Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic Coupling Mechanisms and Collapse Risk Mitigation in Gas Hydrate-Bearing Reservoirs: A THMC Framework for Safe Deepwater Drilling","authors":"Jing Li,&nbsp;Kaixiang Shen,&nbsp;Bin Li,&nbsp;Yichen Li,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Yan,&nbsp;Jingan Lu,&nbsp;Song Deng","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02829","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural gas hydrate (NGH) has emerged as a strategicalternativeenergy resource for the 21st century, with the South China Sea containingsubstantial reserves estimated at 80 billion tons of oil equivalent,2.5 times those found in terrestrial permafrost regions. However,its exploitation faces critical wellbore stability challenges dueto shallow hydrate occurrence in unconsolidated sediments with a SafeMud Weight Window (SMWW) narrower than 0.03 g/cm3. Existing researchremains limited by single-physics models that fail to capture coupledfeedback mechanisms between hydrate dissociation and formation deformation.Here, we develop a sequential thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC)coupling framework with two-way data exchange between TOUGH + HYDRATEand FLAC3D to systematically investigate wellbore stability evolutionunder drilling fluid exposure. Numerical simulations demonstrate thatdrilling-fluid invasion promotes near-wellbore hydrate dissociationthrough coupled thermal, hydraulic, and chemical disturbances, withtransient self-stabilization occurring as dissociation-generated gasaccumulation elevates pore pressure. Time-dependent analysis revealsthat larger wellbore diameters significantly accelerate collapse timing,while underlying gas layers fail faster than hydrate layers due tolower mechanical strength. Prolonged drilling fluid exposure progressivelynarrows safety windows, with 7-day soaking reducing SMWW by 41–57%across different formations through coupled collapse pressure increaseand fracture pressure decrease. The THMC framework identifies formationweakening mechanisms through yield zone evolution and progressivestress migration from near-wellbore to far-field regions. These findingsestablish a quantitative framework for predicting time-dependent wellborestability in hydrate formations, providing critical insights for safedrilling operation design in deepwater gas hydrate exploitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22710–22734"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modified Simplified Local Density Model for Characterizing and Predicting High-Pressure Methane Adsorption in Deep Coal Seams","authors":"Ruijin Li,&nbsp;Wan Zhuang,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Binwei Xia,&nbsp;Chunkui Mu,&nbsp;Ke Hu","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03775","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Methane, the primary component of coalbed methane (CBM),occurspredominantly in the adsorbed state in coal. Accurate characterizationand prediction of methane adsorption under high-temperature and high-pressureconditions are therefore essential for evaluating deep CBM resources.However, conventional adsorption models generally have limited extrapolationcapacity and often oversimplify the temperature dependence of theadsorbed-phase density. In this study, a modified simplified localdensity (mSLD) model was developed by incorporating a thermal-expansioncorrection for the adsorbed phase into the original SLD framework.The model was evaluated using more than 1000 adsorption data pointsfor 29 coal samples reported in the literature. It accurately representedmultiple methane adsorption isotherms over broad temperature and pressureranges, yielding an average absolute deviation of 2.53%, a root-mean-squareerror of 0.021 mmol/g, and a coefficient of determination of 0.995.Compared with the original SLD model, the mSLD model substantiallyimproved high-pressure prediction accuracy. It also maintained robustperformance under pressure extrapolation, temperature extrapolation,and temperature interpolation, while requiring only approximatelytwo-thirds of the experimental data to achieve nearly the same accuracyas fitting the complete dataset. The model results further showedthat specific surface area was the principal factor controlling methaneadsorption capacity and that methane adsorption occurred preferentiallyin micropores (&lt;2 nm). When coupled geothermal and pressure gradientswere considered, the absolute adsorption capacity initially increasedwith burial depth, reached a maximum at an adsorption critical depthof approximately 1250 m, and subsequently decreased because of theincreasing inhibitory effect of temperature. Accordingly, adsorbedgas dominated in shallow coal seams, whereas the proportion of freegas gradually increased with depth. The total gas content reacheda maximum at approximately 2700 m and decreased only slightly at greaterdepths. These results demonstrate that the mSLD model provides a robusttool for characterizing methane adsorption over broad temperatureand pressure ranges and for predicting gas content in deep coal seams.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22641–22656"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wet CO2 Mineralization of Red Mud–Carbide Slag Composites for Alkaline Solid Waste Co-Disposal and Preliminary Utilization of Carbonated Products","authors":"Zixin Zhang,&nbsp;Baojing Zhang,&nbsp;Le Yu,&nbsp;Junsheng Cheng,&nbsp;Zhi Liu,&nbsp;Junxiu Li,&nbsp;Shiheng Li,&nbsp;Xiaohong Wang,&nbsp;Peizhong Feng","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03402","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wet CO₂ mineralization of alkaline industrialsolidwastes offers a promising route for carbon sequestration and wasteutilization. In this study, red mud (RM) and carbide slag (CS) werecombined to prepare RMCS composite systems for wet carbonation. Theeffects of RM/CS ratio, liquid-to-solid ratio, stirring speed, temperature,and CO₂ flow rate on carbonation performance were investigated.Solution chemistry, phase evolution, microstructure, and Si–Ostructural changes were analyzed using pH monitoring, ICP-OES, XRD,TG–DTG, SEM-EDS, and FT-IR. With the incorporation of 20 wt% RM, the RM20CS80 composite system maintained favorable carbonationperformance. Under the selected conditions of a liquid-to-solid ratioof 2 mL/g, a stirring speed of 500 rpm, a temperature of 25 °C,and a CO₂ flow rate of 1.0 L/min, its actual CO₂ uptake reached 57 g CO₂/100 g solid, with an apparentcarbonation degree of 93%. Kinetic analysis revealed a two-stage behavior:an early apparent chemical-reaction-controlled stage characterizedby rapid portlandite dissolution and CaCO₃ precipitation,followed by a later surface-coverage stage associated with progressiveaccumulation of carbonate products on particle surfaces. Si/Al-bearingcomponents from RM underwent alkaline-promoted dissolution and Si–Ostructural evolution during carbonation, suggesting their possibleparticipation in the reaction process. For preliminary utilization,20% replacement of OPC with carbonated RM20CS80 achieved a 28 d compressivestrength of approximately 26.5 MPa, with the leaching concentrationsof regulated potentially toxic elements remaining below the correspondingleaching limits, although paste flowability decreased. Overall, thisstudy provides a process-oriented basis for CO₂ sequestration,alkaline solid waste co-disposal, and the subsequent utilization ofcarbonated RMCS products.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22753–22770"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green-Synthesized Heterointerfacial ZnO–CuO Nanofluids for Regulating Oil–Water–Solid Interfacial Interactions in Low-Permeability Porous Media","authors":"Shi Yan,&nbsp;Landuo Li,&nbsp;Jian Fu,&nbsp;Jie Gao,&nbsp;Yujiao Zhao,&nbsp;Miaomiao Hu,&nbsp;Bo Wang,&nbsp;Yuxiao Han,&nbsp;Fan Zhang,&nbsp;Shuyuan Deng,&nbsp;Yuehui She","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c04399","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Colloidalnanoparticles provide a platform for regulating multiphasetransport in confined porous media, where interfacial forces becomedominant as pore dimensions decrease. Herein, ZnO–CuO compositenanoparticles (ZC NPs) were synthesized via a green coprecipitationroute mediated by <em>Cinnamomum camphora</em> root extract. This design integrates green synthesis, ZnO–CuOheterointerface engineering, and multiscale evaluation in low-permeabilityporous media. HRTEM and FFT analyses revealed direct contact betweenCuO (111) and ZnO (101) lattice domains, while XRD and opposite shiftsin the Zn 2p and Cu 2p binding energies confirmed the coexistenceof the two crystalline phases and interfacial charge redistribution,supporting the formation of a closely coupled heterointerface. Theresulting ZC nanofluid exhibited a ζ-potential of −36.3mV and favorable dispersion stability. At 0.05 wt %, ZC reduced thecontact angle of oil-aged quartz from 123.96° to 37.67°,compared with 59.69° and 82.33° for ZnO and CuO, respectively.At 0.1 wt %, ZC reduced the oil–water interfacial tension from84.36 to 21.16 mN/m. Although the minimum interfacial tension occurredat the higher concentration, 0.05 wt % produced the greatest spontaneousimbibition enhancement. Spontaneous imbibition with 0.05 wt % ZC increasedoil recovery by 13.08 and 15.19 percentage points in 4 and 30 mD cores,respectively, exceeding the corresponding improvements obtained withthe single oxides. Microfluidic visualization revealed broader pore-spaceaccess and reduced clustered residual oil. These results establisha structure–interface–performance relationship for green-synthesizedZnO–CuO heterointerfacial nanofluids and demonstrate theirpotential for interfacial regulation and oil mobilization in low-permeabilityporous media.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22545–22564"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology to Predict the Conversion, Composition, Density, Viscosity, and Stability of Visbroken Heavy Oils from Feed Data and Reactor Conditions","authors":"Camilo Lopez,&nbsp;Jose A. Beleno,&nbsp;Florian F. Schoeggl,&nbsp;Harvey W. Yarranton","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03335","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Field visbreaking is one option to reduce diluent requirementsin bitumen pipelines. To assess proposed visbreaking designs at thedesign stage, it is necessary to predict product properties basedon limited data. This study proposes a methodology to predict visbreakingconversion, product properties, and product stability solely fromtypically available feed data and the reactor temperature and spacetime. The methodology adapts a previous approach based on feed dataand conversion to eliminate the need for measured conversions. Themethodology uses a previously developed correlation to predict theconversion from the equivalent residence time (ERT). The productioncomposition (DSARA─distillates, saturates, aromatics resins,and asphaltenes) is predicted from previously developed correlationsto conversion. Product density and viscosity are predicted from theconversion using an excess volume mixing rule and the expanded fluidviscosity model, respectively. The DSARA component properties areinputs to these models and are determined from previously developedcorrelations. The models are tuned to match the feed properties. Anew conversion-based correlation is developed to predict the productstability versus asphaltene precipitation. In addition, a new approachis proposed to further tune the models to match product data whenavailable. The methodology was tested on six different crude oilsfrom different geographical sources. The oils were visbroken in acontinuous induction heated reactor across a range of ERT. The feedsand visbroken products were characterized in terms of DSARA composition,density, viscosity, and stability (onset of asphaltene precipitation).The methodology predicted the conversions, compositions, product densities,and onsets with average deviations almost within the measurement uncertainty.The viscosity deviation of 97% was significantly higher than the measurementuncertainty but occurred over a viscosity reduction of 2–3orders of magnitude. Tuning the model to match the product data reducedthe average deviations to below the measurement uncertainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22490–22503"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Limestone to Assess the Impacts of Passivation and Ca-Silicate Formation on Lime Carbonation Efficiency for Looping Technology","authors":"Shaheen Akhtar,&nbsp;Ian M. Power,&nbsp;Jamie J. Burnett","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02701","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maximizingprocess efficiency in the lime looping process for directair capture (DAC) is essential for reducing costs and energy demandsto scale up this carbon dioxide (CO₂) removal (CDR) technology.Here, we investigated two inefficiencies in the lime looping process:(i) surface passivation in relation to the particle size of the initiallimestone powder and (ii) the presence of silicate impurities andtheir thermal reaction with CaCO₃ during calcination. Passivation-limitedcarbonation to &lt;68% completion for coarser (&gt;25 μm) limeparticles compared to ∼88% for finer (&lt;25 μm) particles,emphasizing the need to pulverize limestone to very fine particlesizes to optimize efficiency. Limestones naturally contain unreactiveimpurities that will reduce CDR efficiency. For instance, the presenceof 7.5 wt.% non-carbonates in the limestone used in this study reducedCO₂ capture efficiency by an equal percentage. Additionally,formation of relatively inert Ca-silicates from the reaction of silicates(primarily quartz) with CaO during calcination (900 °C) furtherreduced efficiency by lowering CaO availability and potentially passivatingreactive surfaces. Carbonation of very high-purity limestone (55.6wt.% CaO) and synthetic CaCO₃ (56.01 wt.% CaO) yieldedgreater reaction extents of ∼93 and ∼98%, respectively,compared to that of limestones with varying SiO₂ contents(4.4–24.4 wt.%), which achieved ∼86–75% carbonation,respectively. Our findings demonstrate that the use of finely pulverized,very high-purity to impure limestones will be affected by passivationand Ca-silicate formation to varying degrees, incurring process inefficienciesof ∼10–19% due to materials not reacting during carbonation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22681–22697"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Updated Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases Model for Radiation Calculation of H2/NH3 Flames in High-Pressure Conditions","authors":"Zhixin Huang,&nbsp;Yaojie Tu,&nbsp;Xuwen Sun,&nbsp;Zirui Liu,&nbsp;Hao Liu,&nbsp;Qingguo Peng","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03909","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Developing zero-carbon energy systems fueled by hydrogenand ammoniais crucial for modern aerospace propulsion. As operational temperaturesfrequently exceed 1000 °C, thermal radiation becomes the dominantheat transfer mechanism. Furthermore, elevated operating pressures(up to 20 bar) trigger intense collisional broadening and significantlyincrease the overall optical thickness. Traditional radiative modelsinadequately characterize these environments by neglecting the substantialradiative contribution of unburned NH₃. To overcome suchlimitations, a novel pressure-dependent weighted-sum-of-gray-gases(WSGG) model incorporating a variable total radiation gas concentrationis developed specifically for estimating the radiation of H₂/NH₃ flames in high-pressure conditions. With its parametersoptimized via sequential quadratic programming (SQP), the proposedmodel is rigorously validated against benchmark line-by-line (LBL)calculations across isothermal, nonisothermal, and nonhomogeneousconditions. The updated WSGG framework demonstrates exceptional accuracy,maintaining average relative errors firmly within 10%. Ultimately,the newly developed model provides a highly reliable and efficientmethod for evaluating radiative heat transfer characteristics of zero-carbonfuels under engine-like conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22851–22866"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoupling Thermal-Driven and Reaction-Induced Effects on the Strength Evolution of CaO Pellets during Calcium Looping CO2 Capture","authors":"Penghui Yang,&nbsp;Cong Luo,&nbsp;Baokang Chen,&nbsp;Lele Wang,&nbsp;Siyuan Lei,&nbsp;Xiaoshan Li,&nbsp;Fan Wu,&nbsp;Zewu Zhang,&nbsp;Liqi Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03849","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Calciumlooping is a promising CO₂ capture technology,and the mechanical stability of calcium-based adsorbent pellets iscritical for their industrial application. Although pelletizationprocesses and formulation optimization can improve the initial strength,the strength evolution of pellets during carbonation/calcination cyclesand the underlying dominant mechanism remains little understood. Thisstudy identified two major effects governing pellet strength evolutionduring cyclic reactions: the thermal-driven effect (thermal shockdamage and high-temperature sintering) and the reaction-induced effect(volume change damage and reactive sintering). Their respective rolesand relative contributions at different cycling stages were systematicallyinvestigated by combining carbonation/calcination cycling tests, short-termthermal shock tests, and nonreactive long-term thermal cycling controlexperiments. The results indicate that the CaO pellets show an earlydecline in strength, followed by a partial recovery in later cycles.Mechanistic analysis indicates that thermal shock promotes pelletcracking, while cyclic volume expansion/contraction caused by theCaO/CaCO₃ phase transformation can induce local stressconcentration, both of which cause strength degradation. In contrast,sintering-induced densification enhances structural strength, therebycontributing to late-stage strength recovery. Relative contributionanalysis reveals a clear stage-dependent transition in the factorsgoverning strength evolution. The thermal-driven effect dominatesthe early stage, contributing over 70% in the 0–5 cycle, whereasthe reaction-induced effect gradually increased to over 60% in the20–25 cycle and became dominant later. This study providesmechanistic insights into the strength evolution of calcium-basedpellets during calcium looping and offers guidance for improving themechanical stability of calcium-based pellets.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22771–22781"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ex-Situ CO2 Mineralization: Bridging Laboratory Science and Industrial Reality. Part II: Techno-Economics, Life-Cycle Assessment, and Market-Driven Deployment Strategies","authors":"Babak Fayyaz-Najafi,&nbsp;Cesar Ovalles","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><em>Ex-situ</em> CO₂ mineralizationis movingfrom laboratory demonstration toward early commercial deployment,but gigaton-scale implementation requires credible economics, favorablelife-cycle performance, real product markets, and standards-basedverification. This second part of a two-part review examines the techno-economic,environmental, market, policy, and certification dimensions of thetechnology. Processing costs for industrial-residue systems are approximately$30 to $80 per ton of CO₂ on a cradle-to-gate basis forfacilities colocated with the CO₂ source, excluding CO₂ capture and product credits, at a nominal 100 ktCO₂/year scale and $0.08/kWh electricity; costs outside these boundaryconditions differ substantially and are reported separately throughout.Revenue from carbonated aggregates, supplementary cementitious materials,precipitated calcium carbonate, and carbon-removal credits can offseta significant portion of these costs. Net carbon-removal efficienciesrange from approximately 50% to 95% across pathways, a spread drivenprincipally by feedstock activation demand and grid carbon intensityrather than by carbonation chemistry; residue-based systems integratingrenewable energy typically achieve 75% to 95%, whereas activation-intensivenatural silicate routes remain more energy sensitive. Commercial operators(CarbonFree, Fortera, Neustark, Greenore) stand at TRL 7–9alongside earlier-stage ventures, with combined <em>nameplate</em> capacity of approximately 70–90 ktCO₂/year andindependently verified delivered volumes that are substantially lower.Construction materials are the primary near-term market, with demandfor low-carbon aggregates and cement additives growing rapidly. Abottom-up buildup of operational and publicly announced projects places2030 capacity at approximately 0.4–5 MtCO₂/year.Reaching the 1–2 GtCO₂/year that IPCC-consistentcarbon-removal portfolios would assign to mineralization by 2050 requiressustained capacity growth of 38–43% per year for two decadesand a cumulative capital of approximately $0.2–0.7 trillionfor the mineralization system. Gigaton-scale deployment is thereforepresented as a conditional scenario with explicitly stated preconditions,not as a forecast. Policy mechanisms, including enhanced 45Q credits,EU Innovation Fund support, and emerging carbon-removal procurementprograms, are catalyzing investment.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22359–22388"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Secondary Microbial Methane from a Gas Hydrate-Bearing Reservoir at the HYDRATE P1 Production Test Well (PTW-1) on the Alaskan North Slope","authors":"John W. Pohlman,&nbsp;Michael Casso,&nbsp;Lee-Gray Boze,&nbsp;William F. Waite,&nbsp;Steven C. Phillips,&nbsp;Carolyn Ruppel,&nbsp;Melanie Holland,&nbsp;Jun Yoneda,&nbsp;Motoi Oshima,&nbsp;Akihiro Hiruta,&nbsp;Timothy S. Collett","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c06364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c06364","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gas hydrate in theAlaskan North Slope (ANS) is believed to containas much methane as the known conventional gas accumulations in thePrudhoe Bay field. The JOGMEC-DOE-USGS Collaborative Gas Hydrate R&amp;DProject conducted an extended-duration production test from the sub-permafrost,gas-hydrate saturated B1 sand reservoir (unit B) at the Kuparuk State7-11-12 Site in the Prudhoe Bay Unit of the ANS. Using compositionaland stable isotopic data measured on gas produced from well cuttingsand pressure cores collected from the HYDRATE 02 Geo Data Well (GDW),we differentiate primary microbial, secondary microbial, and tracethermogenic gas sources. The upper part of the well contained predominantlyprimary microbial methane from near the surface to the SV6 stratigraphichorizon at 1133 ft (345.3 m) measured depth (MD). Below that, thegas composition transitioned to a mixture of mostly primary and secondarymicrobial methane to near the base of ice-bearing permafrost at 1968ft (599.8 m) MD. With greater depth to 3558 ft (1084.5 m) MD, whichincludes the D1 sand (unit D), the B1 sand (unit B), and the baseof gas hydrate stability at 3113 ft (948.8 m) MD, the gas compositionwas greater than 98% secondary microbial methane with the remainderbeing oil-associated thermogenic gas migrated from the deep SadlerochitFormation. The unit B vertical gas profile derived from degassed pressurecores demonstrated that gas dissolved in the clay-rich sediment intervalsbounding the B1 sand reservoir was distinct from dissolved and hydrate-cagedgases in the sand-rich hydrate-bearing reservoir. The HYDRATE P1 ProductionTest Well (PTW-1) targeted and successfully extracted gas dissociatedfrom hydrate gas in the B1 sand for 151 days when using an electricalsubmersible pump to depressurize the reservoir with subsequent depressurizationachieved through the use of a jet pump. Gas produced from PTW-1 wasmostly indistinguishable from the gas compositional profile measuredthrough the B1 sand and generally distinct from dissolved gas in thebounding clay-rich sediments, confirming that the upper and lowerbounding units limited infiltration into the reservoir during production.Isolation of the bounding units from the reservoir contributed tothe unexpectedly high ratio of production gas to water observed duringthe extended-duration gas hydrate production test at PTW-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 41","pages":"22576–22592"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149174062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}