Environmental Challenges最新文献

{"title":"Comparative study of multiple algorithms classification for land use and land cover change detection and its impact on local climate of Mardan District, Pakistan","authors":"Farnaz ,&nbsp;Narissara Nuthammachot ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zeeshan Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land use and land cover (LULC) changes significantly impact global climate change, resource management, and sustainability. This study aims to evaluate the performance of various machine learning classifiers, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest Algorithm (RFA), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Maximum Likelihood (MLH), in detecting Land Use and Land Cover [LULC] changes in Mardan District, Pakistan, from 2015 to 2023. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery was utilized to generate LULC maps, which were subsequently analyzed to quantify changes across five land cover classes: water land, built-up areas, barren land, green land, and farmland. The study also investigates the impact of LULC changes on climate regulation and sustainability within the study area. The findings reveal that SVM and RFA classifiers exhibited the highest overall accuracy and kappa coefficients, outperforming KNN and MLH. Significant transitions were observed, including urban expansion, reforestation efforts, and agricultural stability. Furthermore, an analysis of climate data from 2015 to 2023 revealed a notable increase in minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures within the areas impacted by LULC changes. The study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate classifiers for accurate LULC change detection and underscores the need for informed decision-making in environmental management and urban planning to mitigate the impacts of climate change and promote sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy logic and exploratory regression-based dam site identification","authors":"Imran Ahmad ,&nbsp;Martina Zelenakova ,&nbsp;Mithas Ahmad Dar ,&nbsp;Getanew Sewnetu Zewdu ,&nbsp;Getachew Fentaw ,&nbsp;Teshome Kifle ,&nbsp;Gashaw Sintayehu Angualie","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) to identify suitable dam sites. In the GIS domain, determinant elements like geology, land use, slope, precipitation, and soil texture were examined. The impact of each element on the potential of a dam site led to a reclassification and the assignment of appropriate fuzzy membership values. Based on their closeness to neighboring settlements, dams, and flow accumulation, eight sites were chosen. Based on flow accumulation, elevation, precipitation, slope, stream order, and maximum storage capacity, the dam locations that were chosen were computed. Lower Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values suggested that there were no redundant variables, and the analysis found that each independent variable had a significant robust probability at a 0.05 level. Despite conflicting correlations hypothesized because of non-stationarity or heteroskedasticity, the Koenker's studentized Bruesch-Pagan statistic was determined to be statistically inconsequential. Also statistically insignificant was the Jarque-Bera statistic, which shows a Gaussian distribution of residuals. For land use, precipitation, and fuzzified geology, the corresponding corrected coefficient of correlation (R2) values were 0.58, 0.56, and 0.17. The potential of the chosen dam sites was found to be entirely explained by land use and geology, with rainfall, soil texture, stream order, flow accumulation, slope, and elevation coming in second and third. Validated using spatial autocorrelation and Global Moran's I, the model's Gaussian pattern validates its effectiveness in identifying potential dam sites at regional and continental levels when combined with exploratory regression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing irrigation of livestock feed is essential to saving Great Salt Lake","authors":"Brian D. Richter ,&nbsp;Kat F. Fowler ,&nbsp;Gambhir Lamsal ,&nbsp;Christopher L. Lant ,&nbsp;William J. Ripple ,&nbsp;Richard R. Rushforth","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Great Salt Lake of Utah (US) is of great economic, cultural, and spiritual importance, yet rapid depletion of the lake in recent decades gravely threatens these values. The lake's shrinkage is attributable to anthropogenic consumption of 62% of river water that would have otherwise reached and replenished the lake. The lake's water balance has been in deficit for much of the past century, but during recent decades climate warming and drought has reduced basin runoff, while anthropogenic water consumption has not been reduced to a commensurate degree, driving the lake's water budget further into deficit condition and causing an average lake level decline of 0.1 meter/year during 1989−2022. Agriculture accounts for 71% of anthropogenic depletions, with 80% of agricultural water going to cattle-feed crops (alfalfa and grass hay) to support ∼980,000 head of cattle for dairy and beef production. We propose a target goal of reducing total anthropogenic consumption by 35% to stabilize and begin refilling the lake, and explore potential policy solutions for attaining this conservation goal. We find that the most potent solutions would involve a 61% reduction in alfalfa production along with fallowing of 26–55% of grass hay production, resulting in reductions of agricultural revenues of US$97 million per year, or 0.04% of the state's GDP. Farmers and ranchers involved in cattle-feed production, along with related agricultural businesses, could be fully compensated for lost revenue generation at a cost ranging from US$29-$124 per Utah resident each year, depending upon which water conservation strategies are deployed. Dairies dependent upon alfalfa produced in the Great Salt Lake basin would need to increase imports of these crops from other river basins to sustain production at current levels. This case study of a water-stressed basin with dominant agricultural water use illustrates globally transferable approaches for rebalancing the water budget of stressed water basins by reducing consumptive water use on irrigated farms. The approaches described here require detailed accounting of water consumed by individual crop types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143095689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial assessments of landslide hazard vulnerability using decision support system in the Sile-Sago Watershed, Lake Chamo Rift Valley Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Asnake Boyana Ayele ,&nbsp;Abiyot Legesse Tura ,&nbsp;Abera Uncha Utallo ,&nbsp;Abren Gelaw Mekonnen","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslide hazard (LSH) is a widespread geographical problem, threatening lives and destroying property and infrastructure globally. The focuses of this study were to identify, analyze, and prioritize LSH potential triggering factors and map the vulnerability levels in the Sile-Sago watershed. The data were obtained from satellite images like Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9, and elevation, key informant interviews, field observation, and ground truth points. Multi-criteria decision-making, weighted, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were used to analyze the data in ArcGIS 10.8.2, Terrset 20, and AHP. The individual parameters were identified, analyzed, and ranked in relative importance, ranging from very low, low, moderate, high, to very high. Among the LSH conditioning variables, population density, average rainfall, drainage density, land use/cover, elevation, and vegetation density have a higher magnitude in posing LSH. In contrast, lineament density and rock types have less contribution to the LSH based on AHP, literature, and experts’ opinions. Of the total area (55,468.8 ha), 12.4 % are highly and 6.9 % are very highly vulnerable to LSH. The model performance was checked with field survey data, consistency ratio, and area under the curve (AUC) from receivers operating characteristics (ROC). The CR and ROC-AUC were 3.4 % and 89 %, which are acceptable for the analysis results. The western and higher slopes of the watershed are categorized as highly vulnerable to LSH. Concerted efforts are needed to coordinate conservation of ecosystems, integrated watershed development, sustainable land use, and population settlement planning to mitigate the risk and adverse effects of LSH in the Sile-Sage watershed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101057"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking forest recovery: Early biomass and carbon stock monitoring in the Rohingya Refugee camps, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh","authors":"Hossain Mahmood ,&nbsp;Chameli Saha ,&nbsp;Sanjoy Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rohingya influx in Bangladesh destructed about 3200 ha of the reserved forest of Cox's Bazar South Forest Division. The restoration initiatives were launched in 2019 for 292 ha of degraded forest areas. This study assessed biomass and carbon stock in the restored sites of the Rohingya Refugee camps. Thirty-four timber, fodder, fruits, and fuelwood species were planted and the natural regeneration of 14 native species was recorded in the restored sites. The density and basal area ranges of the restored sites were from 0 to 4600 trees/ha and 0 to 33.47 m2/ha, respectively. The total aboveground and below-ground biomass were 33.34±5.76 t/ha and 2.26±0.32 t/ha, respectively. The total carbon stock in five pools varied from 8.84 to 149.86 (t/ha) with a mean of 93.90±4.85 t/ha, with soil carbon representing the largest pool. The mean carbon pools for above-ground (trees and undergrowth), lotter, dead woody debris, root and soil (up to 30 cm depth) were 16.37 t/ha, 0.15 t/ha, 0.11 t/ha, 1.03 t/ha and 76.29 t/ha respectively. The best fit allometric models (adjusted R2 &gt; 0.97) for the above-ground biomass and carbon stock in trees were Ln(Y) = 1.30 + 1.11 Ln(x1) and Ln(Y) = 0.61 + 1.11 Ln(x1), respectively. The derived allometric models demonstrated high accuracy, providing tools for restoration monitoring. These findings highlight the success of reforestation in enhancing biomass and carbon sequestration, although continued protection of restored areas is essential for sustainable forest management and climate mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward sustainable farming: Assessing and validating green skills for agricultural professionals in China","authors":"Bowei Hu ,&nbsp;Khahan Na-Nan ,&nbsp;Yotsaphat Kittichotsatsawat","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the agricultural sector faces increasing environmental challenges, developing green skills among agricultural professionals is critical for achieving sustainability. This study aims to develop and validate a comprehensive scale for assessing green skills in agriculture, focusing on China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The research draws on human capital and ecological modernization theories to identify key green competencies, including renewable energy, sustainable construction, waste management, water conservation, and environmental conservation. The study employed a mixed-method approach, beginning with the creation of a 23-item scale followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to uncover the underlying dimensions of green skills. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then used to validate the scale and ensure its reliability. Seven key dimensions of green skills were identified, with high factor loadings and strong model fit indices, confirming the scale's robustness. The findings provide a valuable tool for assessing green skills in the agricultural workforce, offering insights for policy development, workforce training, and educational programs to enhance sustainability in agriculture. This research contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of green skills and supports global efforts to promote sustainable agricultural development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of natural radioactivity levels in black sand and sand sediments in the Mediterranean coast region, Egypt","authors":"Alshahrani B ,&nbsp;S. Fares ,&nbsp;Montasir Salman ,&nbsp;A.H. Korna","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the radiological characteristics of black sand and sediment samples collected from the Mediterranean coast of Egypt to assess potential health risks associated with natural radioactivity. Gamma-ray spectrometry was employed to determine the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K. Results indicated significantly elevated levels of these radionuclides in black sand compared to global background values. The calculated equilibrium factor (P-factor) confirmed that the samples were in near-radioactive equilibrium. To evaluate potential health hazards, absorbed dose rates, annual effective doses, and radon gas concentrations were estimated. The calculated annual effective doses exceeded recommended limits, classifying the study area as an Enhanced Natural Radiation Area (ENRA). Radon gas concentrations significantly surpassed the World Health Organization's guideline of 100 Bq/m³. These findings highlight the importance of environmental monitoring and public awareness regarding the radiological implications of black sand deposits in the region. The study recommends the establishment of a radiological baseline map for Egyptian beaches to track potential changes in radioactivity levels over time. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for public awareness campaigns, land use planning, and mitigation strategies to minimize exposure to elevated radiation levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeking environmentally sustainable solutions for inland aquaculture in Bangladesh","authors":"Konstancja Woźniacka ,&nbsp;Lisa K. Bickley ,&nbsp;Richard D. Heal ,&nbsp;Ilya M.D. Maclean ,&nbsp;Neaz A. Hasan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahfujul Haque ,&nbsp;Grant D. Stentiford ,&nbsp;Regan Early ,&nbsp;Michelle Devlin ,&nbsp;Charles R. Tyler","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inland fresh- and brackish aquaculture is a key component of global food security, however, its rapid growth has impacted adversely on the environment. The future growth of the aquaculture industry will need to balance food production more effectively against the exploitation of natural resources. This review considers the case for inland aquaculture in Bangladesh – currently the world's fifth-biggest inland aquaculture producer with nearly 3 million tonnes of aquaculture production (2022). Current practices associated with different forms of inland aquaculture in the country are outlined, with their associated demands on the environment highlighted. Future projections for aquaculture expansion are assessed for their potential to impact on and be limited by the availability and quality of natural resources, including freshwater, and concerns for its contamination and salinisation. The effects of land use changes, exploitation of wild populations, introduction of invasive species, and spread of diseases on potential production are also examined. The paper addresses how these challenges may be met, both for achieving production aspirations and for limiting impact on nature. The review offers a viewpoint on potential collective actions for sustainable aquaculture, aligned with Bangladesh's socioeconomic characteristics, and in collaboration with in-country partners. To achieve the projected 14% increase in production by 2025, Bangladesh's aquaculture sector must balance growth with the effective management of finite freshwater and land resources. Key recommendations include prioritising adaptations by farmers for sustainable intensification of their production and facing changing climate impacts. Aquaculture policy needs to support the provisioning of the necessary knowledge, tools, and adequate resources to enable farmers to implement resource-efficient management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal climate change projection and trend analysis using selected downscaled CMIP6 models for water action over awash River Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Abebe M. Legass ,&nbsp;Tena Alamirew ,&nbsp;Solomon G. Gebrehiwot ,&nbsp;David Haro-Monteagudo ,&nbsp;Daniel Berhanu","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change exacerbates existing risks, particularly concerning water security, by altering flow volumes, precipitation patterns, and overall water availability. This study addresses the gaps in existing climate projections for the Awash River Basin, utilizing advanced models (CMIP6) to analyze spatial and temporal variations in climate, acknowledging that simplistic averaging of climatic data fails to depict critical regional differences within the basin. By deploying enhanced climate models that account for socioeconomic variables, this research aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of future water resource dynamics, essential for informed policymaking and effective adaptation strategies in response to climate change. Comparative analyses of observed meteorological data and downscaled CMIP6 climate model outputs indicate model efficacy in simulating local climatic conditions, with ACCESS-CM2 selected for maximum temperature and MRI-ES for precipitation projections under various emission scenarios. Temperature trend analysis using the Mann-Kendall test aligns with models predicting consistent rises across the basin, demonstrating up to 9 °C differentials between lowland and upland areas. Precipitation projections also exhibit variability, with increasing intensity in certain regions contrasted by declines in others, especially under higher emissions scenarios. Temperature observations indicate a mean annual range of 10 °C to 30 °C, with projected increases of 1.5–2.0 °C anticipated by the mid-21st century. Notably, historical trends exhibit rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, implications of climate change that threaten agriculture, water resources, and biodiversity. These findings underscore the urgency for adaptive water resource management and agricultural strategies in response to the anticipated climatic shifts affecting the Awash River Basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards climate neutrality: Comparison of mitigation strategies for agricultural emissions using GWP100 and GWP* metrics","authors":"Maximilian Zerbe ,&nbsp;Daniel Mörlein ,&nbsp;Stefan Josef Hörtenhuber","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Typically, the metric <strong>GWP₁₀₀</strong> is used to assess the climate impact of a pulse emission of greenhouse gases (<strong>GHG</strong>) over 100 years. The alternative metric <strong>GWP*</strong> additionally takes the dynamics of current and historical GHG emissions into account. For a comparison of both approaches, we use the case of past and future German agricultural GHG emissions that were assessed with both metrics for the time series 1990 to 2021 and for scenarios until 2030 to represent the metric's impact for European and other countries. GHG emissions over the time series reduce to one quarter when assessed with GWP* instead of GWP₁₀₀, due to substantial reduction of short-lived methane (CH₄) emissions from livestock, mainly ruminants. While future GHG emissions increase in both metrics in a ‘no-measures scenario’, they decrease in the ‘with-measures scenario’ and a ‘reduced-meat-consumption scenario’. The feed additive 3-nitrooxypropanol (<strong>3-NOP</strong>) shows high GHG mitigation potential, whose effect is more pronounced for GWP* than under GWP₁₀₀ due to the substantial CH₄ mitigation. With 3-NOP usage and if other measures were taken, GHG neutrality could be reached in German agriculture by 2030. In conclusion, GWP* better than GWP₁₀₀ describes the climate impact of the short-lived CH₄, however, its application is connected with consequences regarding fairness and control feedback.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 101060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}