Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced Photocatalytic Seawater Splitting Using Cu-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Anchored on Nb2O5","authors":"Ravi Kumar,&nbsp;Abdur Raheem and Suman Dutta*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0172710.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01727https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01727","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogen production from seawater via the photocatalysis process presents a sustainable way to resolve environmental as well as energy issues. In this study, an efficient Cu-doped TiO₂ (CuT) and Nb₂O₅-based heterojunction was synthesized for hydrogen production from seawater. CuT was synthesized through the hydrothermal method and then formed a heterojunction with Nb₂O₅ through the impregnation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the anatase phase of CuT and the orthorhombic phase of Nb₂O₅ and its structure is retained after the formation of a heterojunction. Photoluminescence and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) analysis showed a lower recombination rate of e^–/h⁺ pairs and a higher absorption of light, respectively. These outcomes were further confirmed using electrochemical analysis. The formation of the heterojunction resulted in an improved specific surface area of 146.62 m² g^–1. The synthesized heterojunction (CuT/10-Nb₂O₅) exhibited superior activity compared to CuT and Nb₂O₅, achieving a hydrogen production rate of 1589.01 μmol g^–1 h^–1 in the presence of ethylene glycol (10 vol %) as a sacrificial reagent. Furthermore, the effect of various sacrificial reagents was evaluated for seawater splitting. Additionally, the heterojunction demonstrated good stability in seawater, with only approximately an 11% reduction in activity after the fourth cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 23","pages":"11424–11436 11424–11436"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144260923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic Insights into Alkylated and Polycyclic N-Heterocycle Formation from Aromatic Amino Acids during Hydrothermal Liquefaction","authors":"Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo*,&nbsp;Sebastian B. Pangaribuan,&nbsp;Liska D. Muktiarani,&nbsp;Muslih Anwar,&nbsp;Dwi Joko Prasetyo,&nbsp;Dharani Prasad Vadlamudi,&nbsp;Lisendra Marbelia and Budhijanto Budhijanto,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0143310.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01433https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01433","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The kinetics and thermodynamics of the Pictet–Spengler cyclization (PSC) and electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) were investigated to elucidate the complete reaction pathways involved in the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of aromatic amino acids, including the formation of alkylated and polycyclic N-Heterocycles. A series of multilevel factorial HTL experiments were conducted on pure <span>l</span>-phenylalanine, <span>l</span>-tyrosine, and <span>L</span>-tryptophan (first stage) and mixtures of key intermediate compounds under noncatalytic and H₃PO₄-catalyzed conditions (second stage) at 250–350 °C for 20–100 min. The first-stage experiments revealed the endothermic nature of biocrude, hydrochar, and gaseous coproduct formation from aqueous organics generated during HTL. The second stage identified decarboxylation products (e.g., 2-phenylethan-1-amine, 4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol, and 2-(1<i>H</i>-indol-3-yl)ethan-1-amine) as key intermediates that reacted with aqueous aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) via PSC, forming polycyclic N-heterocycles (e.g., isoquinolines and carbolines) in biocrude and hydrochar. Similarly, aliphatic carbon–carbon cleavage products (e.g., 1<i>H</i>-indole and benzene) reacted with aldehydes and pyrazine to form alkylated N-heterocycles via EAS, e.g., 2-ethyl pyrazine, 2,2’-(pyrazine-2,3-diyl)diphenol, 2,5-diphenylpyrazine, and 3,5,7-trimethyl-1<i>H</i>-indole. Mechanistic analysis indicated that the endothermic dehydration was the rate-limiting step in the PSC reaction, while EAS involved multiple endothermic steps, making both reactions favor higher reaction temperatures for selective formation of the products. The presence of a Bro̷nsted acid catalyst was beneficial, as protonation played a crucial role in both mechanisms. This study demonstrated that in addition to side chain cleavage and decarboxylation, PSC and EAS reactions were fundamental in the HTL of aromatic amino acids.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 22","pages":"10488–10504 10488–10504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144211747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Dynamic Impact on Microstructure Evolution and Permeability Enhancement of Coal","authors":"Di He,&nbsp;Shugang Li,&nbsp;Xiangguo Kong,&nbsp;Haifei Lin,&nbsp;Yankun Ma and Ting Liu*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0141910.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01419https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01419","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Deep coalbed methane development is significantly influenced by instantaneous dynamic loads. To investigate the pore damage characteristics and gas permeability evolution in coal samples during different impact loads, a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test system was used to perform the impact testing. The T₂ spectrum and permeability of coal samples were systematically measured before and after impact loading through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and an automated permeability testing device. Pore-fracture structure evolution was analyzed through NMR imaging, and the permeability variations were discussed as the impact load increased. The results showed that when the impact pressure increased from 0.25 to 0.45 MPa, the strain rate and dynamic strength of coal samples increased linearly. However, the peak strain decreased exponentially. With increasing impact pressure, the maximum increment in T₂ spectrum area of micropores in coal samples was 21.10%. Additionally, the evolution of mesopores and macropores gradually dominated, in which the maximum increase in the T₂ spectrum area reached 30.57%. During the impact of dynamic loading, the damage area in coal samples presented the “point-line-surface” distribution morphology transformation as a whole. The fractal dimension of pores decreased linearly, which accelerated the transformation from internal micropores to macropores and microfractures. As the impact pressure increases, the energy dissipation density exhibits a linear increase, while the permeability of coal samples rises exponentially. The gas flow state transitioned from micropore flow to microfracture flow, causing the growth trend of permeability change rate to slow down initially and then accelerate, increasing from 13.45% to 37.17%. The findings have critical implications for enhancing the efficiency of coal seam gas extraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 23","pages":"11099–11109 11099–11109"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144260998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability Assessment and Methodological Refinement of Liquid Nitrogen Adsorption in Medium- and High-Rank Coals","authors":"Jinchao Zhang,&nbsp;Sijie Han,&nbsp;Shuxun Sang*,&nbsp;Peiming Zhou,&nbsp;Debashish Mondal and Jie Wu,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0122310.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01223https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01223","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption is a widely applied technique for characterizing coal pore structures, yet its validity for high-rank coals remains problematic due to inconsistent experimental outcomes. This study investigates the causes of result inaccuracies through systematic experiments on six Qianxi coal samples with varying metamorphic grades. By analyzing adsorption–desorption curves under controlled conditions (e.g., degassing temperature, time, and sample mass), we identify three critical factors influencing validity: (1) coal metamorphism-driven pore heterogeneity, where high-rank coals exhibit unique negative adsorption pressure responses and significant adsorption–desorption hysteresis (separation coefficient <i>K</i> &gt; 10% versus &lt;1% in middle-rank coals); (2) enhanced microporosity and gas adsorption capacity in high-rank coals, which distort nitrogen replacement efficiency; and (3) volatile-induced pore throat blockage during testing. To address these issues, we propose optimized protocols: 1 g sample mass, 300 °C degassing for 12 h, and preassessment of pore surface area to guide parameter selection. Crucially, liquid nitrogen adsorption shows limited applicability for high-rank coals with underdeveloped pore networks, suggesting the need for complementary characterization methods. These findings provide actionable criteria to enhance the reliability of pore structure analysis in heterogeneous coal systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 23","pages":"11084–11098 11084–11098"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the Real Electrode Reaction Process of Lithium-Ion Batteries by Coupling Kinetics and Thermodynamics","authors":"Di Hu,&nbsp;Tao Li,&nbsp;Kang Fu,&nbsp;Weiping Guan,&nbsp;Lin Zhu,&nbsp;Zhong Chen,&nbsp;Wei Yang,&nbsp;Lili Gong* and Peng Tan*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0095610.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00956https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00956","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nonuniform reactions within porous electrodes are a common phenomenon during the charge–discharge processes of lithium-ion batteries, significantly impacting their rate performance. Conventionally, researchers attribute this reaction heterogeneity to sluggish kinetics. Thermodynamics also affects the electrode process, and a sloped equilibrium potential curve can regulate the uneven electrode reaction and promote uniform lithiation of the electrode. Therefore, the real electrode process is affected by both the thermodynamics and kinetics. This work innovatively investigates the coupled effects of kinetics and thermodynamics on the electrode processes. Thermodynamic factors caused the LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ (NCM622) electrode to exhibit reaction rate fluctuation behavior, while the LiFePO₄ (LFP) electrode exhibited progressive reaction behavior. Then, by visualizing the electrode reaction process, the dynamic competition relationship between kinetics and thermodynamics under different working conditions was observed. The competition analysis shows that severe kinetic constraints make thermodynamic regulation ineffective, which is the main factor in the battery capacity decay. This work not only reveals the real electrode process under the coupling of kinetics and thermodynamics but also provides a more comprehensive perspective in guiding electrode design.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 23","pages":"11363–11371 11363–11371"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Observation of Clay Fabrics and Clay Pores in Naturally Faulted Shales","authors":"Yujiao Han,&nbsp;Hongjian Zhu*,&nbsp;Lipeng Yan,&nbsp;Hongye Feng* and Yanyan Pan,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0156710.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01567https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01567","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Clay fabrics and clay-hosted porosity, as the most essential components in shale gas reservoirs, are the result of a long succession of geological processes that range from sediment deposition and later diagenesis to tectonic activity. A high-resolution electron microscopy study on naturally faulted Longmaxi shales from the Southeast Sichuan Basin was conducted to understand the development of clay fabrics and their hosted pore network and place them in a tectonic context. The investigation demonstrates a significant uniformity between brittle deformation detected in the shale matrix with optical microscopy and slip deformation observed related to a strong degree of preferred alignment for clay particles documented with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fabric measurements. SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal that clay pores are intimately linked to clay fabrics and are associated with grain slip deformation. Two major clay pore types can be identified and classified by their origin, which we named primary pores and secondary pores (SEP, tectonic origin). The majority of the primary pores are shelter pores (SHP), which are preserved due to the presence of pressure shadows that resist tectonic compaction and deformation, preventing pore structure collapse. SEP are linear nanometer-size openings that commonly have wider and elongated shapes and preferred orientations parallel to the clay foliation, and they constitute the bulk of available porosity. These findings offer new insight into the nature of clay-hosted porosity down to the nanoscale and explain microstructural deformation and porosity preservation of clay fabrics during faulting.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 23","pages":"11122–11133 11122–11133"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement Perspectives in Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery Using N2- and CO2-Assisted Steam Injection: Exploring Molecular Interactions to Field Applications","authors":"Erasto E. Kasala*,&nbsp;Jinjie Wang*,&nbsp;Asia Majid,&nbsp;Mbula Ngoy Nadege and Edwin E. Nyakilla,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0128710.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01287https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01287","url":null,"abstract":"<p >There has been some success with nitrogen (N₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and steam used in enhancing heavy oil recovery, particularly in their synergistic application. However, the synergistic applying N₂-assisted CO₂, N₂-assisted steam or CO₂-assisted steam injections remains compromised under the extreme conditions of deep reservoirs, such as overly high temperature and pressure environments, fluctuating salinity levels, sediment interactions, and formation heterogeneity. Incorporating N₂ and CO₂ into steam yields a transformative potential, revealing enhanced rheological behaviors, improved viscosity reduction, enhanced mobility, optimized sweep efficiency, enhanced interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, reduced heat loss, increased displacement efficiency, and boosted thermal efficiency, ultimately leading to significantly improved heavy oil recovery efficiency, all attributable to the synergistic effects of their components. In this work, the performance of N₂ and CO₂-assisted steam injection and the factors that impair their effectiveness were highlighted. Numerous N₂ and CO₂-assisted steam mechanisms, such as viscosity reduction, wettability alteration, IFT reduction, and improved thermal insulation on oil mobility and recovery, were illustrated. The synergistic interaction of N₂/CO₂-assisted steam injection to enhanced IFT reduction, viscosity alteration, pressure maintenance, wettability improvement, and permeability enhancement for optimizing recovery were also presented. In addition, the review highlighted the existing challenges, research gaps, and proposed potential interventions to bridge the gap between laboratory findings and scalable field applications. The study systematically examines (1) the rheological properties of N₂/CO₂-assisted steam injection, (2) synergistic gas-steam injection mechanisms, (3) the influence of formation water salinity, and (4) technical and economic feasibility analysis, providing a holistic perspective from molecular interactions to field-scale applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 22","pages":"10200–10244 10200–10244"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144211901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Neutralization of Polyacrylic Acid Binders for Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells with a Coulombic Efficiency Exceeding 99.9%","authors":"Haoran Mo,&nbsp;Cuie Wang*,&nbsp;Hui Shen,&nbsp;Ran Ran,&nbsp;Wei Zhou and Kaiming Liao*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0201910.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02019https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c02019","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The binder plays a critical role in lithium-ion batteries by promoting the cohesion of active material particles and ensuring their stable adhesion to the current collector. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), a water-soluble polymer, has garnered considerable interest as a binder in numerous applications, particularly in energy storage systems, such as batteries and supercapacitors. However, the self-association of the carboxyl (−COOH) functional groups in PAA results in the formation of both intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which significantly compromises the adhesive’s binding strength to the current collector surface. Herein, we introduce a quantitatively neutralized poly(acrylic acid) (QN-PAA) binder designed to optimize interfacial adhesion strength and mechanical integrity. This binder promotes an in situ reaction between −COOH groups in PAA and copper oxide (CuO) layers on the surface of a copper foil current collector under thermally regulated conditions. The reaction forms durable ionic cross-linked networks (−COO^–···Cu²⁺···^–OOC−) that stabilize the active material–current collector interface while enhancing electrochemical compatibility. As a result, electrodes fabricated with 3 wt % QN-PAA-bonded graphite on a copper-current collector exhibit exceptional durability, sustaining over 30,000 consecutive bending cycles without structural disintegration or active material delamination. Notably, lithium-ion pouch cells (1 Ah) assembled with the QN-PAA binder exhibited a capacity retention rate of about 100% and Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9% over 100 cycles.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 22","pages":"10695–10704 10695–10704"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144211842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-Based Assessment of Shale Caprock during Cyclic Underground Hydrogen Storage","authors":"Abduljeleel Ajibona,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Rohit Pandey*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0078310.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00783https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00783","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Successful large-scale underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in depleted gas reservoirs depends on the integrity of the overlying caprock to prevent hydrogen loss during cyclic injection and depletion. Prior studies on crushed Marcellus shale, a potential caprock, indicate that cyclic hydrogen injection and depletion induces microstructural changes, increasing porosity and permeability. However, the extent of these changes in intact shale remains unclear. This study presents a strain-based experimental approach to quantify volumetric strain evolution in intact Marcellus shale matrix under unconstrained stress conditions. A quadrant-shaped shale sample without visible fractures underwent eight hydrostatic pore-pressure cycles (injection to 1500 psi and depletion to 500 psi in 250 psi steps). Linear strain gauges measured strain in three orthogonal directions. Results indicate progressive plastic strain accumulation, leading to an ∼12% increase in matrix porosity after eight cycles, with an estimated 19% increase after 30 cycles. This porosity increase follows a logarithmic trend, suggesting a diminishing effect in later cycles. Additionally, permeability and diffusive mass flux are projected to rise by ∼70% over 30 cycles, enhancing hydrogen migration risk. The shale matrix also exhibited mechanical stiffening over successive cycles, limiting large-scale deformation but not preventing porosity enhancement. A new parameter, α, was introduced to characterize shale sensitivity to cyclic loading, aiding UHS caprock assessments. These findings underscore the necessity of incorporating cyclic loading effects in UHS site selection and operational strategies to ensure long-term storage integrity.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 23","pages":"11053–11066 11053–11066"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00783","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-Crude and Heavy Gas Oil Blends Using Carbon-Supported Molybdenum Catalysts","authors":"Rishav Chand,&nbsp;Venu Babu Borugadda and Ajay K. Dalai*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c0064710.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00647https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00647","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The present study focused on decreasing the amount of oxygen present in hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) biocrude via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. To serve the purpose, carbon-supported molybdenum carbide catalysts were synthesized via carbothermal hydrogen reduction method using three different carbon supports, commercial activated carbon (AC), commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and bioresidue (BR) obtained via solvent-extraction from a HTL product mixture. The catalysts were screened for their oxygen reduction efficiency using a blend of HTL biocrude in hydrotreated heavy gas oil. The BR-based catalyst was identified as the best-performing catalyst at the screening conditions because it exhibited a higher oxygen reduction percentage (49.2 wt %) than the catalysts synthesized using carbon nanotubes (21.5 wt %) and AC (22.4 wt %). The synthesized catalysts were characterized in order to explain their oxygen reduction percentages, and a parametric study was carried out for the best-performing catalyst to determine the effects of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, reaction time, and catalyst loading on oxygen reduction efficiency. The characterization results revealed that the BR-supported molybdenum catalyst had the highest number of strongly acidic sites, the highest concentration of β-Mo₂C on its surface, a molybdenum dispersion of 2.4 wt %, a BET surface area of 118 m²/g, and an average pore size of 9.7 nm. The oxygen reduction percentage for the BR-based catalyst improved and reached the maximum value of 59.8% for a reaction that was carried out at 325 °C and 5 MPa for 2 h with a catalyst loading of 4% w/w.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"39 22","pages":"10435–10451 10435–10451"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144211874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}