Environmental Challenges最新文献

{"title":"A decadal analysis of demographic, economic, and environmental trends in East Africa: Insights for advancing sustainable development Goal 12","authors":"Birhanu Chalchisa Werku ,&nbsp;Teferi Tolera Engura ,&nbsp;Fenet Belay Daba","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nature, life on the planet should become a common cause for all countries and people<em>. The study assess the complex links between environmental factors, economic indicators, and population dynamics in East Africa under the title panel data analysis of demographic, economic, and environmental trends in East Africa: insights for achieving SDG 12 from 2014 to 2023. By systematically assessing demographic, economic, and environmental trends, the main objective is to offer insights that support Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Using a panel dataset with 90 observations of key parameters, the results show an average loss of natural resources of 8.9 %, corresponding to a population growth rate of 2.35 % each year. Despite the regions 4.24 % average GDP growth, remarkably differences underscore the difficulties in managing resources sustainably. Important climatic variables that affect agricultural production and resource availability include temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and forest area. Effective farming methods are demonstrated by the average cereal production of 1,902.9 kg per hectare, for example; yet, agricultural resilience is at risk from rising temperatures and fluctuating humidity levels. The average CO₂ emissions are 6,329.6 kt according to the study, which uses econometric models to evaluate the correlations between these factors. Furthermore, the link between emissions and resource depletion suggests that coordinated strategies are required to lessen the effects of climate change. Furthermore, water productivity which averages 43.97 USD per cubic meter is essential for striking a balance between environmental practices and economic growth. These results urge made-to-order policymaking to address the distinct economic and environmental issues that each country in the region faces.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological dilemma: Invasive Gliricidia sepium improves carbon sequestration but decline diversity during secondary succession in tropical dry deciduous forest communities of Central India","authors":"Pranab Kumar Pati,&nbsp;Priya Kaushik,&nbsp;Mohammed Latif Khan,&nbsp;Pramod Kumar Khare","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invasive species, the ecosystem engineers can act as one of the important solutions to curtail the negative impacts of climate change by rapidly sequestering CO₂ in forests, due to their higher production function capability and survivability under extreme environmental conditions and/or nutrient poor soil. Assessment of their impacts on ecosystems, particularly in secondary forests could provide valuable insights on their usability in restoration programs during the present decade of ecosystem restoration. In the present study, we have assessed the impacts of invasive <em>Gliricidia sepium</em> on carbon sequestration rate and biodiversity during the secondary succession in forest communities by conducting field investigations in <em>Gliricidia</em> invaded and uninvaded secondary forests. Results of the present study showed that invaded forest community was significantly higher in stem density (1059.2 ± 37.94 individuals/ha), total biomass (94.45±10.27 Mg/ha) and carbon sequestration rate (8.01±1.50 Mg C/ha/yr) as compared to the uninvaded forest community. In invaded forest community, <em>Gliricidia</em> alone contributed 56.99 % to total biomass which is significantly higher than the other dominant and codominant species. Structural equation modelling clearly indicated that <em>Gliricidia</em> invasion had impacted carbon sequestration rate both directly and indirectly; however, the latter was mediated by stem density. In the present study, we found that second-growth forests invaded by <em>Gliricidia</em> although quickly accumulated carbon, it impeded biodiversity. We suggest that the plantation of invasive species might create obstruction to achieve the goals of REDD+ and UN resolutions on ecosystem restoration. Further, occupation of vacant niches by inducting early successional natives might act as an important way for sustainable ecosystem restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic economic valuation of coastal wetland restoration: A nature-based solution for climate and biodiversity","authors":"Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Chris C. Tanner ,&nbsp;Paula Holland ,&nbsp;Zoe Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the dynamic linkage between coastal wetland restoration and the resulting economic benefits, with a focus on nonmarket values such as climate regulation and biodiversity conservation. Coastal wetlands are recognised as highly effective natural carbon sinks, offering significant ecosystem services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. By utilising a modelling framework that integrates ecological recovery processes and economic valuations over a 100-year period, we provide insights into optimising long-term returns from wetland restoration. This study emphasises the importance of accounting for the temporal dynamics of ecosystem recovery, highlighting the lag between restoration activities and full ecosystem functionality. Our findings highlight the importance of nature-based solutions in global climate finance strategies and emphasise the need for more accurate, targeted investment in wetland restoration. This approach ensures that resources are allocated efficiently over time, maximising the benefits of enhancing coastal resilience and achieving long-term climate goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-smart and risk-resilient adaptation strategies for potato production: a meta-analysis for South Asia","authors":"M.A. Ansari ,&nbsp;Himanshu Joshi ,&nbsp;Priyanka Mehta ,&nbsp;Aniket Deo ,&nbsp;Kaushik Bora ,&nbsp;C.A. Rama Rao ,&nbsp;V.K. Singh ,&nbsp;N. Ravisankar ,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar ,&nbsp;Raghavendra Singh ,&nbsp;S.K. Bandyopadhyay ,&nbsp;Pramod K. Aggarwal","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change presents formidable risks to potato production in South Asia, a region pivotal to global food security and regional economic stability. South Asia’s potato production is particularly vulnerable to increasing climatic threats, such as terminal heat, erratic rainfall, and other climate-induced hazards that jeopardize agricultural sustainability. Despite these escalating risks, there is a critical gap in knowledge regarding the effectiveness of climate-smart adaptation strategies tailored for potato cultivation in this context. This study synthesizes data from 95 research papers across four South Asian countries (India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka), assessing the impacts of key climate hazards and the corresponding adaptation strategies to mitigate risks. Using a structured synthesis and random-effect meta-analysis, this research evaluated the effectiveness of various strategies in enhancing potato production. Results indicated substantial yield improvements with mulching (28.30%), planting date adjustments (28.11%), stress-tolerant genotypes (23.22%), and irrigation management (22.86%), demonstrating their transformative potential. However, the high variability observed in strategies like mulching (τ² = 11.60) and organic farming (τ² = 7.23) highlights the necessity for site-specific customization, while consistent outcomes in intercropping, nutrient management, crop rotation, and stress tolerance (τ² = 0.00) confirm their broad applicability. The absence of significant publication bias (Egger p-value &gt; 0.05) and robust sensitivity analyses validate the reliability of these findings. The study underscores the urgent need for localized adaptation strategies, strengthened policy frameworks, and long-term research to build climate-resilient potato production systems and secure sustainable agricultural practices across South Asia amidst growing climate challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Wildfire area and PM2.5 levels on the Prevalence of Mental disorders in Thailand","authors":"Weerapat Emprasertsuk ,&nbsp;Amarit Tansawet ,&nbsp;Romen Samuel Rodis Wabina ,&nbsp;Chaiyawat Suppasilp","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Association between wildfire and health outcomes has usually been studied based on major wildfire events. However, studies on chronic wildfire activity, especially studies of the effects that mediate through particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), remain limited. This study aims to investigate the association between wildfire area and satellite-derived PM2.5 levels over years with the prevalence of mental disorders across Thailand. Data were obtained from secondary sources for the years 2015 to 2023, aggregated at the provincial level annually. Poisson regression models with robust standard errors, clustered by province, were employed to estimate prevalence ratios (PR). To estimate indirect effects of wildfire through PM2.5, mediation analyses were conducted for disorders that showed significant associations. The findings showed significant associations of wildfire exposure and prevalence of dementia (PR = 1.010), alcohol dependence (PR= 1.007), stimulant dependence (PR= 1.009), other substance dependence (PR= 1.008), bipolar disorder (PR= 1.008), depressive disorders (PR= 1.012), anxiety disorders (PR= 1.008), other mental disorders (PR= 1.009), and suicide attempts (PR = 1.009), with all <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05. Despite the significant correlation between wildfire exposure and PM2.5, mediation analysis revealed that wildfires exert direct effects on mental disorders, rather than through the PM2.5 pathway. In conclusion, wildfire may play an important role in the occurrence of mental disorders. Enhanced wildfire monitoring and mitigation efforts should be prioritized to potentially reduce the prevalence of mental disorders, rather than relying solely on air pollution levels for public health interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visible light-driven removal of methylene blue through photocatalytic reaction using CuFe2O4/N-TiO2","authors":"Abda Nurhaqi ,&nbsp;Badrut Tamam Ibnu Ali ,&nbsp;Riki Subagyo ,&nbsp;Herlina Rasyid ,&nbsp;Rani Maharani ,&nbsp;Christina Wahyu Kartikowati ,&nbsp;Dewi Umaningrum ,&nbsp;Sri Fatmawati ,&nbsp;Ratna Ediati ,&nbsp;Triyanda Gunawan ,&nbsp;Retno Asih ,&nbsp;Syafsir Akhlus ,&nbsp;Yuly Kusumawati","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CuFe₂O₄/N-TiO₂ photocatalyst was used for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light. Various characterisation techniques were performed, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). UV-DRS results showed a reduced TiO₂ bandgap after nitrogen doping and addition of CuFe₂O₄. The photocatalytic removal of MB was achieved 98.7 % after 180 min irradiation for nitrogen doped TiO₂ (N-TiO₂). The addition of CuFe₂O₄ improved the magnetic properties. The optimal composition of 5 % CuFe₂O₄/N-TiO₂, exhibited good magnetic properties and 97.56 % of MB removal efficiency. The 5 % CuFe₂O₄/N-TiO₂ also exhibit maintaining over 90 % of MB removal efficiency across three cycles process. The proposed degradation pathway was presented based on Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (LCMS). Based on the obtained results, 5 % CuFe₂O₄/N-TiO₂ can be proposed as photocatalyst for MB removal and its magnetic properties is beneficial for quick separation from the solution after photocatalytic process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamflow forecasting using machine learning for flood management and mitigation in the White Volta basin of Ghana","authors":"JosephineThywill Katsekpor ,&nbsp;Klaus Greve ,&nbsp;Edmund I. Yamba","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floods are a major threat to livelihoods and infrastructure in the White Volta basin of Ghana. Providing accurate streamflow information is essential for flood management and mitigation. This study, for the first time, used machine learning algorithms, specifically the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Random Forest (RF), trained on rainfall, temperature, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration data to predict streamflow at 1, 5, and 10-day intervals in the White Volta basin. The study further used these models (RF and LSTM) to forecast future streamflow using CMIP6 SSP5–8.5 scenario data. The model’s output was mainly evaluated using Mean Absolute Error, Mean Bias Error, and Kling-Gupta Efficiency. The result showed high variability in the streamflow, and both models performed well in capturing these variabilities. LSTM performed better in capturing peak flows, whereas RF provided stable long-term predictions for up to 10 days. The future predictions also showed high variability in streamflow, suggesting an increased risk of floods and droughts in the White Volta basin. Given that these models can capture the timings of streamflow (seasonal patterns and peaks), they are well-positioned to provide accurate and reliable forecasts to support effective flood risk management and mitigation in the basin. These models can be extended to similar basins, offering a replicable and sustainable framework for proactive flood early warnings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveying urban anglers with community partner input to assess contamination risk and inform environmental management","authors":"Madeleine Meadows-McDonnell ,&nbsp;Franco N. Gigliotti ,&nbsp;Jessica I. Espinosa ,&nbsp;Raul D. Flamenco","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fishing for food in urban areas is common across the world, but the health risks of consuming contaminated fish and shellfish are often understudied and underreported, as are the demographics of urban angling communities. We worked with community partners from governmental and local organizations in New Haven, Connecticut, USA to better understand the behaviors, perceptions, and values of urban anglers, and to identify contaminant risks and risk mitigation strategies. With community partner input, we designed and disseminated a survey to urban anglers in the city. Results indicate that fishing for food is prevalent among anglers in New Haven, that anglers target common game species for consumption, and that anglers are generally concerned about the health risks and contributing factors of fish contamination. With the survey results in mind, we identified mitigation actions with community partners that could abate adverse health risks to New Haven anglers. Overall, the strategies that most community partners agreed would be both effective and feasible included updating long-form advisories, improving and increasing the signage around known popular fishing locations (especially those close to point-source pollution sites), hosting community-led educational opportunities for anglers, and expanding water quality and fish contaminant monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144090052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of thermal islands in a semi-arid city: A case study of Kermanshah, Iran using machine learning and remote sensing","authors":"Peyman Karami ,&nbsp;Seyed-Mohsen Mousavi","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studying urban land use/land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST), and assessing their changes, is crucial for understanding and mitigating the environmental and climatic impacts on cities in semi-arid regions, where water scarcity and heat stress exacerbate urban sustainability challenges. In this study, Landsat 8 data from 2013 to 2023 were used to assess changes in Kermanshah city. LST was extracted using a Mono-Window algorithm (MWA) for each year. Following Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) pan-sharpening, LULCs were classified into five categories: built-up areas, vacant land, green spaces, water bodies, and transportation infrastructure, using training samples and machine learning methods. Cold Islands (<em>CIs</em>) and Hot Islands (HIs) were identified for each image using LST and Getis-Ord Gi analysis, and their spatio-temporal changes were evaluated with the Kappa index and landscape metrics. The sample size for assessing the impact of environmental parameters on LST variations was determined using the Cochran formula. Topographic, topoclimate, and biophysical variables, along with machine learning methods and the chi-square test, were employed to model and evaluate LST variation across different LULCs.</div><div>The results demonstrate a significant increase in HIs, particularly in the city's periphery, driven by rapid urbanization, impervious surface expansion, and reduced green cover. Key environmental factors, including elevation, built-up areas, and green space density, critically influenced LST variations. Although green spaces expanded in some areas, they were insufficient to counteract the intensifying HI effect. The analysis revealed a 65 % spatial consistency in HI patterns over the decade, highlighting persistent thermal hotspots.</div><div>The findings underscore the urgent need for sustainable urban planning, prioritizing green infrastructure and resilient design strategies to mitigate HI effects, reduce energy consumption, and improve urban livability. Future studies could focus on the impact of building heights and the expansion of urban green spaces on thermal islands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 101174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Geological and Seismic Hazards of Malili-Matano Region, East Luwu Regency, Sulawesi: A preliminary study for CCS and Strategic Infrastructure Planning","authors":"Asdani Soehaimi ,&nbsp;Tatang Padmawidjaja ,&nbsp;Subagio Subagio ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Mandi ,&nbsp;Adrin Tohari ,&nbsp;Suharsono Suharsono ,&nbsp;David Menier ,&nbsp;Manoj Mathew ,&nbsp;Mu Ramkumar ,&nbsp;Franto Novico","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2025.101177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the seismotectonic characteristics and seismic hazards of the Malili-Matano Region (MMR) in Sulawesi is crucial due to its proximity to active faults, including the Matano Fault Zone (MFZ) and surrounding fault systems. These geological conditions pose significant risks to infrastructure development, particularly Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) facilities<strong>,</strong> which require a thorough assessment of seismic hazards. This study integrates seismotectonic mapping and Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) to evaluate earthquake risks, with a particular focus on spectral acceleration (PSA) values that influence structural resilience.</div><div>The results indicate that MMR exhibits complex fault interactions<strong>,</strong> leading to elevated Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA<strong>)</strong> and Spectral Acceleration (PSA) values, with PSA Ss = 1.10 g at 0.2 s and S1 = 0.55 g at 1 s for Site Class SB under a 2 % probability of exceedance in 50 years (2500-year return period). These seismic hazard estimates suggest that structural design in the region must adhere to Seismic Design Category D standards, including reinforced foundations and real-time ground motion monitoring to enhance CCS infrastructure safety. The study underscores the importance of continuous seismic monitoring, hazard mitigation strategies, and risk communication for infrastructure resilience in seismically active environments. The findings contribute to a refined understanding of seismotectonic behavior in MMR and its implications for CCS site selection and long-term sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 101177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}