Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Chaotropic Urea-Regulated PAM-Agar Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible Zn-Air Batteries","authors":"Jiahao Liu,&nbsp;Wei Dai,&nbsp;Xinwei Song,&nbsp;Wenjian Li,&nbsp;Xiancheng Xu,&nbsp;Yingcan Zhao,&nbsp;Mingming Ge,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Tong Liu,&nbsp;Siyuan Zhao","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03941","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrogel electrolytes are central to flexible Zn-airbatteries(FZABs) because they determine the ion transport and interface chemistryof the cathode and anode. However, the dense hydrogel networks restriction migration and lead to an increased level of polarization duringbattery operation. Herein, a facile additive strategy is developedby introducing urea, a chaotropic agent, into a dual-network polyacrylamide(PAM)-agar hydrogel. The dual-network hydrogel ensures mechanicalrobustness, while the urea untangles the polymer network and generatesa porous structure with more ion-transport channels. The optimizedPAM-agar hydrogel with 2 M urea delivers an 11.2% higher ionic conductivitythan the urea-free counterpart and improves water retention ability.As a result, the assembled FZAB exhibits an open-circuit voltage of1.408 V, a peak power density of 80.0 mW cm^–2, stabledischarge for 130 h, and 320 charge–discharge cycles. Thiswork demonstrates that chaotropic additive engineering is an effectiveroute to regulate hydrogel ion transport microenvironments for durableFZABs.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21837–21845"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced CO2 Hydrate Formation Using l-methionine and SiO2 Nanoparticles as Combined Kinetic Promoters","authors":"Thanh Van Pham,&nbsp;Chengzhuo Li,&nbsp;Wanqing Wu,&nbsp;Min Du,&nbsp;Haokun Shi,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Guo,&nbsp;Qinggong Zheng","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03272","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrate-based CO₂ storage requires green kineticpromotersthat can accelerate hydrate formation while maintaining favorablegrowth morphology and reuse stability. In this study, <span>l</span>-methionine(<span>l</span>-Met) and <span>l</span>-Met + SiO₂ nanoparticlesystems were investigated for CO₂ hydrate formation throughkinetic measurements and direct morphological observation. <span>l</span>-Met significantly promoted hydrate formation, with 0.100 wt % identifiedas the optimum single-promoter concentration. The enhancement wasclosely associated with the formation of a porous wall-climbing hydratelayer, which improved gas–liquid contact and sustained hydrategrowth through capillary-assisted water supply. Introducing SiO₂ nanoparticles into the optimized <span>l</span>-Met system furtherenhanced the formation kinetics within an appropriate concentrationrange, with the 0.100 wt % <span>l</span>-Met + 0.10 wt % SiO₂ formulation selected for the subsequent five-cycle evaluation basedon the combined mean performance of induction time, final normalizedgas consumption, and <em>t</em>₉₀. Morphologicalobservations showed that SiO₂ did not redirect the wall-climbinggrowth induced by <span>l</span>-Met toward a pathway dominated by bulkhydrate formation; instead, it acted mainly as an auxiliary promoterby supplying additional heterogeneous nucleation sites within theexisting wall-climbing growth route. Five consecutive formation-dissociationcycles showed that the combined system maintained favorable hydrate-formingperformance without fresh promoter addition. These results demonstratethat <span>l</span>-Met + SiO₂ is an effective and reusablepromoter system for CO₂ hydrate formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21553–21568"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifunctional Electrolyte Additive Enables In Situ Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Restrains Polyiodides Shuttling for High-Efficiency Zinc–Iodine Batteries","authors":"Qiyan Chen,&nbsp;Qing Pang,&nbsp;Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Changyi Zheng,&nbsp;Qing Huang,&nbsp;Dingyuan Ma,&nbsp;Tao Wen,&nbsp;Rui Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaoli Peng,&nbsp;Weidong Xue","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03452","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aqueouszinc–iodine batteries (ZIBs) exhibit great promisefor energy storage applications owing to their high safety, cost-effectiveness,and environmental friendliness. However, the side reactions of theZn anode and the shuttle effect of polyiodides hinder the practicalapplication of ZIBs. Herein, we propose sodium alginate (SA) as abifunctional electrolyte additive to address both issues simultaneously.At the Zn anode, SA reconstructed the Zn²⁺ solvation sheathand preferentially adsorbed on the anode surface, inducing the insitu formation of a stable composite solid electrolyte interphase(SEI) that effectively suppressed hydrogen evolution and dendritegrowth. At the I₂ cathode, the oxygen-containing polargroups of SA coordinated with polyiodides, anchoring them in the cathoderegion and substantially inhibiting the shuttle effect. In this work,the Zn//Zn symmetric cell with 5 mM SA achieved a long cycling lifespanof 2400 h at 1 mA cm^{<strong>–</strong>2} and 1 mAh cm^{<strong>–</strong>2}. Meanwhile, the Zn//I₂ fullcell maintained a high discharge specific capacity of 141.1 mAh g^{<strong>–</strong>1} after 8000 cycles at 2 A g^{<strong>–</strong>1}. This study simultaneously improved the electrochemicalbehavior of both the anode and cathode via a facile modification strategy,providing new insights for the design of ZIBs electrolytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21810–21820"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-Economic Analysis and Life-Cycle Assessment of Biomass Pyrolysis to Levoglucosan, Phenolic Resins, Acetic Acid, and Char","authors":"Hong Tian,&nbsp;Linli Shang,&nbsp;Zhangjun Huang,&nbsp;Jun Xiong,&nbsp;Chen Hao,&nbsp;Tieyi Li","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02215","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on the differentiated utilization of the two phases(lightand heavy) of <em>Miscanthus</em> pyrolysis oil and the byproductbiochar, this study established a process route with “purificationof levoglucosan (LG) from the condensed heavy-phase aqueous extract”as the main product, and the light phase and the aqueous extract oilphase used for the preparation of phenolic resin and acetic acid asbyproducts. Concurrently, the biochar was utilized in three distinctapplications: combustion for heat supply (HS), soil amendment (SA),and activated carbon (AC), thereby establishing a process system forthe high-value utilization of fast pyrolysis of <em>Miscanthus</em>. In terms of economic indicators, the IRR for all three scenariosexceeds the 10% feasibility threshold, with the project payback rangingfrom 5.19 to 5.38 years. The MSP ranges from 7,400 to 8,000 CNY/t,demonstrating strong market competitiveness. In the sensitivity analysis,fluctuations in plant processing capacity had the most significantimpact, followed by fluctuations in the price of LG. In terms of life-cycleassessment, the HS scenario offers the best environmental benefits,with the lowest total greenhouse gas emissions (370.8 gCO₂e/MJ), the highest net emissions (−555.4 gCO₂e/MJ),and the lowest demand for nonrenewable energy (4.37 MJ/MJ). Sensitivityanalysis indicates that LG yield is the most critical parameter affectingtotal greenhouse gas emissions, while the consumption of on-site consumablesis the key parameter affecting net greenhouse gas emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21729–21741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface-Engineered AgCoAc on Ti3C2Tx MXene as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Advancing CO2 Utilization and Oxygen Evolution","authors":"Sariga,&nbsp;Aathilingam Vijayaprabhakaran,&nbsp;Murugavel Kathiresan,&nbsp;Vembu Suryanarayanan,&nbsp;Anitha Varghese","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Theescalating global demand for renewable energy sources and chemicalsnecessitates sustainable and resource-conscious production protocolsthat address future demands with a minimal environmental impact. Thecurrent study presents the viability of the AgCoAc@Ti₃C₂T_<em>x</em>-based catalyst for the CO₂ fixation and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) reactions atmild operational parameters. Unlike previously reported MXene-basedelectrocatalysts, this work integrates a controlled electrodepositionmethodology to create a synergistic AgCoAc active interface directlyon a conductive MXene support. This tailored architecture leads todual functionality, demonstrating enhanced performance in both electrocarboxylationand the OER, which has not been explored in similar systems. The multilayeredTi₃C₂T_<em>x</em>, havinga large electroactive area, improves the physicochemical propertiesand charge-transfer pathways of AgCoAc moieties, restricting particleaggregation and stabilizing the composite structure. Meanwhile, AgCoAcanchored on Ti₃C₂T_<em>x</em> amplifies its conductive properties and provides dual metal coordinationsites, elevating the catalyst efficiency for the electrocatalyticprocess. Electrocarboxylation of benzyl bromide with CO₂ was carried out in a single-chamber cell comprising tetrabutylammoniumbromide/acetonitrile (TBABr/ACN) as the electrolytic medium to generatephenylacetic acid (PAA). This synergy in AgCoAc@Ti₃C₂T_<em>x</em> yielded a maximum of 70% PAAat a current density of 50 mA cm^–2 at room temperature.The performance of AgCoAc@Ti₃C₂T_<em>x</em> was further investigated for the OER in 1 M KOH,which showcased a low overpotential of 251 mV at 10 mA cm^–2 with a Tafel slope of 93 mV dec^–1, validatingexcellent OER performance. Hence, the developed protocol providesa facile catalyst preparation strategy for the dual-purpose multimetallicAgCoAc@Ti₃C₂T_<em>x</em> composite,which showcased admirable outcomes for electrocarboxylation as wellas the OER.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21769–21781"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sinter-Resistant N-Doped Biomass-Derived Carbon-Supported Pd Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Phenol to Cyclohexanol","authors":"Xun Kuang,&nbsp;Linyu Zhu,&nbsp;Xintong Xiao,&nbsp;Hao Ma,&nbsp;Zhongyue Zhou,&nbsp;Fei Qi","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Selectivehydrogenation of lignin-derived phenols providessaturatedcyclic oxygenates relevant to renewable fuel synthesis. Pd nanoparticleswere supported on N-doped biomass-derived carbon (Pd/NBC) and evaluatedfor consecutive phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanol. Pd/NBC achieved99% phenol conversion and 85% cyclohexanol selectivity at 200 °Cand an initial H₂ pressure of 5 MPa after 6 h. Under matched2 h conditions, Pd/NBC afforded 66.4% cyclohexanol selectivity at2 MPa, compared with 12.2% over commercial Pd/C. Across six cycles,Pd/NBC showed a smaller increase in mean Pd particle size than Pd/C,while both retained high conversion. The results demonstrate improvedcyclohexanol selectivity and reduced Pd particle growth on the N-dopedbiomass-derived carbon support under the tested conditions and highlighta favorable catalyst–support environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21882–21886"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Catechol/AES/LTS Ternary Formulation for Permeability-Dependent Oil Mobilization and Fluid Redistribution in Low-Permeability Sandstone","authors":"Haotian Wang,&nbsp;Jun Gao","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03400","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-permeability sandstone reservoirs under high-temperature/high-salinityconditions present coupled challenges of capillary trapping, restrictedinjectivity, surfactant instability, and heterogeneous sweep. In thisstudy, a catechol/AES/LTS ternary formulation was developed to combinehard-brine compatibility with strong interfacial oil mobilization.LTS acted as the principal interfacially active component, AES improveddispersion stability in Ca²⁺-rich brine, and catechol servedas an aging-responsive auxiliary component capable of interactingwith divalent ions. The best-performing formulation among those tested,containing 0.05 wt % catechol, 0.05 wt % AES, and 0.20 wt % LTS, reducedthe oil-water interfacial tension to approximately 0.004 mN/m andproduced the strongest microfluidic oil-removal and current-responsebehavior among the tested formulations. During 15 days of aging at70 °C, the catechol-containing formulation underwent oxidation-associatedself-acidification to approximately pH 4.6 while retaining smallerapparent hydrodynamic aggregates, less macroscopic precipitation,and lower aged IFT than the catechol-free AES/LTS control. Rock-contactfluorescence and CLSM measurements further showed treatment-inducedredistribution of fluorescent/optically active surface-associatedmaterial, although these optical measurements were not chemicallyspecific for either residual-oil or catechol-derived products. Comparativecore flooding and LF-NMR showed formulation-dependent fluid redistributionat two permeability levels. In the approximately 26 mD sandstone,the catechol-containing core exhibited greater oil recovery and increasedaqueous occupancy of restricted relaxation domains, with local preferential-pathrestriction remaining a possible contributing process. In the approximately0.4 mD sandstone, the larger within-core reduction in oil-associatedNMR signal was accompanied by increased aqueous signal across bothrestricted and movable domains. These results support an integratedchemical-flooding strategy coupling hard-brine compatibility, IFT-enabledoil mobilization, and permeability-dependent fluid redistribution.Permanent plugging and mineral-scale acid etching are not independentlyestablished by the present measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21579–21601"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropic Gas Permeability of Beech Wood from X-ray Microtomography and Pore Network Modeling: The Role of Vessels, Fibers, and Pyrolytic Conversion","authors":"Felix Faber,&nbsp;Andrea Dernbecher,&nbsp;Sebastian Gruber,&nbsp;Petra Foerst,&nbsp;Alba Dieguez-Alonso,&nbsp;Nicole Vorhauer-Huget","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gas transport withinbiomass particles is a key factorcontrollingvolatile release, secondary reactions, and product formation duringpyrolysis. However, the influence of the anisotropic microstructureand its evolution during thermal conversion remains insufficientlyunderstood. In this study, we combine high resolution X-ray micro-computedtomography with a pore network model (PNM) to compute the anisotropicgas permeability of beech wood at different stages of pyrolysis. Darcypermeabilities are obtained for the three major anatomical directions(radial, tangential, and longitudinal). Pore-resolved computationalfluid dynamics (CFD) simulations on the same porous domains are usedto derive a geometric correction factor for gas transport in the PNM.This correction brings the PNM close to the accuracy of the pore-resolvedCFD simulations at significantly reduced computational cost. The PNMis then applied to quantify the contribution of the different celltypes of the wood microstructure to gas transport. The results showthat gas transport occurs predominantly in vessels larger than 15 μm.The estimated permeability of the extracted network of interconnected,mostly longitudinally oriented vessels is in the range 10^–11 m² to 10^–10 m² and is nearlyunaffected by pyrolysis, whereas the network of fibers smaller than15 μm yields values of 10^–17 m² to 10^–14 m². A detailed pore-scaleanalysis reveals that the opening and enlargement of smaller poreshave a negligible effect in the longitudinal direction, where flowis dominated by the larger vessels. Perpendicular to this main transportdirection, however, permeability increases substantially, as thermaldecomposition enhances pore connectivity, particularly among the fibers.By linking microstructural evolution to directional transport properties,the method supports the parameterization of predictive multiscalemodels for biomass pyrolysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21866–21881"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Carbon Capture and Storage in Decarbonizing Asia-Pacific Data Centers","authors":"Hon Chung Lau,&nbsp;Steve C. Tsai","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03668","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Analysis of data in the public domain shows that thepower capacityof Asia-Pacific (APAC) data centers (DCs) will grow from 16 GW in2025 to 70 GW in 2030, a 4.4-fold increase. Between 2025 and 2030,APAC economies with the highest growth rate in DC power capacity willbe India, Japan, Australia, China, and South Korea. Using the announcedpower source of future DCs and the energy mix of APAC’s nationalgrids, this study estimates that the CO₂ emitted by fossilfuel power plants supplying electricity to DCs (DC-emitted CO₂) will grow from 46 Mtpa in 2025 to 177 Mtpa in 2030, a 3.8-foldincrease. By 2030, six APAC economies will have DC power capacityexceeding 10% of their national grid capacity. They will be Bhutan,Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Japan. These economiesneed to upgrade their national grid to support their DC power growth.The relatively small share of nuclear power and non-hydro renewableenergies in national electricity generation in APAC economies willmean that the majority of DCs in APAC will be powered by fossil fuelpower plants. Analysis shows that APAC economies of India, Australia,Malaysia, Japan, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam willrely heavily on coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) to power their DCs,whereas Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, and New Zealand will relyheavily on natural gas-fired power plants (GFPPs). By 2030, therewill be 25 APAC locations with DC-emitted CO₂ exceeding1 Mtpa. A CO₂ source-sink mapping exercise shows that 16of these locations have nearby saline aquifers that can permanentlystore more than 100 years of DC-emitted CO₂, correspondingto 76% of total DC-emitted CO₂. With further characterizationof APAC saline aquifers, more DC-emitted CO₂ may be mitigatedby carbon capture and storage (CCS). Furthermore, Japan, South Korea,and Singapore suffer from low energy self-sufficiency (≤20%),and their DCs are vulnerable to disruption of energy imports. Policiesto mitigate this need to be in place.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21793–21809"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rock-Failure Proximity as a Precursor to Production during In Situ Conversion of Oil Shale: A THMC-Coupled Analysis","authors":"Qizhi Tan,&nbsp;Shuyang Liu,&nbsp;Junrong Liu,&nbsp;Honglue Huang,&nbsp;Baojiang Sun","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03578","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The in situ conversion process (ICP)of oil shale is governed bytightly coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical–chemical(THMC) interactions, yet the evolution of rock-failure proximity withina fully coupled framework remains poorly quantified. This study developsa THMC coupled framework for oil shale ICP that integrates multiphase,multicomponent flow, heat transfer, linear thermo-poroelastic deformation,pyrolysis kinetics, and stress- and reaction-driven porosity–permeabilityevolution. Tensile and shear failure factors, derived from the tensile-strengthand Mohr–Coulomb criteria, are incorporated to quantify theproximity to mechanically induced failure. The coupled spatiotemporalevolutions of temperature, pressure, kerogen decomposition, and bothfailure factors are systematically analyzed through a sensitivitystudy of geological and operational parameters. The results demonstratethat appreciable reductions in the failure factors precede the rapid-productionstage, indicating that the formation approaches the mechanical failurecondition before peak hydrocarbon output. The low-failure-factor zonesare localized in the high-temperature, high-pressure region on theouter flank of the heater wells─jointly controlled by the temperaturegradient, pore pressure, and effective stress─rather than coincidingwith the locations of maximum temperature or kerogen consumption.Horizontal permeability strongly affects cumulative oil productionand failure-factor evolution: under low permeability, impeded fluidexpulsion promotes pore-pressure accumulation and extensive failure-activationzones. In contrast, cumulative gas production is mainly influencedby kerogen concentration and porosity. Heating temperature and thermalconductivity regulate the gas–oil ratio through secondary cracking,whereas kerogen concentration and porosity govern the overall productscale. This study provides quantitative bases and practical guidancefor field-scale ICP development.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 39","pages":"21712–21728"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149078215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}