Environmental Challenges最新文献

{"title":"Socio-ecological drivers of value chain participation in Thai waxy corn farming","authors":"Thanyalak Teerapornkittikul,&nbsp;Chaiteera Panpakdee,&nbsp;Sukanlaya Choenkwan","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the factors influencing farmers' participation in value chains (VCs) is critical for designing effective interventions. This study examines the characteristics of VC participation among waxy corn farmers in Thailand, utilizing primary data collected from 53 respondents. Semi-structured interviews and multiple regression analysis were strategically employed to identify essential factors of VC participation. The findings reveal that financial assistance, climate resilience, and post-harvest processing are crucial for VC participation. Notably, retail store ownership (β = -0.150, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) certification (β = -0.253, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) exhibit a negative relationship with the demand for VC support, suggesting that certified farmers and those with established retail ventures experience enhanced market access. These findings emphasize the necessity of policies that improve financial accessibility and reinforce cooperative marketing. This research contributes an integrated analytical framework synthesizing socio-ecological determinants of VC participation, offering a more comprehensive perspective than previous research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal bioaccumulation in sediments and mussels along the moroccan mediterranean coast: A spatial assessment","authors":"Mustapha El Boudammoussi ,&nbsp;Yahya El Hammoudani ,&nbsp;Khadija Haboubi ,&nbsp;Abdelhak Bourjila ,&nbsp;Iliass Achoukhi ,&nbsp;Said Bouhaj ,&nbsp;Achraf EL kasmi ,&nbsp;Hammadi El Farissi ,&nbsp;Fouad Dimane","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to its strategic location and rapid development, the Moroccan Mediterranean coast is particularly vulnerable to trace metal contamination. This study examines the spatial distribution of selected heavy metals in surface marine sediments and in the tissues of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, a species widely consumed by humans and other animals, from six strategically chosen coastal stations. Sediment and mussel samples were collected and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian AA 20 AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES 720-ES), respectively. In sediments, the metal concentrations decreased in the following order: Zn &gt; Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Pb &gt; Fe &gt; Cd, with chromium reaching a maximum concentration of 45 mg/kg at the most contaminated site. In mussel tissues, the sequence was Fe &gt; Zn &gt; Cu &gt; Cr &gt; Cd &gt; Pb, with iron concentrations peaking at 524 mg/kg. Pearson correlation analysis revealed moderate relationships between metal concentrations in sediments and mussels for most elements, except for Fe and Zn, while multiple regression analysis indicated that cadmium levels in sediments significantly influenced Cd bioaccumulation in mussels. Although our enrichment factor analysis suggests relative anthropogenic input, the overall metal loads remain low—a result likely attributable to the sandy nature of the sediments and active hydrodynamics that limit material retention. Collectively, these findings provide critical baseline data on metal bioavailability in this dynamic coastal system and have important implications for ecological risk assessment and food safety management in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holy yet Hindered: Habitat use patterns of a large herbivore reveal challenges to Farmers in India","authors":"Chandrapratap Singh Chandel ,&nbsp;Sangeeta Madan ,&nbsp;Dhruv Jain ,&nbsp;Ujjwal Kumar ,&nbsp;Vishnupriya Kolipakam ,&nbsp;Lallianpuii Kawlni ,&nbsp;Qamar Qureshi","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large herbivores are integral to ecosystem functioning worldwide, often acting as ecosystem engineers or keystone species. However, their spatial ecology is increasingly disrupted by escalating anthropogenic pressures and rapid land-use transformations across diverse landscapes, leading to spatial incongruence and rising human-wildlife conflicts globally. The human-nilgai conflict in India exemplifies such challenges, particularly in regions where nilgai habitat and human activities overlap. We used three independent and extensive datasets comprising nilgai occurrences from camera trapping, citizen science, and conflict records to assess nilgai habitat preferences and the potential of conflict at a landscape scale in India. Specifically, we assessed (a) the factors that determine the suitability of a particular environmental covariate for nilgai in a landscape, (b) the extent of suitability of these land cover classes, (c) the distribution of these classes with respect to their protection status and administrative divisions, and (d) the extent of overlap between croplands and suitable habitat patches across this landscape. Our findings revealed that nilgai habitat suitability is negatively associated with anthropogenic disturbances, while positively with forest deciduousness and moderate aridity. Among different land cover classes, rangeland (40.64 %), closely followed by woodland (32.36 %), and cropland (25.96 %), stands out for its highest suitability. We found that over 83.83 % of nilgai suitable habitats lie outside protected areas, with the majority concentrated in Madhya Pradesh (42.49 %). Furthermore, we found that Madhya Pradesh is highly vulnerable to conflict, with 43,720.39 km² of suitable areas, respectively, overlapping with cropland. Given the higher suitability of agricultural lands and their adaptability for nilgai, translocation may not mitigate this conflict, as removing them does not change the attractiveness of these areas, potentially leading to new conflict as other nilgai move in. Instead, better land-use planning that prioritizes the protection of rangelands and forests outside the protected area network is recommended to promote human-nilgai coexistence in this landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal Workforce Development Success: The U.S. Coastal Research Program & the Keystone Variable Concept","authors":"B.R. Charbonneau ,&nbsp;M.A. Cialone ,&nbsp;B.M. Webb ,&nbsp;A. Mercer ,&nbsp;J.D. Rosati ,&nbsp;N. Elko ,&nbsp;J.A. Straub","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Complex societal issues surrounding future climate impacts and responses within coastal regions represent multifaceted non-stationary problems requiring a large, diverse and skilled workforce to develop and evolve solutions. The coastal zone represents a present and future challenge as the global nexus of nature, society, infrastructure, and development. In the last 25 years, 1999-2024, several of U.S. organizations have formally called for increasing the coastal workforce as complex coastal issues grow surrounding changing environmental conditions related to coastal hazards (e.g., sea level rise, increased storm frequency and intensity) and increased societal pressures such as development. Has society responded to these calls for action and if not, how can we more effectively work to do so? This paper presents a broad overview of global coastal zone issues necessitating workforce development. We posit tactics for workforce development across employment sectors and highlight the Keystone Variable Framework used by the U.S. Coastal Research Program (USCRP) to target actions leading to coastal sector workforce growth. Lastly, we discuss coastal student survey results to glean current and future deterrents to coastal workforce development and how to overcome them. This paper represents a renewed and imperative call to action for globally developing the coastal workforce across industries and disciplines, providing a framework to do so in the Keystone Variable Concept, that can be utilized across employment sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the synergistic effects of social and human capital in farmers' decisions to adopt organic rice farming: A case study of Lombok Kulon village, Indonesia","authors":"Fajar Fadhilatun Nisak ,&nbsp;Gunawan Prayitno ,&nbsp;Ismu Rini Dwi Ari ,&nbsp;Ar. Rohman Taufiq Hidayat ,&nbsp;Budi Sugiarto Waloejo ,&nbsp;Fadly Usman ,&nbsp;Wawargita Permata Wijayati ,&nbsp;Masamitsu Onishi","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adoption of organic farming practices is critical for achieving sustainable agriculture, yet it faces barriers such as resource limitations, market access, and farmer empowerment. This study employs data from 100 farmer households to quantify how social and human capital jointly shape decisions to adopt organic rice farming in Lombok Kulon Village, Indonesia. By addressing a gap in existing literature—which often treats these factors separately—this research clarifies that trust, social networks, and reciprocity (social capital) interact synergistically with education, skills, and experience (human capital) to influence adoption. Using a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the research identifies trust, social networks, and norm as pivotal dimensions of social capital. The results showed that the R² value of 0.620 of the organic rice farming adoption decision also the role of human capital (path coefficient 0.566) was greater than social capital (path coefficient 0.328) but still could form a good model. Human capital not only exerts a strong direct influence but also amplifies the effect of social capital on adoption decisions. In turn, these findings reveal that policy measures integrating both forms of capital can effectively promote organic farming, advance environmental goals through reduced chemical inputs, and contribute to Sustainable Development Goals 2 (Zero Hunger) and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). By providing contextualized insights on resource-constrained environments, this study offers practical recommendations for policymakers, extension agents, and NGOs to foster responsible consumption and enhance food security through organic rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing spatio-temporal dynamics of land degradation neutrality using Goggle Earth Engine in the Alawuha Watershed of North Wello Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Getie Gebrie Eshetie ,&nbsp;Berhanu Kefale Alemie ,&nbsp;Abebe Mengaw Wubie","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) aims to maintain or enhance land resources and is assessed using three indicators: land cover change, land productivity dynamics, and soil organic carbon (SOC). This study analyzed LDN dynamics in Alawuha Watershed, Ethiopia, using remote sensing data of these indicators within Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to identify areas requiring intervention. The study used Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI imagery (2000–2023) for land use/land cover (LULC) change analysis with the Random Forest algorithm, MODIS Net primary productivity (NPP) data (2001–2023) for land productivity, and gridded SOC data to map SOC distribution. The spatial distribution of NPP trends was analyzed using the Theil-Sen slope estimator in GEE, and the modified Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test in RStudio was applied to analyze mean annual NPP trends. The \"one out, all out\" principle was used to evaluate the overall LDN status. Results revealed an increase in forest cover (+1.95 % annually) and built-up areas (+11.77 % annually) from 2000 to 2023, while farmland declined at an annual rate of −1.23 %, mainly due to urbanization. The spatial distribution of the NPP trends showed productivity gains in the western and southern regions (+35.85 gC/m²/year) but declines in the northeastern region (−10.99 gC/m²/year) and lower SOC, signaling localized degradation. The MK test confirmed a significant increase in mean annual NPP (tau = 0.3913, <em>p</em> = 0.00078) at (α=0.05), with a Sen’s slope of 7.51 gC/m²/year, showing overall productivity improvement. These findings support LDN targets and provide insights for sustainable land management and restoration policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of trout skins for a circular bioeconomy: Ecological leather production and anaerobic co-digestion of tanning effluents with trout byproducts (Morocco)","authors":"Fatima Essalhi ,&nbsp;Ayoub Essadak ,&nbsp;Rachid Bengueddour","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With growing environmental concerns, sustainable alternatives in the leather industry are crucial. This study explores the potential of trout skins as a raw material to produce ecological leather and evaluates the biodegradability of the co-digestion of its effluents with the byproducts of the same fish. The biodegradability of the three substrates S1, S2 and S3 was 67.54 %, 41.95 % and 37.69 % respectively, while the experimental methanogenic potential was 318 Nml/g VS, 249 Nml/g VS and 217 Nml/gVS respectively. Four kinetic models were used to calculate the theoretical methanogenic potential of the three substrates: Logistic function, Modified Gompertz, Transference function and First order. The methane yield nearest to the experimental findings is that predicted by Logistic function, for S1 the yield was 314.92 Nml/g VS with a percentage error equal to 1.03 %, for S2 the yield was 249.38 Nml/g VS ( % error = 0.16 %), and for S3 the yield was 218.57 Nml/g VS ( % error = 0.75 %). Also, the results predicted by the Modified Gompertz model were close to experimental results. This confirms that the best models for estimating the methane yield from the co-digestion of trout byproducts and tannery effluent are the Modified Gompertz and Logistic function models. These findings give managers and green economy stakeholders the information they need to create suitable plans for handling organic waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons learned from flash floods early warning system in a mountainous rur-urban region of Colombia","authors":"Cristhian Camilo Luna ,&nbsp;Jeannette Zambrano Nájera ,&nbsp;Jorge Julián Vélez Upegui","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The city of Manizales, Colombia, located in the tropical Andes, faces recurrent hydroclimatological risks due to its mountainous terrain, high rainfall variability, and urban expansion into vulnerable areas. This article presents the evolution of different Early Warning System (EWS) into a Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS), based on the United Nations' framework for disaster risk reduction. The transition was enabled through the integration of real-time hydroclimatic monitoring, development of tailored rainfall and river level indicators, and collaborative governance involving academia, communities and local authorities. Key indicators such as A25, A10_min, P10Level, and i_med have enhanced predictive capacity, though limited historical event data constrain full validation and efficiency assessment. Lessons learned emphasize the importance of adapting international alert protocols to local dynamics, improving real-time data coverage, and strengthening community participation. The study also highlights institutional and governance challenges, including short lead times, limited forecasting tools, and the absence of comprehensive disaster databases. Despite these limitations, the Manizales case demonstrates that localized innovation, institutional collaboration, and risk aware culture can drive the effective development of MHEWS in low- and middle-income mountainous regions. This experience offers transferable insights for similarly exposed cities across the tropics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How effective and efficient is the generation of nature-based carbon removal quantified according to the regulation on carbon removal and carbon farming certification? An evaluation based on the example of a hypothetical agroforestry system in Baden-Württemberg","authors":"Cecilia Roxanne Geier,&nbsp;Elisabeth Angenendt,&nbsp;Enno Bahrs,&nbsp;Christian Sponagel","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nature-based carbon removal (CR) could play a key role in achieving climate neutrality but it does face quantification challenges. This study evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of CR quantification under the Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming (CRCF) Regulation, using Baden-Württemberg (Germany) as a case study. We designed a hypothetical agroforestry system for valuable timber production compliant with the CRCF requirements, modelling potential GHG emission reductions and the benefit-potential ratio (share of the CRCF-compliant net CR benefit within the total GHG emission mitigation potential). The results revealed a significant shortfall between the total GHG mitigation potential (350 kt CO₂eq) and the actual net CR benefit (205 kt CO₂eq), representing only 5 % of BW’s agricultural emissions. The benefit-potential ratio was at most 59 %, with abatement costs ranging from €59 to €153 t CO₂eq^-1. Conservative estimates to improve reliability further lowered the ratio to 24 %, pushing costs to €244 t CO₂eq^-1. While agroforestry does manifest regional CR generation potential, it is unlikely to contribute significantly to large-scale CR under the current CRCF framework, as both flaws within its quantification base and the inherent properties of nature-based CR limit its effectiveness. Although transferability is restricted by focusing on valuable timber production in BW, our results highlighted the need for harmonized emission factors, system boundary definitions (particularly indirect land use change), and a clear distinction between CR (e.g., from carbon sequestration in soils) and reduced soil emissions. We advocate balancing the use of agroforestry with more durable CR strategies and imposing caps on nature-based CR contributions to ensure robust climate action.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating human-sloth bear encounters and attacks in Nepal’s unprotected forests","authors":"Manoj Pokharel ,&nbsp;Chandramani Aryal ,&nbsp;Bidhan Adhikary ,&nbsp;Jeevan Rai","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human-sloth bear conflict is a recurring issue in multi-use forest landscapes outside protected areas (PAs). In Nepal’s southern region, sloth bears are a major contributor to human-wildlife conflict, yet comprehensive information to inform conflict mitigation and ensure human safety remain limited. To address this gap, we collected questionnaire-based interview data on sloth bear encounters and attacks from 1990 to 2021 around the Trijuga forest, an important sloth bear habitat outside of Nepal’s PAs. Within this time period, 66 human-sloth bear encounters involving 69 human individuals were recorded, with an annual average of 2.06 (SD = 1.48) encounters and 1.75 (SD = 1.34) attacks. Encounters primarily involved working-age men (25–55 years old), whose primary occupation was farming and who frequented the forest daily. They typically occurred between 0900 and 1500, inside forests, and in habitats with poor visibility conditions. Fifty-six encounters resulted in attacks by bears that injured 59 people, with a fatality rate of 8.47 %. Victims of bear attacks frequently had serious injuries, especially to the head and neck areas of the body. Serious injuries were more likely to occur to lone individuals than to people who were in groups of two or more. We suggest the identification of high-risk bear encounter zones through participatory mapping with active community involvement, promoting sustainable alternatives to forest dependence, and outreach programs for local communities to enhance effective human-sloth bear conflict management in Nepal’s unprotected forests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}