Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Oxygen Vacancy Engineering Unlocks Efficient Ammonia Synthesis Over Rare-Earth-Modified Ru/CeO2","authors":"Shikha,&nbsp;Atul Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Sushant Kumar","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04416","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rare-earth engineering of CeO₂ offers a routeto enhanceRu-based catalysts for ammonia synthesis by tailoring oxygen vacanciesand metal–support interactions. Herein, we systematically synthesizedand benchmarked Ru catalysts supported on RE (=Gd, La, and Sm)-modifiedCeO₂ under identical conditions to establish promoter-structure–activityrelationships. Rare-earth incorporation increased the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ ratio, oxygen-vacancy concentration, and weak acidicsites, facilitating electron transfer to Ru, promoting N₂ activation, and potentially facilitating interfacial hydrogen spillover.H₂-TPD suggested improved hydrogen mobility and utilizationat the Ru/CeO₂ interface. Ru/GdCeO exhibited the highestNH₃ synthesis rate of (19.80 ± 0.98) mmol g^–1h^–1 at 400 °C and 1.5 MPa, with an N₂:H₂ ratio of 1:2 and WHSV = 13,500 mL g^–1 h^–1, yielding 3.53 vol % NH₃ in thereactor effluent. Such superior performance may be associated withoptimized Ru-support interactions and abundant oxygen vacancies. Thesefindings establish Gd as the most effective promoter for Ru/CeO₂ under mild synthesis conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"24000–24017"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pore-Scale Gas Transport in Shale: Effects of Water Distribution and Reservoir Conditions","authors":"Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Feng Ge,&nbsp;Yunting Fan,&nbsp;Wenping Liu,&nbsp;Yulong Zhao,&nbsp;Binrui Wang,&nbsp;Hassan Mahani,&nbsp;Liehui Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03910","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shale reservoirs commonly contain a certain level ofwater saturation,which affects gas transport and well productivity. This study developeda lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) framework for gas transport in water-bearingshale, incorporating a discrete Maxwell (DM) slip boundary conditionfor gas slippage and a Bosanquet effective viscosity correction forKnudsen layer effects. The model visualizes pore-scale gas flow inthree-dimensional shale pore networks and quantifies the effects ofwater saturation, temperature, pressure, and geometric scale on shalegas transport. Results show that bound water in hydrophilic inorganicpores accumulates in small pores and narrow throats, whereas largepores contain thin water films, and organic pores are nearly water-free.Water saturation and geometric scale dominate the apparent permeability.At a water saturation of 44.68%, the apparent permeability decreasedby 62.22% relative to that under dry conditions. Uniformly increasingthe physical scale of the digital geometry markedly increased theapparent permeability. These results provide pore-scale insights intogas transport in water-bearing shale and highlight the importanceof bound water in controlling the gas transport pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"23669–23683"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Occurrence of Coalbed Methane in the Deep No. 8 Coal Reservoirs of the Ordos Basin: Insights from Deep Exploratory Wells","authors":"Liang Du,&nbsp;Shida Chen,&nbsp;Hao Xu,&nbsp;Longmei Zhao,&nbsp;Shu Tao,&nbsp;Yu Dong,&nbsp;Xiaozhuo Wu","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04237","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coal reservoirs in the central-eastern Ordos Basin areimportanttargets for deep coalbed methane exploration. Based on core samplesand pressurized-coring gas-content data from nine exploratory wellsat depths of 1800–2800 m, multiscale pore structures, methaneisothermal adsorption, gas geochemistry and production response wereanalyzed to investigate methane occurrence and its controlling factors.The results show that the deep coal reservoir differs from shallowadsorption-dominated reservoirs by its dominance of thermogenic drygas, adsorption oversaturation (avg. 118%), and coexistence of adsorbedgas and free gas (0.02–10.89 m³/t). Free gas ispreferentially mobilized during the early stage of pressure depletion,contributing to rapid gas breakthrough and a high early productionrate. Regionally, coal-rank differentiation controls the variationin gas content (2.98–30.97 m³/t) by regulating microporedevelopment and methane adsorption capacity. The high-rank coal reservoirswith higher total gas content exhibit greater gas production potentialbecause of a stronger adsorbed-gas supply, as indicated by peak dailygas rates exceeding 15 × 10⁴ m³/d in horizontalwells. Vertically, intraseam ash-yield heterogeneity controls sweet-intervaldistribution. The upper low-ash intervals exhibit better-developedmicropores, stronger adsorption capacity, and higher gas content andshould therefore be preferentially targeted during horizontal-wellgeosteering. This study clarifies the controlling effect of physicalparameters on the gas occurrence state in deep coal reservoirs, providingcrucial theoretical support for the precise targeting of sweet spotsto achieve efficient exploitation of resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"23701–23715"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Pressure Rheology of Waxy Oils: Pressure and Gas Dissolution Effects","authors":"Hao Wang,&nbsp;Joseph E. Patterson,&nbsp;Douglas Estanga,&nbsp;Hyuntae Yang,&nbsp;Yingda Lu","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03245","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wax precipitation and gelation in high-pressure oil andgas flowlinespose major flow-assurance challenges, but the effects of pressureand gas dissolution on the thermodynamics and rheology of waxy oilsremain largely unexplored. In this study, high-pressure calorimetryand rheometry were used to investigate a model waxy oil under twocontrasting gas environments: inert helium to isolate the intrinsiceffect of pressurization, and oil-soluble methane to capture the combinedeffects of pressurization and gas dissolution. Under helium pressurization,wax appearance temperature (WAT) and the wax precipitation curve shiftedto higher temperatures, indicating enhanced wax crystallization. This,together with pressure-induced liquid-phase compression, increasedoil viscosity and gel yield stress. Under methane pressurization,dissolved methane shifted the WAT and wax precipitation curve to lowertemperatures, while also weakening liquid-phase intermolecular interactions,thereby reducing oil viscosity and markedly decreasing gel yield stress.Stepwise shear-rate tests revealed time-dependent structural breakdownand pronounced hysteresis under all conditions, with pressure anddissolved methane altering the magnitude of shear stress but not thefundamental breakdown mechanism. Herschel–Bulkley (HB) modelingshowed that helium pressurization modestly increased HB-extrapolateddynamic yield stress and consistency index, whereas methane primarilyreduced the consistency index with only minor changes in HB-extrapolateddynamic yield stress and shear-thinning behavior. These findings demonstratethat dissolved gas, not merely pressurization, governs live waxy oilrheology and must be explicitly considered in flow assurance design.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"23631–23644"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Solvent Compatibility and Electrochemical Performance of Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries Using Wet Processing","authors":"Jie Cheng,&nbsp;Jun Wu,&nbsp;Lin Hua,&nbsp;Wei Guo,&nbsp;Jiachen Xu,&nbsp;Jin Li,&nbsp;Feng Zhao,&nbsp;Tao Feng,&nbsp;Ziwei Wang,&nbsp;Genglai Huang,&nbsp;Zhiyou Yu","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sulfide all-solid-state batteries are considered a keydevelopmentarea for next-generation energy storage systems thanks to their highenergy density and excellent safety profile. However, the compatibilityand interaction mechanism between sulfide electrolytes and organicsolvents are unclear, which limits the application and large-scaledevelopment of wet electrode processes. This study focuses on Li₆PS₅Cl (LPSC) and investigates how three solvents─isoamylacetate, <em>n</em>-butyl isobutyrate, and <em>N</em>-methylpyrrolidone─affect the electrochemical performanceand dispersion behavior of LPSC, using a combination of experimentsand simulations. The results show that LPSC has the highest diffusioncoefficient (9.08 × 10^–7 cm² s^–1) and ionic conductivity (5.12 × 10^–3 S cm^–1) in isoamyl acetate, indicating good compatibility.Cathodes prepared using this solvent via the wet process achieveda first-cycle capacity of over 200 mAh g^–1 at 0.33C,with a Coulombic efficiency of more than 99.5%. These cathodes retaineda specific capacity of 161.9 mAh g^–1 after 85 cycles.This study provides a reference for solvent selection in the wet processingof sulfide solid-state batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"24038–24049"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Selective Photothermal CO2-to-CO Conversion via RWGS over Ordered Mesoporous Ni/Silica Catalysts","authors":"Shuo Zhang,&nbsp;Guoshu Deng,&nbsp;Guangze Nie,&nbsp;Yuhan Shi,&nbsp;Jiawei Yu,&nbsp;Tongxing Zhang,&nbsp;Sema Yurdakul,&nbsp;Murat Varol,&nbsp;Zhenkun Sun,&nbsp;Lunbo Duan","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03758","url":null,"abstract":"<p>CO₂ hydrogenation via reverse water–gasshift(RWGS) reaction is a promising route for CO₂ utilizationand CO production, but conventional Ni-based catalysts typically requirehigh temperatures, leading to particle sintering and deactivation.Herein, La₂O₃-promoted Ni catalysts supportedon ordered mesoporous SBA-16 are developed for photothermal RWGS viaa simple impregnation method. The optimized 10Ni–10La₂O₃–SBA-16 catalyst achieves 71% CO₂ conversionand 99% CO selectivity at 500 °C and atmospheric pressure, whiledelivering a CO production rate of 30.56 mmol gcat^–1 h^–1 with 96% selectivity at a WHSV of 120,000mL gcat^–1 h^–1. Moreover, stableperformance is maintained over 100 h on stream with negligible lossof CO selectivity. In situ XPS and DRIFTS analyses suggest light-inducedinterfacial electronic redistribution and possible involvement ofcarbonate/formate-related surface intermediates. Overall, this workhighlights an effective catalyst design strategy for an efficientand durable photothermal RWGS.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"23930–23941"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrological Controls on Nanoscale Pore Structure and Surface Morphology in Coal-Measure Shale","authors":"Xingyuan Quan,&nbsp;Runsheng Lv,&nbsp;Lin Zhu,&nbsp;Taoran Liu,&nbsp;Yanwei Zhou,&nbsp;Hengyi Guo,&nbsp;Xiaohui Liu","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04482","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coal-measureshale (CMS) in marine–continental transitionalsuccessions is compositionally heterogeneous, but the relationshipbetween local nanoscale surface morphology and bulk adsorbate-accessiblepore space remains uncertain. In this study, atomic force microscopy(AFM), low-pressure N₂ adsorption (LPNA), and low-pressureCO₂ adsorption (LPCA) were applied to characterize thenanoscale surface morphology, roughness parameters, and pore structureof nine high-maturity CMS core samples from the Pingdingshan miningdistrict at the southern margin of the North China Basin. A multiparametercorrelation-analysis framework was subsequently established. The resultsreveal pronounced surface heterogeneity among the samples. The arithmeticmean roughness (<em>R</em>_a) ranges from 5.67 to47.21 nm, the fractal dimension ranges from 2.205 to 2.900, and theAFM-derived mean surface pore diameter ranges from 8.23 to 15.88 nm.The characteristic pore-size ranges derived from AFM and LPNA broadlyoverlap, indicating that AFM and LPNA provide complementary informationon different pore domains. TOC content is positively correlated withmicropore volume, while clay-mineral content is positively correlatedwith <em>R</em>_a, suggesting that organic-matterabundance and clay-mineral content are associated with micropore developmentand local surface roughness, respectively. Therefore, integratingAFM, gas adsorption, and permeability measurements provides a multiscaleframework for jointly characterizing local surface heterogeneity,adsorbate-accessible pore structure, and gas-transport behavior, therebysupporting a preliminary assessment of reservoir storage and transportproperties.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"23881–23893"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149306042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-Resolved Synchrotron-Based Investigation of Reactive Pore Evolution in Sandstone for CO2 Storage","authors":"Aluizio J. Salvador,&nbsp;Jessica Santos Rego,&nbsp;Jeann C. Rodrigues Araújo,&nbsp;Isabella F. Santos Miranda,&nbsp;Colombo C. Gaeta Tassinari,&nbsp;Nathaly Lopes Archilha,&nbsp;Caetano Rodrigues Miranda","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03332","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding mineral dissolution in heterogeneous porousmediais critical for predicting the evolution of subsurface systems duringgeological CO₂ storage. Here, we integrate time-resolvedsynchrotron techniques, 4D X-ray microtomography (μ-CT), X-rayfluorescence (TR-XRF), and X-ray diffraction (TR-XRD) to investigateacid-induced dissolution in cemented sandstone from the Rio BonitoFormation in the Paraná Basin (South America) across multiplespatial scales. The results reveal that dissolution is strongly controlledby mineralogical heterogeneity and fluid accessibility, resultingin spatially localized, temporally evolving reaction fronts. Carbonatecement (calcite) dissolves rapidly under acidic conditions, as evidencedby a sharp depletion of the Ca signal (TR-XRF) and a continuous reductionin diffraction intensity (TR-XRD), driving early-stage porosity enhancementobserved by μ-CT. In contrast, silicate phases (microcline)exhibit slower, surface-limited dissolution accompanied by partialstructural modification, while quartz remains comparatively unreactiveunder the investigated conditions and experimental time frame. Dissolutionrates show an exponential dependence on pH, confirming the dominantrole of proton activity in controlling reaction kinetics. This behaviorhas direct implications for predicting injectivity evolution and geochemicalbuffering during the early stages of CO₂ injection. Integratingstructural, chemical, and mineralogical observations establishes amechanistic link between phase-specific reactivity and pore-scaleevolution. These findings highlight the importance of reservoir mineralogy,petrophysical properties, and diagenetic history in governing reactivetransport processes. The results provide experimental constraintsfor reactive transport models addressing permeability evolution andearly-stage geochemical alteration in CO₂ storage systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"23894–23910"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of a Nanoparticle-Enhanced Gemini VES Fracturing Fluid on Methane Adsorption Characteristics of Coal","authors":"Mengmeng Yang,&nbsp;Shuzhen Lu,&nbsp;Xing Ding,&nbsp;Junyue Zhang,&nbsp;Fazhi Yan,&nbsp;Yabin Gao","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03795","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To elucidate the effect of a nanoparticle-synergisticGemini VES(NPs-Gemini VES) fracturing fluid on methane adsorption in coal, coalsamples were immersed in the SiO₂ nanoparticle-enhancedGemini VES fracturing fluid for different time durations. The changesin the methane adsorption behavior were evaluated using a magneticsuspension balance. On the basis of the experimental results, a coal–NPs-GeminiVES model was constructed in Materials Studio (MS), and grand canonicalMonte Carlo (GCMC) simulations were performed to investigate methaneadsorption capacity, adsorption configurations, and intermolecularinteraction energies. The molecular interactions among coal, fracturingfluid components, and methane were analyzed to clarify their competitiveadsorption behavior on the coal surface. The results indicate thatall fracturing fluid systems suppressed methane adsorption, with thegreatest reduction observed for the NPs-Gemini VES treatment. At 0.5MPa, methane adsorption decreased by 20.87% and 34.15% after 24 and96 h of treatment, respectively, whereas the reductions in the othersystems plateaued after 24 h. At 2 MPa, the electrostatic interactionenergies of the coal–Gemini VES and coal–NPs-GeminiVES systems were 31.96% and 49.22% higher, respectively, than thoseof the coal–water system, enabling the Gemini VES-SiO₂ composite structure to preferentially occupy high-energy adsorptionsites. Furthermore, the interconnected composite network formed bythe NPs-Gemini VES fracturing fluid occupied the effective adsorptionspace available for methane and enhanced interfacial water occupancyby modifying the interfacial properties, resulting in methane adsorptionat the remaining low-energy adsorption sites with reduced adsorptionstability. These effects substantially weakened the methane adsorptioncapacity of the coal.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"23650–23668"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetics and Morphological Characteristics of Gas Hydrate Formation in Methane–Water–Sand Particle Systems","authors":"Xingxun Li,&nbsp;Guohu Wang,&nbsp;Guangxi Zhang,&nbsp;Guangjin Chen,&nbsp;Changyu Sun","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03378","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural gas hydrates are considered one of the most importantcleanresources with great development potential. Numerous studies havefocused on flow assurance problems resulting from hydrate formationin gas–water–oil systems of transportation pipelines.However, there have been limited investigations on morphological evolutionand hydrate formation kinetics in complex multiphase gas–water–sandhydrate slurry systems for wellbore fluids during gas hydrate production,considering the influence of sand particles. This study explored gashydrate morphological characteristics, formation kinetics, and depositionphenomena in different sand (quartz sand, muddy silt, and naturalsand)–water slurry systems. Morphological results indicatetwo patterns of hydrate formation: the wall-adherent hydrate layerand the gas–liquid interfacial hydrate layer. The amount ofsand particles in the hydrate layer adhering to the wall could increasewith the sand particle concentration in slurry. The strong dispersionof muddy silt in slurry caused the different morphologies of the formedhydrate slurry from other sand systems, resulting in a wider distributionrange of the hydrate layer adhering to the wall and a more uniformhydrate slurry. The morphology of the hydrate layer highly dependedon the sand type. All three types of sand particles reduced the inductionperiod of gas hydrate formation, accelerating hydrate growth. Themost remarkable promoting impact on the formation kinetics of hydrateswas found in the natural sand–water slurry due to the small-sizedparticles providing more hydrate nucleation sites. The muddy silt–watersystem provided the longest induction period for hydrate formationsince more water bound in muddy silt particles hindered the mass transferfor hydrate formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 43","pages":"23788–23799"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149305810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}