. Field-derived data sets are critically under-represented, underscoring the need for standardization, open-access repositories, and industry–academia collaboration. Notably, the review identifies a methodological gap in evaluating model robustness and highlights opportunities for expanding model outputs to include hydrate kinetics and morphology. By integrating bibliometric insights with qualitative analysis, this review not only charts the trajectory of ML applications in gas hydrate research but also provides actionable recommendations for future work, positioning data-driven hydrate prediction at the forefront of energy and environmental innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18287–18310"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Shale of Lower Cambrian: Implications for Prospective Shale Gas Resources","authors":"Yujie Yuan*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yuhan Zhou,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Emad Al-Khdheeawi,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Zihao Lin,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Zhenjiang You,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Jie Zou,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Stefan Iglauer,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Zhuo Feng,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Lai-Chang Zhang,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02491","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A large set of source rock has been developed in the lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation, which holds significant potential for the economic exploration of deep shale gas resources. However, due to the lack of well-established evaluation criteria, accurately assessing prospective deep shale gas resources in the Yangtze region remains challenging. Therefore, it is critical to establish a comprehensive evaluation framework and identify the key controlling factors. This study novelly established an integrated regional-scale framework, which combines geochemical, petrological, and petrophysical analyses, along with multiparameter investigation to identify favorable exploration zones within the Qiongzhusi Formation of the lower Cambrian shales. The results show that the Qiongzhusi Formation deep shales in the Yangtze region are characterized by substantial thickness and broad distribution, particularly in the center of Deyang–Anyue rift, western Hubei–Hunan, and northern Yunnan–Guizhou areas, with thicknesses ranging from 90 to 220 m, 35 to 75 m, and 22 to 110 m, respectively. High TOC values are observed in the center of the Deyang-Anyue rift, western Hubei–Hunan, and relatively lower in the northern Yunnan–Guizhou. The organic matter is predominantly kerogen type I, with a minor presence of Type II₁ kerogen. Thermal maturity is generally high. The mineral composition is mainly detrital and clay minerals, with a slightly higher clay content in northern Yunnan–Guizhou compared with the other subregions. Overall porosity is relatively low, with northern Yunnan–Guizhou showing the lowest compared to the Deyang–Anyue Rift and western Hubei–Hunan. High gas content is present in the center of the Deyang–Anyue rift, western Hunan–Hubei, and northern Yunnan–Guizhou, indicating that spatial variations in geological characteristics significantly influence shale gas distribution and exploration potential. By establishing clear spatial and stratigraphic trends and revealing the interplay of key shale attributes, this work provides a new basis for targeted exploration and resource assessment in deep shale gas systems in the Yangtze region.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18431–18446"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Pyrene- and Perylene-Based Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Development, and Applications","authors":"Yiwei Shan,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Xinyu Xu,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Xingzhi Jin,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Xing Ding*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Shengyao Wang*,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Hao Chen*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03751","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly pyrene- and perylene-based molecular architectures, have emerged as highly promising photocatalysts, demonstrating exceptional potential in both photocatalytic energy conversion and environmental remediation applications. Over the past few decades, extensive efforts have been devoted to enhancing the photocatalytic performance through diverse synthetic and modification strategies. This review presents recent advancements in pyrene- and perylene-based photocatalysts, emphasizing synthesis, functionalization, and the optimization of photocatalytic performance. Through detailed case studies and performance evaluations, we highlight the distinctive advantages and application potential of pyrene- and perylene-based photocatalytic systems. A comparative analysis highlights the similarities and differences between pyrene- and perylene-based photocatalysts, providing insights into respective efficiencies in photocatalytic reactions. Moreover, key challenges hindering the practical implementation are critically discussed along with prospective strategies to overcome these limitations. We outline future research directions aimed at facilitating the strategic development of next-generation PAH photocatalysts for sustainable energy and environmental applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18376–18405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometric and Positional Isomer Effects on Ignition Behavior of Cycloalkanes: Implications for Sustainable Aviation Fuels","authors":"Zhibin Yang*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Conor Faulhaber,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Randall Boehm,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Joshua Heyne,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03856","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study investigates the ignition behavior of six dimethylcyclohexane (DMCH) isomers and <i>cis</i>-/<i>trans</i>-decalin, focusing on the effects of molecular geometry and substitution patterns. Ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) were measured using a CFR ignition quality tester under ASTM D6890 conditions. Among the DMCH isomers, <i>cis</i>-1,3-DMCH exhibited the highest reactivity (DCN = 37.4), while <i>cis</i>-1,2-DMCH showed the lowest (DCN = 21.8). The most significant stereochemical effect was observed between <i>cis</i>- and <i>trans</i>-1,3-DMCH, with a 12-unit DCN difference. Temperature- and pressure-dependent tests of decalin isomers revealed that <i>cis</i>-decalin consistently ignited faster and exhibited stronger pressure sensitivity, supporting a mechanistic interpretation based on 1,5- versus 1,6-H shift pathways. Additionally, the impact of trace polar degradation products on ignition delay (ID) was assessed, revealing significant ID reduction in trans isomers after storage. These findings highlight the need to consider geometric isomerism in kinetic modeling, sustainable aviation fuel formulation, and surrogate design, particularly for fuels rich in cycloalkanes.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18641–18648"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Synergistic Effect of CdO Nanoclusters and Cu-Exchanged MOR Zeolites Enhances Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction","authors":"Sankuan Chen,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Nana Zhou,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yurong Yin,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Dongyuan Yang*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Chengyi Dai*,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Xiaoxun Ma*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03432","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Efficient electrochemical CO₂ reduction is achieved using a rationally designed CdO@CuMOR zeolite catalyst. By combining copper ion-exchange with cadmium oxide nanocluster encapsulation, we simultaneously enhance charge transfer properties and regulate intermediate binding. The modified catalyst exhibits superior CO selectivity, achieving high Faradaic efficiency for CO production across a broad potential window. The copper-modified zeolite framework facilitates electron conduction while suppressing competing reactions, and the confined CdO components optimize the binding strength of key intermediates *CO. This synergistic design enables effective CO₂ activation and conversion while mitigating common poisoning effects. The results highlight how zeolite hosts can be engineered to create tailored microenvironments for metal oxide catalysts, controlling both electronic and spatial factors that govern electrochemical performance. This approach provides a general strategy for developing selective hybrid catalysts for CO₂ conversion through precise manipulation of active site environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18577–18585"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Oxygen Vacancy-Tunable Ce1–xGdxO2−δ Support on the Ni-Catalyzed CO2 Utilization via the Reverse Water–Gas Shift Reaction","authors":"Shuomei Wang,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Nuo Cheng,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Zhilin Jiang,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Sicong Tian*,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Lujia Han,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02935","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reaction offers a critical option for CO₂ utilization, yet challenged by the endothermic nature of the reaction and high activation energy required for cleavage of the inert C═O bond. Oxygen vacancy engineering has been increasingly attractive as an effective strategy to activate CO₂ via the electrostatic interaction. Herein, we develop a novel RWGS catalyst by dispersing metallic nickel on the gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) support, where the oxygen vacancy concentration is tuned by varying the Gd/Ce molar ratio. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) characterization of the Ni-GDC catalysts revealed that the oxygen vacancy concentration of the catalysts was increased with the increasing doping percent of Gd until 50%, and the interaction between metallic Ni and the GDC support kept strengthening as the Gd percent was increased. The developed Ni-GDC catalysts exhibited excellent activity and stability in driving the RWGS reaction, achieving a maximum CO yield of 19.4 mmol g^–¹ min^–¹ at 700 °C and retaining stable catalytic performance with no loss of activity throughout 20 h of the continuous test. It was found in this study that the CO₂ conversion rate of the catalyst was positively correlated with its oxygen vacancy concentration, despite the observation that the oxygen vacancy concentration was less influential to CO₂ conversion compared to temperature and the H₂/CO₂ feeding ratio.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18537–18546"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Nanofluids for Enhanced Shale Oil Recovery: Synergistic Imbibition and Multiscale Pore Access","authors":"Zixuan Wang,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Mingwei Gao*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Lianbao Yuan,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Na Zhao,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Liangfei Xiao,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Hao Zheng,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yizheng Zhang,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhang,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Caili Dai*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03641","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Shale oil development faces challenges such as rapid production decline and high-cost formation damage caused by refracturing. To address these issues, this study proposes an active silica-based nanofluid with a total concentration of 0.12 wt % (0.045 wt % nanoparticles and 0.075 wt % AES surfactant). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis demonstrates that the nanofluid exhibits excellent stability under high-temperature and high-salinity conditions (90 °C, salinity of 1.0 × 10⁵ mg/L), maintaining an average hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 22 nm, which is significantly smaller than that of the unmodified system (30 nm). Interfacial tension (IFT) measurements revealed a stable IFT of 0.358 mN/m at a concentration of 0.3 wt %, while dynamic contact angle tests confirmed its strong wettability alteration capability. Spontaneous imbibition experiments revealed enhanced oil recovery, with increases of 23.8 and 10.62% compared to simulated formation water (SF water) and AES alone, respectively. Additionally, results indicated that higher core permeability facilitated easier oil–water extraction, while oil saturation primarily influenced oil–water displacement through the starting pressure gradient. A multiscale pore classification model was established by integrating nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and nitrogen adsorption analysis, enabling the quantification of oil contributions from different pore size ranges: micropores (&lt;0.07 μm) contributed 50.94%, macropores (&gt;3.67 μm) 28.92%, and mesopores (0.07–3.67 μm) 20.15%. These results demonstrate its crucial role in overall oil recovery during shale imbibition. Finally, the mechanism behind enhanced recovery was elucidated through synergistic wettability alteration and capillary displacement equations. This work presents a cost-effective nanofluid formulation and a multiscale pore analysis methodology, providing practical approaches and theoretical insights for enhancing shale oil recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18491–18502"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Determining the Flammability Limits of Combustible Gases: Standard Methods, Temperature–Pressure Effects, Emerging Fuels, and Outlook","authors":"Chang Qi*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yujie Lin,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Guanlin Peng,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yi Liu,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Anfeng Yu*,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Jianwei Cheng,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02214","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The flammability limits (FLs) of combustible gases are critical parameters for assessing fire and explosion risks in industrial processes. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of recent advances in the determination and interpretation of FL, with a particular focus on conditions of elevated temperature and pressure that are increasingly relevant in emerging energy systems. Compared to previous reviews, this paper offers three key contributions: (1) it compiles the latest experimental data and methods for FL determination under nonambient conditions, highlighting methodological differences across international standards (e.g., ASTM, EN, GB) and their implications for reproducibility; (2) it critically examines the flammability behavior of next-generation fuels─including hydrogen, ammonia, and their mixtures─while identifying the limitations of conventional predictive tools such as Le Chatelier’s law; (3) it proposes prioritized future research directions based on the urgency of addressing experimental, regulatory, and kinetic knowledge gaps. By bridging experimental findings, standardization challenges, and industrial safety needs, this review aims to guide future efforts in developing safer, more accurate, and application-driven approaches to FL evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18218–18250"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification and Identification of Hydroperoxides in Oxidized Surrogate Fuels by HPLC-PcR","authors":"Ryma Benrabah,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Kanika Sood,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Boris Roux,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Philippe Arnoux,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;René Fournet,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Pierre-Alexandre Glaude,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Baptiste Sirjean*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c03326","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydroperoxides are major products of the autoxidation of hydrocarbon fuels and play a central role in the oxidation kinetics of organic compounds. The quantification of hydroperoxides is a key factor for the qualification of jet fuels and is determined through a standardized method. A recent comparison of different iodometric methods of quantification showed that an HPLC chain coupled with a post-reaction column (HPLC-PcR) is highly accurate, with a high reproducibility, low detection limits, and a large dynamic range. In this work, HPLC-PcR is used to detect and quantify the total hydroperoxide content of different oxidized surrogate fuels and separate the different hydroperoxides. Surrogate fuels were oxidized in PetroOxy and in a microreactor and then analyzed by HPLC-PcR. <i>n</i>-decane and cumene were used as surrogate jet fuels, and <i>n</i>-butanol as a surrogate biofuel. The separated fractions of aged cumene in HPLC-PcR were analyzed by GC-MS/FID, demonstrating that the typical hydrocarbon oxidation pathways take place for cumene autoxidation, yielding mainly cumene hydroperoxide, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, and acetophenone. On the contrary, <i>n</i>-butanol behaves very differently from hydrocarbons: we demonstrate that the typical mechanism leading to ROOH does not prevail and that its autoxidation mainly yields H₂O₂ as peroxide content. The oxidation of <i>n</i>-decane yields several decane hydroperoxides and other oxygenated compounds that were quantified and separated by HPLC-PcR and the GC-MS/FID allowed a thorough identification of hydroperoxides and quantification of secondary oxidation products depicting a global view on the oxidation mechanism of <i>n</i>-decane.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18718–18731"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Organic Acids and Organosilanes on Wettability and Implications for Underground Gas Storage","authors":"Rayhanul Islam Fahim,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Kion Norrman,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Shabeeb Alajmei*,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Ahmed Al-Yaseri*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02380","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Depleted carbonate reservoirs are increasingly utilized for underground gas storage due to their proven ability to retain hydrocarbons over geological time scales. In this context, understanding the wettability characteristics of these reservoirs is crucial, as wettability influences fluid distribution, capillary forces, and gas trapping efficiency. Researchers have attempted to replicate oil-wet rocks in the lab using various organic materials and concluded that even traces of these organics can alter the rock’s wettability to oil-wet. However, they relied on contact angle measurements to confirm wettability and adsorption, a method that carries significant uncertainties. Furthermore, the capillary pressure curve, rather than contact angle, provides essential data for reservoir simulation modeling in the oil and gas industry. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of wettability alteration in carbonate rocks treated with various organic acids and organosilanes by employing capillary pressure curves to assess their impact. Nine chemicals─three organic acids (hexanoic acid, stearic acid, lignoceric acid) and six organosilanes (dichlorodimethylsilane, chloro(dimethyl)thexylsilane, trichlorododecylsilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, triethoxy(octyl)silane, and dodecyltriethoxysilane)─dissolved in toluene were applied in this investigation. The results showed that capillary pressure curves revealed changes ranging from significant to negligible in wettability using organic acids and organosilanes regardless of chain length. An exception was observed with lignoceric acid, which, contrary to expectations, exhibited a shift due to residual water. The adsorption of carbon compounds on calcite surfaces was corroborated by ATR-FTIR and TOF-SIMS analyses, confirming the presence of organic films. Nevertheless, the extent of this adsorption was insufficient to induce significant wettability alterations as inferred from capillary pressure measurements. This study emphasizes the need for complementary methods, such as capillary pressure analysis, to assess wettability changes more comprehensively in carbonate reservoirs, especially for underground gas storage applications. These insights aid in optimizing gas storage strategies by identifying treatments that alter wettability more effectively in carbonate reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 38","pages":"18513–18524"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}