Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Cyclic Behavior and Critical Stress Ratios of Methane Hydrate-Bearing Sediments under Varying Effective Confining Pressures via Undrained Cyclic Loading","authors":"Chen Zhou,&nbsp;Gang Yang,&nbsp;Jiaolong Xu,&nbsp;Anyuan Sun,&nbsp;Mingjing Jiang,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Qing Yang","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03550","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural gas hydrate reservoirs are subjected to directnaturaldisasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis, as well as indirect cyclicloads transmitted through deep-sea platforms induced by waves andocean currents. In engineering practice, the critical cyclic stressratio (CSR_c) is commonly used as a key parameter to assesssoil failure potential under cyclic loading. In this study, the cyclicbehavior of methane hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) was investigatedvia progressively evolving cyclic (PEC) loading on undrained specimensunder controlled experimental conditions. Hydrates enhance the liquefactionresistance of the soil, and increasing hydrate saturation furtherimproves the cyclic resistance of the specimens. The threshold CSRand CSR_c for HBS are derived from the double inflectionpoints identified on the cyclic modulus and normalized cumulativeexcess pore water pressure curves. Compared with hydrate-free specimens,the CSR_c of HBS increases significantly but decreases withincreasing effective confining pressure. Constant-amplitude cyclicloading tests have validated the reliability of the PEC loading methodfor determining the CSR_c. At the engineering applicationlevel, the PEC loading testing approach proves to be more accurateand reliable when confronted with complex, long-term loads in deep-seaenvironments.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22082–22101"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Euler–Euler CFD Modeling of Reactive CO2 Capture in Blended Amines: Benchmark Studies on DEEA+MEA Absorption and MDEA+Pz Desorption","authors":"Matam Sandeep Chandra,&nbsp;Swapna Singha Rabha","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03391","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the amine-based absorption process,primary/secondaryaminessuch as MEA (monoethanolamine) and Pz (piperazine) exhibit severallimitations, such as low absorption capacity and high regenerationenergy, whereas tertiary amines such as MDEA (methyl diethanolamine)and DEEA (diethylethanolamine) exhibit higher absorption capacityand lower regeneration energy. To take into account the advantagesof individual amines, primary/secondary amines are mixed with tertiaryamines to form blended amines. Much research work has been done onCFD modeling of the amine-based absorption process using a singleamine, especially MEA. The present work is focused on developing anEuler–Euler CFD model for the CO₂ absorption anddesorption process in blended amines. To take into account the masstransfer between phases during the reactions, custom mass transfermodels are developed in OpenFOAM V8 based on Sh = f(Re, Sc). To takeinto account the packing inside the column, a porous media approachhas been used. In the absorption process of CO₂ in theblended amine DEEA + MEA, several parameters, such as the effect ofCO₂ partial pressure and gas flow rate on the unit volumeabsorption rate, have been studied. Further studies have been doneto study the effect of mass transfer coefficient and temperature onthe CO₂ desorption process in the blended amine MDEA +Pz. The simulation results obtained from the developed model agreewell with the experimental results given in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22184–22197"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial-Oxidation Enhanced Thermocatalytic Ammonia Reforming for Onboard Hydrogen Production","authors":"Ze Li,&nbsp;Huabin Zhang,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhou,&nbsp;Ning Wang,&nbsp;Fangsi Ren,&nbsp;Tie Li","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03626","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In pursuit of the 2050 net-zero emissiontarget, ammonia has emergedas a promising carbon-free fuel for maritime applications. Integratingan onboard hydrogen supply system with ammonia-fueled engines canimprove combustion while enabling more effective utilization of exhaustwaste heat, thereby enhancing the overall system efficiency. Amongthe available pathways, thermocatalytic ammonia reforming providesa feasible route for flexible hydrogen storage and a stable hydrogensupply. However, despite substantial progress in catalyst developmentand reactor optimization, its low-temperature performance remainsinadequate for practical applications. Introducing oxidation reactionsoffers a potential solution by releasing heat in situ and reducingthe reliance on external heat input. Nevertheless, the role of oxidationin thermocatalytic ammonia reforming has not been systematically clarified.In this work, the promoting effect of partial oxidation on thermocatalyticammonia reforming for onboard hydrogen production was investigatedexperimentally. The results show that oxygen addition significantlyimproves low-temperature reforming by increasing ammonia conversionand hydrogen production rates while reducing the energy consumptionper unit hydrogen produced. However, this effect weakens with an increasinginitial reaction temperature and may even become detrimental at highertemperatures. Under low-temperature conditions, partial oxidationalso alleviates the adverse effect of a shortened residence time athigh gas hourly space velocities. Although its overall reforming efficiencyis lower than that of pure thermocatalytic reforming because partof the ammonia is consumed by oxidation, partial oxidation shows clearpotential for the warm-up of ammonia-reforming systems. These findingsprovide guidance for the design of onboard hydrogen supply systemsfor ammonia-fueled engines.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22280–22293"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave-Enhanced Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Phenolics over Pt/HY Catalysts","authors":"Caio Barbosa e Souza,&nbsp;João Monnerat A. R. de Almeida,&nbsp;Eduardo Falabella Sousa-Aguiar,&nbsp;Pedro Nothaft Romano","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The upgrading of lignin-derived bio-oil via hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) remains challenging due to the stability of C–O bondsin phenolic compounds and the severe conditions typically required.In this work, microwave (MW)-assisted HDO of m-cresol, guaiacol, andvanillin was investigated for the first time over bifunctional Pt/HYcatalysts under mild conditions (150–200 °C, 10 bar H₂) and directly compared with conventional heating. Microwaveirradiation significantly enhanced reaction rates, enabling completem-cresol conversion within 30 min, whereas conventional heating requiredup to 120 min under identical conditions. Among the catalysts evaluated,Pt/HY(80) exhibited superior performance, achieving high hydrocarbonselectivity due to its balanced Brønsted acidity and enhancedmesoporosity, which mitigated diffusion limitations. In contrast,highly oxygenated substrates such as vanillin showed reaction stagnationat the creosol intermediate stage, accompanied by substantial apparentreactant retention. Control experiments under H₂-free conditionsrevealed progressive disappearance from the liquid phase (m-cresol&lt; guaiacol &lt; vanillin), indicating strong adsorption and microporeblockage effects. These findings highlight the critical interplaybetween acidity, pore architecture, and molecular structure in determiningHDO efficiency. Overall, microwave-assisted bifunctional catalysisenables efficient biomass upgrading under substantially milder conditionsthan typically reported, while revealing transport–aciditytrade-offs that govern the conversion of increasingly complex bio-oilcomponents.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22122–22134"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemo-Mechanical Degradation Mechanisms of Shale Minerals Induced by CO2–Water–Rock Interactions: A Targeted Nanoindentation Study under Different CO2 Partial Pressures","authors":"Jingqiang Tan,&nbsp;Haonan Han,&nbsp;Guodong Han,&nbsp;Huricha Wu,&nbsp;Ruobing Luo,&nbsp;Yulin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhengfu Zhao,&nbsp;Hoonyoung Jeong","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c02730","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To investigate the chemo-mechanically coupled degradationmechanismsof individual mineral phases during CO₂–water–shaleinteractions, shale samples from the deep-marine Wufeng–LongmaxiFormation in the Sichuan Basin were selected. A series of multiscalecharacterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductivelycoupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), scanning electronmicroscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS),and targeted nanoindentation tests, were conducted on shale samplessubjected to high-temperature and high-pressure static immersion underdifferent CO₂ partial pressures. The relative mineral contentvariations, microstructural morphology evolution, and degradationbehaviors of the micromechanical properties of different mineralswere comprehensively analyzed. The results show that the acidic environmentin the CO₂–water system significantly promoted thedissolution of calcite, dolomite, and certain feldspar minerals, leadingto pronounced increases in the concentrations of Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ ions, whereas quartzexhibited relatively high chemical stability. SEM observations revealedthe development of evident dissolution pores and honeycomb-like structureson the surfaces of carbonate minerals, while the interlayer contactsof clay minerals were progressively damaged, resulting in an overallloosening of the shale matrix. Nanoindentation results demonstratedthat increasing CO₂ partial pressure progressively reducedthe Young’s modulus and hardness of all mineral phases, withcarbonate and clay minerals undergoing the most pronounced softening.The H–E evolutionary trajectories further indicated a gradualtransition of the shale framework from brittle to more ductile deformationcharacteristics. Moreover, mineral-specific empirical exponentialfunctions were established to describe the nonlinear pressure-dependentchanges in Young’s modulus and hardness within the investigatedCO₂ partial-pressure range. The fitted degradation amplitudeand characteristic pressure scale provide a new comparative frameworkfor quantifying differences in pressure sensitivity among individualshale minerals. The results establish a mineral-specific empiricalexponential framework for nonlinear micromechanical responses undera CO₂ partial-pressure gradient, with implications forshale gas recovery and CO₂ storage.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22153–22169"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Insights into the Inhibition Mechanisms of Modified PVCap Kinetic Inhibitors in Hydrogen Sulfide-Containing Gas Hydrate Systems","authors":"Zhi Li,&nbsp;Wenzhi Yu,&nbsp;Linjie Ding,&nbsp;Yang Mi,&nbsp;Yinghao He,&nbsp;Naihao Chen,&nbsp;Qiang Wei,&nbsp;Guangjin Chen","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gas hydrate blockage threatens pipeline safety in sourgas reservoirs,where hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) accelerates hydrate formationand the conventional kinetic inhibitor poly N-vinylcaprolactam (PVCap)severely degrades. Microsecond-level molecular dynamics (MD) simulationsand quantum chemical calculations were performed to investigate hydratenucleation and growth in a 30% H₂S environment using unmodifiedPVCap and three functionalized copolymers: PVCap-<em>co</em>-Apy, PVCap-<em>co</em>-Pip, and PVCap-<em>co</em>-<em>n</em>-butyl. Based on cage type distributions, moleculardiffusion, and interaction energies, the inhibitory efficacy followsPVCap-<em>co</em>-Apy &gt; PVCap-<em>co</em>-<em>n</em>-butyl &gt; PVCap-<em>co</em>-Pip &gt; PVCap. Theinhibitorsbarely delay initial nucleation but significantly suppress postnucleationrapid growth. PVCap-<em>co</em>-Apy shows the best performanceand a pronounced selective inhibition of 5¹²6² cages, driven by its highly hydrophilic <em>N</em>-acryloylpyrrolidinegroup that preferentially hydrogen-bonds with water and disrupts localhydrogen-bonded networks. PVCap-<em>co</em>-<em>n</em>-butyl regulates kinetics via a hydrophobic mechanism: the <em>n</em>-butyl group forms local hydrophobic domains that preferentiallyaccumulate methane rather than H₂S, modifying the localguest composition and weakening the driving force for cage formation,though steric hindrance partially shields adjacent polar groups. PVCap-<em>co</em>-Pip shows limited efficacy because of weaker hydrogenbonding with polar molecules, and unmodified PVCap performs the poorest.The novelty of this work is 3-fold. It provides the first microsecond-scalemolecular comparison of unmodified and functionally modified PVCapunder identical high-H₂S conditions; it resolves inhibitoraction into a nucleation stage that is barely affected and a postnucleationgrowth stage that is strongly suppressed, a distinction that macroscopicinduction-time measurements cannot make; and it identifies two distinctand independently tunable mechanisms, hydrophilic hydrogen-bond disruptionand hydrophobic modification of the local guest composition, thatmap directly onto the choice of pendant functional group. The workindicates structure–activity relationships governed by functionalgroup polarity and hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance, providingguidance for designing high-performance kinetic inhibitors for sourgas fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22313–22330"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of the Monitoring Program in the Alaska North Slope Extended-Duration Gas Production Test from Gas Hydrate","authors":"Yoshihiro Nakatsuka,&nbsp;Norihiro Okinaka,&nbsp;Satoshi Ohtsuki,&nbsp;Yutaro Arima,&nbsp;Yusuke Takai,&nbsp;Kyojiro Kawaguchi,&nbsp;Hitoshi Sugiyama,&nbsp;Douglas Cismoski,&nbsp;Patrick Curley,&nbsp;Shahryar Shirzadi,&nbsp;Ray Boswell,&nbsp;Timothy S. Collett","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c01126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c01126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a part of an extended-duration gas production testconductedunder the JOGMEC-DOE-USGS Collaborative Gas Hydrate R&amp;D Projectin Alaska, one of the main objectives was to understand the behaviorof gas hydrate formation and the production system during long-termdepressurization. To achieve this, the wells completed for the productiontest were equipped with a wide variety of sensors to monitor changesin both reservoir and wellbore conditions. The primary monitoringtools for monitoring the condition around the wells included pressure–temperature(PT) sensors and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) systems, whichhad been recognized to yield critical data on formation responsesin previous gas hydrate field experiments. Furthermore, the programalso included the use of distributed strain sensing (DSS) and distributedacoustic sensing (DAS). Sensors were installed by strapping them tothe exterior of the well casings. The only damage was to the DSS inthe HYDRATE P2 production well (PTW-2), in which one of the fiberswas broken during the installation. The remaining sensors successfullyacquired measurements over the duration of the 10-month-long productiontest. After the end of the production testing operation, an additionalthree months of post-test monitoring were conducted to understandthe PT recovery process of the formation. This report reviews thetypes and specifications of the sensors, installation, and the acquireddata, along with a discussion of measurement-related issues. The informationprovided here provides the foundation for a detailed analysis of project-acquiredmonitoring data as reported in other papers within the “RecentAdvances on Gas Hydrates Scientific Drilling in Alaska – Anupdate from Production Testing Operations during 2023/2024 (Part I) Special Issue” (SI).</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22032–22048"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing CO2 Capture in Cement and Steel: A Comparison between Calcium Looping and Amine Scrubbing","authors":"Daniele Ferrario,&nbsp;Marta Gandiglio,&nbsp;Umberto Pasqual Laverdura,&nbsp;Maria Luisa Grilli,&nbsp;Andrea Lanzini","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c01682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c01682","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cement and steel industries account for around 14%of the globalanthropogenic CO₂ emissions. For these sectors, carboncapture and storage is one of the few solutions with the potentialto achieve near-zero emissions. Regarding CO₂ capture technologies,amine scrubbing recently reached the commercial stage, while calciumlooping is a promising choice for large-scale industrial applicationswith interesting synergies with cement and steel production. Thisstudy assesses the potential reduction in CO₂ emissionsand the associated costs, comparing the integration of amine scrubbingand calcium looping in reference to cement and steel plants. Furthermore,both a gate-to-gate and a cradle-to-gate boundary are considered inthe emission accounting. The findings show that calcium looping canachieve larger reductions in the equivalent CO₂ emissionsat competitive costs to amine scrubbing. Notably, costs per avoidedCO₂ are influenced by the boundaries considered in theenvironmental and economic assessment, ranging from 45 to 97 €/t_CO₂ considering a gate-to-gate boundary, to 109–162€/t_CO₂ for a cradle-to-gate approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22135–22152"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonium Chloride Additive for Enhanced Thermal Stability and Kinetics of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes","authors":"Ziteng Han,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Shuxian Wei,&nbsp;Miaomiao Zhang,&nbsp;Fuyu Liang,&nbsp;Jing Yang,&nbsp;Yinhui Wang,&nbsp;Yingqiao Jiang,&nbsp;Ling Wang,&nbsp;Zhangxing He","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03105","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) shows significantpotentialfor large-scale energy storage applications, with the electrolyteserving as the core component for energy conversion and storage. However,the poor thermal stability of electrolyte and sluggish reaction kineticshave hindered the commercialization of VRFB. To address the aforementionedissues, this study employed ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) asan electrolyte additive. Experimental results demonstrate that thethermal stability of the positive electrolyte improves by 16.98% relativeto the blank electrolyte. Electrochemical tests reveal that the NH₄Cl additive significantly improves the electrochemical activityand reaction kinetics of the VO₂⁺/VO²⁺ and V³⁺/V²⁺ redox couples, while reducingcharge transfer resistance. The optimal addition concentration ofNH₄Cl is determined to be 0.05 mol L^–1. At this concentration, the cell with NH₄Cl-added electrolyteexhibits an 18.6% increase in initial discharge capacity and a 6.1%improvement in energy efficiency (EE) during cycling at a currentdensity of 150 mA cm^–2, while maintaining excellentcycling stability. The possible reasons for such performance improvementsare as follows: the addition of NH₄Cl may form V–Clcoordination structures, which enhance the thermal stability of thepositive-electrode electrolyte; meanwhile, more nitrogen and oxygenelements are introduced onto the electrode surface, providing moreactive sites for electrode reactions and thus improving the electrochemicalperformance of the electrolyte. This study verifies that NH₄Cl can serve as a highly efficient additive in VRFB, offering a simpleand feasible strategy for the optimization of VRFB electrolytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22255–22268"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scale-Dependent Transition from Single Fracture Interaction to Fracture Network Evolution during Supercritical CO2 Fracturing of Naturally Fractured Shale","authors":"Jiren Tang,&nbsp;Shengyao Cai,&nbsp;Qi Cheng,&nbsp;Yunzhong Jia,&nbsp;Jinzheng Chai,&nbsp;Yongjun Xiao,&nbsp;Wenchuan Liu,&nbsp;Bingxiao Liu","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6c03876","url":null,"abstract":"<p>SupercriticalCO₂ (ScCO₂) fracturing is apromising method for shale gas stimulation because it can reduce waterconsumption and provide a potential route for CO₂ utilization.In naturally fractured shale, stimulation performance is controllednot only by the extension of induced fractures, but also by theirinteraction with pre-existing discontinuities under in situ stresscontrast. In this study, small-scale true-triaxial fracturing tests,micro-CT imaging, and a two-dimensional thermo-hydro-mechanical-damage(THMD) model with explicit natural fractures were used to investigateScCO₂-induced fracture interaction from a single-fracturescale to a fracture-network scale. True-triaxial tests with waterand ScCO₂, combined with micro-CT observations, were usedto identify representative fracture-weak plane interactions and theprincipal propagation, branching, and intersection patterns. The observedfracture morphologies provided the benchmark for a qualitative evaluationof the numerical model. The evaluated model was then used for systematicparametric analyses of discrete fracture networks with different naturalfracture orientations, densities, and horizontal stress differences.The results show that ScCO₂ fracturing produces largerfractured areas and higher fracture complexity than water fracturingunder the studied conditions. For a single natural fracture, the mostfavorable interaction was obtained at an intersection angle of 45°.At the fracture-network scale, the response became nonmonotonic. Moredeveloped fracture networks were obtained only under moderate fracturedensity and stress contrast. In the influencing factor numerical analyses,a dominant NF orientation of 30°, <em>P</em>20 = 4000m^–2, and Δσ = 6 MPa each produced thelargest fracture-region area within its respective investigated range.These results suggest that natural fractures can promote ScCO₂-driven fracture-network development when their orientation,density, and stress conditions are favorable. The findings provideuseful evidence for designing water-saving shale gas stimulation strategieswith potential CO₂ utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":35,"journal":{"name":"Energy & Fuels","volume":"40 40","pages":"22102–22121"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}