Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Characterizing Regenerated Mono-Ethylene Glycol for Methane Hydrate Management","authors":"Nasir Khan*,&nbsp;Bruce W. E. Norris*,&nbsp;Zachary M. Aman,&nbsp;Asheesh Kumar*,&nbsp;Michael L. Johns,&nbsp;Eric F. May and James Cini,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0054110.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00541https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00541","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Gas hydrate formation and deposition are of critical concern for high-pressure natural gas production lines. Complete prevention of hydrate formation using high dosages of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors such as mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) is typically undertaken: this is a multimillion dollar annual cost for each asset. An under-inhibition strategy utilizing MEG at dosages below the full thermodynamic inhibition requirement offers a cost-effective alternative, achieving a transportable hydrate slurry while maintaining safe operations. There is a limited understanding of under-inhibited systems and a lack of simulation tools to reliably predict hydrate blockages, which have been major barriers to deploying hydrate management strategies. In the current work, we investigate the impact of regenerated MEG samples from a live plant with a 30 year operating history on the thermodynamics, interfacial characteristics, kinetics, and transportability of hydrate formation. A high-pressure micro-differential scanning calorimeter (HPμ-DSC), an optical interfacial tensiometer, and a high-pressure sapphire visual autoclave (HPVA) were employed. HPμ-DSC results indicated that regenerated MEG retained its inhibition efficacy. Further, results obtained from the tensiometer showed that this MEG sample is contaminated with surface-active species. These possess an adsorption affinity for the oil–water interface: the oil–water interfacial tension decreased by 40% compared to a paraffin oil baseline with only 0.1 wt % regenerated MEG, and up to ∼90% reduction was observed with 5.0 wt % regenerated MEG. HPVA tests showed that the addition of regenerated MEG accelerated the initial rate of hydrate formation but resulted in a 50% reduction in the torque, indicating an increased hydrate transportability. Regenerated MEG at a mass fraction of ≥10 wt % in the aqueous phase generated a transportable hydrate slurry at operating conditions of 8.0 MPa pressure and 274.2 K. This implies an approximately 65% reduction below the MEG content required for complete inhibition.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8448–8460 8448–8460"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mini-Review of the Solvent Steam Co-Injection Process: Solvent Selection Criterion and Phase Behavior","authors":"Yuanliang Yang,&nbsp;Chaohui Lyu*,&nbsp;Lujie Shi,&nbsp;Chunyu Hu,&nbsp;Yangwen Zhu,&nbsp;Jian Hou,&nbsp;Hongmin Yu and Yao Zhang,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0067810.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00678https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00678","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A large amount of high temperature steam has been injected to produce per unit volume of heavy oil in thermal recovery processes since the 1950s. Solvent steam coinjection processes (e.g., expanding solvent-SAGD (ES-SAGD), solvent aided process (SAP), the liquid addition to steam for enhancing recovery (LASER), and steam alternating solvent process (SAS)) have the potential to reduce the injection amount of steam, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions, improve petroleum quality intrinsically, and boost production. Recently, the solvent steam coinjection process has attracted attention, and hence it has progressed in both laboratory and field applications as an alternative or an assisting way for thermal methods for more than 40 years. However, research results are scattered in many publications and are not readily available for most petroleum engineers. Hence, our purpose is to present a review of current knowledge and available data, and to delineate the steam solvent coinjection process, and to fill the void for key issues when compared with existing review publications. Before discussing the possibility of future applications in targeted oilfields, attention should be focused on answering the critical question of solvent selection criteria, which is always neglected in previous review work. Moreover, phase behavior of the solvent/heavy-oil/water system was reviewed to support solvent selection criteria above. Lastly, economics feasibility, challenges, and perspectives were discussed in the view of field applications. This critical review will help identify the next challenges and opportunities in the solvent assisting thermal technique for enhancing the production of heavy oil and bitumen.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8391–8406 8391–8406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen Generation and Fracture Development in Organic-Rich Shale via Thermal Treatment","authors":"Adamu Kimayim Gaduwang,&nbsp;Israa S. Abu-Mahfouz*,&nbsp;Bassam Tawabini and Ahmed Al-Yaseri*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0054310.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00543https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00543","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The quest for clean and sustainable energy sources has positioned hydrogen, recognized as the cleanest energy carrier, as a key player in the global energy transition and reduction of carbon emissions. Consequently, global demand for hydrogen is anticipated to grow significantly in both the near and long term, necessitating the development of hydrogen production methods. This study investigates the potential of hydrogen-rich gas generation and fracture development in immature, organic-rich shales through thermal treatment, aiming to enhance the yield of clean hydrogen gas. High-resolution micro-CT imaging was used to examine core samples subjected to varying temperatures (up to 750 °C) to analyze deformation behaviors and fracturing associated with heating and gas generation. Gas Chromatography (GC) was used to analyze the gases generated at various heating temperatures. The results indicate that hydrogen gas production increases significantly with temperature, with hydrogen yields of 0.31% at 100 °C, 1.19% at 200 °C, 9.92% at 300 °C, 30.13% at 400 °C, and 36.02% at 450 °C. Fractures formed predominantly parallel to the bedding planes, which significantly enhanced the permeability of these low-permeability shales, facilitating hydrogen extraction, with optimal hydrogen yields observed at the temperature ranges where fractures begin to initiate. The thermal decomposition of organic matter, in conjunction with fracture development, increased shale permeability, providing a viable strategy for enhanced hydrogen-rich gas generation and extraction. These findings demonstrate that controlled in situ thermal treatment of shale could play a significant role in advancing more efficient and environmentally sustainable hydrogen-rich gas production from organic-rich shale formations, offering a novel approach to maximizing the hydrogen yield and production efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8567–8577 8567–8577"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Evolution of Pore Structures in Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoir during High-Rate Polymer Flooding","authors":"Tianci Ma,&nbsp;Mingchen Ding,&nbsp;Fumin Zhang,&nbsp;Chuanzhi Cui,&nbsp;Shizhang Cui and Yefei Wang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0101410.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01014https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01014","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs, polymer flooding triggered major changes in physical properties, including porosity and permeability under high-rate, high pore volume conditions, leading to time-variation reservoir properties. Offshore oil reservoirs often exhibit higher displacement multiples and rates, leading to a more pronounced phenomenon of time-variation physical properties. This study employed a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), casting thin-section analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry (HMIP), and CT scanning to comprehensively analyze changes in mineral composition, porosity, permeability, and pore structure before and after polymer flooding. Prolonged high-rate flooding scoured clay minerals, enlarged pore–throat radii (average and maximum), and expanded medium/small throats into larger ones, amplifying core heterogeneity. Geometrically, throats became more regular, voluminous, and elongated. The results indicated that after high-rate and high pore volume polymer flooding, the fractal dimension decreased, and the shape of the pore network became simplified. The simplification of the pore strongly correlated with the smoothing of pore walls observed in SEM images, revealing the impact mechanism of polymer flooding on the pore structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8473–8481 8473–8481"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissociation Mechanism on Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode via Carbothermal Reduction Reaction with Biomass Components","authors":"Yangyue Wei,&nbsp;Zijian Xu,&nbsp;Yiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Mingjin Wang,&nbsp;Yutong Liu,&nbsp;Chenzhou Wang,&nbsp;Yanqin Huang* and Qiang Lu*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0099310.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00993https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00993","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Carbothermal reduction (CTR) using biomass as a reductant has shown great potential for recovering metal resources from spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathodes. However, the underlying dissociation mechanism of the cathode is poorly understood. In this study, the reduction effect of typical biomass components (i.e., cellulose and lignin) on nickel–cobalt-manganese (LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂, NCM523) LIB cathode was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and a fixed-bed reactor with series of characterization. The dissociation mechanism of the NCM523 cathode was investigated through a combination of thermodynamic analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Results showed that both cellulose and lignin demonstrated excellent performance during the CTR process of the NCM cathode. More than 97.7% of Li, Ni, and Co and 95.7% of Mn, primarily in the form of low-valence oxides, were dissociated after CTR processing at 550 °C with a holding time of 90–120 min. Furthermore, the reduced gases (CO, H₂, and CH₄) generated from the secondary pyrolysis of lignin enhanced the dissociation of valuable metals, leading to improved dissociation efficiency and shortened reduction time. Finally, the dissociation mechanism of the NCM cathode structure through the CTR process was proposed. This work provided fundamental data for green recycling of the LIB cathode.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8729–8741 8729–8741"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porous Material Densification While Maintaining Its Pore Structure","authors":"Shuji Himeno*,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Kosuke Ata,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c0619110.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c06191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c06191https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c06191","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We report a compression shaping technique for metal organic frameworks (MOFs), which are a class of material that is attracting attention as a methane adsorbent, to maintain its pore structure. Some MOFs have high methane adsorption capacity per weight due to a much larger specific surface area and pore volume compared to other porous materials. However, the packing density of MOFs can be increased by compression shaping, but since the pores are flexible, compression shaping destroys the pore structure, resulting in a decrease in the methane capacity per weight. This is because the pores become blocked when MOF is compressed and shaped. Therefore, gas was adsorbed into the MOF near critical pressure, and compression shaping was performed while maintaining the equilibrium adsorption state to equalize the pressure inside and outside the pores of the MOF, thereby maintaining the pore structure. By performing compression shaping while adsorbing gas, the packing density was greatly improved while maintaining the pore volume and the surface area, and the amount of methane capacity/uptake per volume of the shaped MOF was also greatly improved. Using this technique, the packing density of HKUST1 pellets was improved to 1.28 g/cm³, and the methane adsorption amount was 8.88 mmol/g, which was almost the same as that of its powder, which was 8.93 mmol/g. This forming technique can improve the packing density of MOF without using binders, while maintaining the pore structure of MOF, and is a significant advance toward the practical use of MOF as a methane adsorbent.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8601–8611 8601–8611"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c06191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphitic-C3N4/γ-Al2O3 Composite Catalyst for Synthesis of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural from d-Glucose","authors":"Swapnali P. Kirdant,&nbsp;Sambhaji S. Ghadge and Vrushali H. Jadhav*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0039010.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00390https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00390","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Currently, the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), with high yields and selectivity from different renewable sources, is an important focus in the biomass conversion area. In the present study, a g-C₃N₄/γ-Al₂O₃(1:1) composite catalyst was prepared using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and acidic γ-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃), which was evaluated for its catalytic activity in converting sugars, mainly glucose, to 5-HMF. In the g-C₃N₄/γ-Al₂O₃(1:1) catalyst, <i>N</i>-containing groups on g-C₃N₄ provided basicity and γ-Al₂O₃ provided Lewis acidity to the catalyst. The g-C₃N₄/γ-Al₂O₃(1:1) composite catalyst showed superior activity for 5-HMF synthesis compared to γ-Al₂O₃ and g-C₃N₄ alone. The increased acidic and basic properties of the g-C₃N₄/γ-Al₂O₃(1:1) catalyst significantly influenced both glucose-to-fructose isomerization and dehydration of fructose to HMF by increasing the yield of 5-HMF. In addition, the solvent DMSO:water also played an important role in the one-pot conversion of glucose to HMF by minimizing side reactions, which significantly improved the 5-HMF yield. The reaction was optimized for various solvents, temperatures, and catalyst concentrations to get a maximum yield of 91% from glucose with &gt;99% selectivity of crude 5-HMF. Other sugars like fructose, sucrose, and lactose also provided good yields of 5-HMF. The g-C₃N₄/γ-Al₂O₃(1:1) catalyst was stable and was effectively reused for up to four cycles.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8529–8539 8529–8539"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspective on the Accelerated Mineralization Technology for Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization, and Storage","authors":"Ronald Marquez,&nbsp;Francisco Lopez-Linares,&nbsp;Greeshma Gadikota,&nbsp;Babak Fayyaz and Cesar Ovalles*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0149110.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01491https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01491","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This perspective paper explores accelerated mineralization technology to capture and generate value-added products while managing greenhouse gas emissions to support long-term environmental and energy goals. Mineralization, also known as mineral sequestration or mineral carbonation, involves the reaction of alkaline materials with CO₂, mimicking natural weathering processes. In this reaction, gaseous CO₂ interacts with calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds (such as oxides, hydroxides, or silicates) in the presence of moisture, forming stable Ca/Mg carbonates. The presence of water or moisture accelerates the dissolution of Ca- or Mg-containing compounds to release Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions needed for reacting with CO₂ to produce the respective solid carbonates. These carbonated products have lower free energy of formation, allowing CO₂ to be permanently stored over geological time scales. Accelerated mineralization significantly enhances reaction rates, reducing processing times from days or decades to mere minutes or hours through carefully tuned process conditions (e.g., grinding, temperature, and pressure), additives, or solvents. Both direct and indirect carbon mineralization methods can be applied to manage three industrial waste streams: alkaline solid residues, wastewater, and CO₂-containing flue gas. A bibliometric analysis revealed that the foundational mechanistic principles of carbonation/mineralization reactions were established between the 1990s and early 2000s. More recent studies (from the late 2000s onward) have expanded these insights, focusing on advanced material characterization, novel CO₂ mineralization strategies, and pilot- and demonstration-scale implementations. While accelerated mineralization shows significant promise for CO₂ capture, utilization, and storage, several challenges remain, broadly categorized into feedstock selection, process optimization, and product development. Feedstock variability strongly influences the mode of operation and final product applications. Techno-economic assessments indicate that the value associated with producing CO₂- and silica-based products has a significant impact on the commercialization potential of a technology. Advancing novel chemical pathways for energy- and material-efficient carbon mineralization and high-value product applications will be crucial to enhance the viability and commercialization of these technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8349–8353 8349–8353"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the Role of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst Acid Properties in Fuel Production and Coke Deactivation in Low-Pressure Ethylene Oligomerization","authors":"Zuria Tabernilla*,&nbsp;Ainara Ateka,&nbsp;Andrés T. Aguayo and Eva Epelde,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0100910.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01009https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01009","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A series of experimental runs have been carried out for the ethylene oligomerization process at slightly above atmospheric pressure (1.5 bar) using three catalysts prepared with HZSM-5 zeolites of different Si/Al ratio (15−140). The aim is to determine the Si/Al ratio of greater interest for the reaction. For that purpose, the kinetic results have been evaluated in terms of ethylene conversion and main lumped product yields (especially C₅₊ lump, within gasoline fraction), by also considering the nature (olefinic, paraffinic, or aromatic) of the different hydrocarbons formed, to elucidate their role in the proposed oligomerization reaction network. Furthermore, the effect of the Si/Al ratio of the zeolite on the liquid products obtained as fuel blends has also been analyzed, aiming to maximize the gasoline and jet fuel fractions. Finally, an extensive study of coke deactivation is included using several characterization techniques (N₂-TPS-TPO, GC/MS of soluble coke). This study has allowed us to distinguish between the content and location of the soft coke (retained oligomers) and hard coke (more developed carbonaceous species) by also providing information about the composition of the coke precursors (light adsorbed compounds) and intermediate species evolving toward hard coke.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8639–8651 8639–8651"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Sodium Carbonate on Kerogen Pyrolysis Behavior and Products: Insight from Thermal Simulation Experiment","authors":"Weibing Shen,&nbsp;Fujie Jiang*,&nbsp;Chenxi Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Hu and Di Chen,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0004910.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00049https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00049","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The organic–inorganic interactions during the thermal pyrolysis of organic matter significantly influence hydrocarbon generation in shales, but research on the controlling mechanisms of alkaline minerals on kerogen pyrolysis is relatively scarce, which limits the understanding of hydrocarbon generation mechanisms in alkaline lacustrine basins. This study focuses on natural alkaline mineral (sodium carbonate), kerogen, and whole-rock samples from the Fengcheng Formation shale in the Mahu Sag of the Junggar Basin, China, investigating the effects of alkaline minerals on the kerogen pyrolysis behavior and products. The results indicate that alkaline minerals enhance the total oil and gas yields from kerogen, significantly increasing heavy hydrocarbon and wet gas yields, whereas whole-rock minerals reduce total oil and heavy hydrocarbon yields while increasing total gas and wet gas yields. Specially, our observation can be shown as followings: (1) Alkaline minerals inhibit kerogen condensation and promote the neutralization of organic acids, reducing hydrogen (H₂) yield and increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) yield; (2) Throughout the thermal evolution stages, alkali-containing kerogen lowers the activation energy for wet gas generation and enhances wet gas yield, while alkaline minerals catalyze wet gas decomposition into methane, thereby increasing methane yield under high temperatures; (3) Alkaline minerals increase the polarity of C–C bonds, lowering the activation energy for light hydrocarbon generation and significantly boosting intermediate hydrocarbon production above 360 °C; (4) A carbocation mechanism and electron transfer mechanism exist between alkaline minerals and kerogen, promoting kerogen depolymerization into heavy hydrocarbons and substantially increasing heavy hydrocarbon yield; (5) Alkaline minerals catalyze kerogen pyrolysis to generate abundant alkyl and hydrogen radicals, which facilitates the cleavage of aliphatic and aromatic groups in asphaltenes and resins within crude oil, leading to increased saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon content.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 18","pages":"8435–8447 8435–8447"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}