Plant Stress最新文献

{"title":"Ameliorating drought resistance in Arabidopsis and alfalfa under water deficit conditions through inoculation with Bacillus tequilensis G128 and B. velezensis G138 derived from an arid environment","authors":"Hengxia Yin ,&nbsp;Xiaolan Ma ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Chengti Xu ,&nbsp;Xin Xiang ,&nbsp;Wenjing Li ,&nbsp;Jiao Li ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Lam-Son Phan Tran ,&nbsp;Benyin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought stress is a critical factor limiting plant growth and agricultural productivity, causing significant physiological and biochemical disruptions. This study addresses the gap in research on enhancing plant drought tolerance through plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), focusing on two <em>Bacillus</em> strains, <em>B. velezensis</em> and <em>B. tequilensis</em>, isolated from the arid soils of Qinghai province, China. Both isolates have shown growth-promoting potential but their role in improving drought tolerance, especially in forage crops like alfalfa, has been understudied. The research firstly identified both isolates with phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA genes and evaluated their growth-promoting abilities. Then pot experiments were conducted to assess the physiological, biochemical, and gene expression responses of Arabidopsis or alfalfa inoculated with these isolates under drought conditions. Results revealed significant improvements in shoot and root growth, biomass, and chlorophyll content in inoculated plants under drought stress. Additionally, the isolates enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) and reduced oxidative stress markers (H₂O₂, O₂⁻, and MDA), while promoting the accumulation of osmolytes like proline and soluble sugars. Moreover, inoculated plants showed upregulated expression of key drought-responsive genes, such as <em>MsWRKY8</em> and <em>MsNCED1</em>, indicating enhanced drought tolerance at the molecular level. This research underscores the potential of these <em>Bacillus</em> isolates as a basis for developing eco-friendly biofertilizers to boost agricultural productivity in drought-prone regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100727"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of iodine in plant defence against Botrytis cinerea","authors":"Sara Beltrami ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Di Paco ,&nbsp;Claudia Pisuttu ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Mariotti ,&nbsp;Alessandra Marchica ,&nbsp;Elisa Pellegrini ,&nbsp;Sabrina Sarrocco ,&nbsp;Cristina Nali ,&nbsp;Pierdomenico Perata ,&nbsp;Claudia Kiferle","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iodine has been recently defined as a plant nutrient, triggering beneficial outcomes in terms of plant fitness and crop quality. In the present study, we demonstrated that iodine boosts Arabidopsis tolerance against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen <em>Botrytis cinerea.</em> At micromolar concentrations, we found that iodine activated a broad spectrum of immune-like responses, stimulating the transient accumulation of H₂O₂, likely acting as a second messenger. Iodine activated three major hormonal players involved in plant defence, namely, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene. Several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, particularly <em>PR2</em> and <em>PR5</em>, were also strongly induced by iodine. The use of Arabidopsis mutants impaired in SA, JA or ET biosynthesis/signalling allowed us to demonstrate the central role of JA in the iodine-induced resistance to <em>B. cinerea.</em> Nevertheless, the wide range of defence-like responses triggered by iodine suggests its potential effectiveness against a broad spectrum of biotic agents. Integrating iodine in plant nutritional programs thus represents a promising, eco-friendly, and easy-to-apply tool to fight against pathogen attacks, which could be alternative/additional to using traditional pesticides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100723"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview: A century of research and impact of Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, Florida: Successes and challenges","authors":"Sukhwinder Singh ,&nbsp;Xiangbing Yang ,&nbsp;Osman Gutierrez ,&nbsp;Sajid Shokat ,&nbsp;Mike Winterstein ,&nbsp;Ali Gul ,&nbsp;Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao ,&nbsp;Kevin Cloonan ,&nbsp;Nurhayat Tabanca ,&nbsp;Brandon Rodriguez","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The USDA-ARS Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), located in Miami, Florida, has been engaged in vital research for over a century. Its unwavering commitment lies in preserving and utilizing tropical and subtropical plant species, encompassing fruits, ornamentals, sugarcane, and their wild relatives. This endeavor involves extensive research and collaborations to meet stakeholders' diverse needs. As a constituent of the USDA National Plant Germplasm Repository network, the station is a repository of invaluable genetic resources for developing new cultivars tailored to diverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, the station has focused on researching the mitigation of invasive pests and diseases that threaten various horticultural crops in Florida and nationwide. The station has also established a dedicated research program to enhance cacao breeding, improve its organoleptic qualities and disease resistance, enhance its adaptability to climate change-related challenges, and improve fruit quality traits. Since 1994, researchers at SHRS have collectively authored 795 research articles and have made substantial contributions to the scientific community by disseminating over a quarter million plant materials. Collaborations with USDA stations in Hilo and Mayaguez have been instrumental, involving backing up plant collections and joint evaluations of the national germplasm. Despite enduring potential closure due to significant damage from Hurricane Andrew, the station remains resilient and prepared to address current and future challenges as it embarks on its second century.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100726"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated plant defense responses: An updated review","authors":"Yao-Sheng Wei ,&nbsp;Talha Javed ,&nbsp;Tian-Tian Liu ,&nbsp;Ahmad Ali ,&nbsp;San-Ji Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensification and frequency of extreme weather events are emerging as a result of global climate change, which has a serious impact on the sustainable development of agriculture. Plants trigger a wide range of defense responses against adverse environmental conditions, including the signal generation, recognition, and transduction together with the crosstalk of defense signals and networks. Subsequently, activation of a variety of defense gene expressions and metabolic adjustments confers plant tolerance to stressors. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a vital phytohormone for balancing plant growth and adaptation to a series of environmental stresses. This review summarizes the current research progress on ABA components involved in defense responses through various mechanisms including stomatal closure, interactions with other signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium (Ca²⁺) and other phytohormones, transcriptional regulation, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, the role of ABA in balancing plant growth and stress responses is also discussed. This review provides new insights for sustainable development of agriculture under current climate change scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100724"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing heat stress tolerance in Glycine max: Exploring the latest advances in microbial application","authors":"Shifa Shaffique ,&nbsp;Md. Injamum-Ul-Hoque ,&nbsp;Azamal Husen ,&nbsp;Sang-Mo kang ,&nbsp;In-Jung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming has intensified the abiotic stresses on plants and threatens global food and energy security. Heat stress (HS) has become ubiquitous hazardous environmental stress, eliciting concerns regarding its adverse impacts on terrestrial and agroecosystems. Plant hormones function as signaling molecules essential for stress tolerance, defense mechanisms, and facilitation of plants' overall physiological growth and development. Numerous studies have reported on Glycine max that the exogenous application of phytohormones confers HS tolerance and activates endogenous defensive mechanisms by producing several secondary metabolites. This review summaries the recent progress in phytohormones and their corresponding microbes in the thermotolerance of <em>Glycine</em> max via integrating plant-microbial interaction. These studies suggest that beneficial microbes under HS can induce thermotolerance and thermomorphogenesis through several complex mechanisms. This is the first review to provide insight into the microbial-mediated phytohormone signaling pathway for the transcriptional modulation of secondary metabolism in a range of HS tolerances in soybean. Finally, we provide a primary perspective on improving the response of soybean plants to HS and on producing valuable phytohormones by exploiting microbial-mediated and secondary metabolite interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100725"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thirsty, soaked, and thriving: Maize morpho-physiological and biochemical responses to sequential drought, waterlogging, and re-drying","authors":"Sanjida Sultana Keya ,&nbsp;Md. Robyul Islam ,&nbsp;Hanh Pham ,&nbsp;Md. Abiar Rahman ,&nbsp;Mallesham Bulle ,&nbsp;Azmia Patwary ,&nbsp;Most. Malika-Al-Razi Kanika ,&nbsp;Fahedul Hasan Hemel ,&nbsp;Totan Kumar Ghosh ,&nbsp;Nuril Huda ,&nbsp;Zannatul Hawa ,&nbsp;Md. Mezanur Rahman ,&nbsp;Waltram Ravelombola","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maize (<em>Zea mays</em>), a pivotal cereal crop, frequently encounters sequential abiotic stresses—drought, waterlogging, and re-drought—that impose multifaceted and interlinked constraints on its growth and productivity. This study elucidates the specific impacts of these sequential stress events on maize morphology, physiology, and biochemistry, offering critical insights into the crop's adaptive capacities and limitations. Drought stress elicited severe morphological alterations, including pronounced leaf curling, significant reductions in leaf area, and inhibited shoot elongation, collectively undermining photosynthetic efficiency. Root systems exhibited marked shallowness and sparsity, substantially restricting water and nutrient uptake. Photosynthetic pigment degradation, particularly of chlorophyll and carotenoids, was acute, accompanied by diminished CO₂ assimilation and elevated leaf temperatures, which likely exacerbated oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Waterlogging stress following drought, although alleviating some drought-induced damage, introduced oxygen deprivation in the rhizosphere, leading to disrupted root respiration, necrosis, and impaired nutrient acquisition. Adaptive responses, such as partial recovery of photosynthetic pigments, improved water balance, and reduced oxidative stress; however, metabolic recovery remained incomplete, with stunted growth and persistent root biomass loss. Re-drought stress followed by pre-drought and waterlogging imposed the most catastrophic effects, characterized by pervasive leaf necrosis, pronounced shoot and root stunting, and a systemic collapse in biomass accumulation. The re-drought phase was marked by escalated ROS levels, membrane destabilization, and the overwhelming failure of antioxidative defenses, culminating in metabolic dysfunction and structural disintegration. These findings underscore the urgent necessity for targeted breeding strategies to optimize root system architecture, fortify antioxidative defense mechanisms, and enhance osmoprotectant synthesis. Integrative multi-omics approaches and comparative studies across diverse maize genotypes are imperative to unravel the genetic and molecular underpinnings of stress resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100722"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide analysis of the TsBLH gene family reveals TsBLH4 involved the regulation of abiotic stresses by interacting with KNOX6 in Toona sinensis","authors":"Shuxin Chen ,&nbsp;Yuhan Jia ,&nbsp;Yuying Yang ,&nbsp;Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Huiling Chen ,&nbsp;Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Hengfu Yin ,&nbsp;Renying Zhuo ,&nbsp;Xiaojiao Han","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>BLH1-like homeobox (BLH) transcription factors are widely distributed in plants and are a subfamily of the three-amino-acid loop extension (TALE) family. They play pivotal roles in plant growth and development processes and mediate plant responses to abiotic stress. However, recent studies on the function of BLHs have primarily focused on model plants or crops. Here, we identified 21 BLH members in the genome of <em>Toona sinensis</em>. The <em>BLH</em> gene family was divided into five subfamilies, each exhibiting variations in exon-intron distribution and motif composition. <em>TsBLH</em> genes exhibited tissue-specific expression, with all genes responding to salt or osmotic stresses. Notably, <em>TsBLH4</em> was highly expressed in xylem and leaves and was strongly induced by both salt and osmotic stresses in leaves. Additionally, TsBLH4 is a nuclear protein that physically interacts with TsKNOX6, which is localized in the nucleus and the cytomembrane. The transient expression of <em>TsBLH4</em> and <em>TsKNOX6</em> genes in leaves of <em>T. sinensis</em> resulted in increased sensitivity to salt and enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress. These results provide a theoretical basis for the involvement of the <em>BLH</em> gene family in abiotic stress responses in plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100721"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of antimony on synthesis of saccharides and lipids, and enzyme activity associated with synthesis/degradation of saccharides in leaves of a rice plant","authors":"YaTing Zheng ,&nbsp;YanMing Zhu ,&nbsp;YiRan Tong ,&nbsp;JiaJia Zhang ,&nbsp;Hong Liu ,&nbsp;Christopher Rensing ,&nbsp;YinShui Li ,&nbsp;RenWei Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Different forms of antimony (Sb) show different toxicities to plants, which are hypothesized to be partially due to the disorders of lipid and saccharide synthesis. Hydroponic experiments were conducted using a rice plant (Yangdao 6) exposed to antimonite (Sb(III)) and antimonate (Sb(V)). We monitored the following (1) saccharide concentration and enzymatic activities associated with synthesis/degradation of sucrose and starch; (2) changes in cell ultrastructure of rice leaves; and (3) differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) associated with lipids. The results showed that when compared to the control, Sb(III/V) (1) increased the concentrations of starch, soluble sugars, sucrose and fructose as well as the activities of cell–wall binding acid invertase (B–AI) in rice leaves; (2) mainly affected the abundance of unsaturated lipids of fatty acids (FAs), prenol lipids, glycerolipids, and glycerophospholipids, especially for Sb(III); and (3) negatively affected the abundance of DEMs associated with α–linolenic acid metabolism and xanthophyll formation. Relative to Sb(V), Sb(III) (1) showed great negative effects on the activities of fructose–1, 6–diphosphatase (FBP), triose–phosphate isomerase (TPI), α–glucosidase, and sucrose–phosphate synthase (SPS); (2) significantly narrowed the shape of starch granules and increased the thickness of cell walls; (3) increased numbers and abundance of DEMs associated with toxins (belonging to sphingolipids), flavonoids (polyketides), and biomarkers (corticosteroid hormones); and (4) increased the numbers of FAs whose abundance was upregulated. This study showed a complex regulatory network associated with saccharide synthesis/degradation and lipid constitution in response to Sb toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100719"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial secondary metabolites for modulating plant biotic stress resistance: Bridging the lab-field gap","authors":"Reza Fauzi Dwisandi ,&nbsp;Mia Miranti ,&nbsp;Ani Widiastuti ,&nbsp;Dedat Prismantoro ,&nbsp;Muhammad Adil Awal ,&nbsp;Muhamad Shakirin Mispan ,&nbsp;Ravindra Chandra Joshi ,&nbsp;Febri Doni","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biotic stress, including pest attacks, plant diseases caused by pathogenic microbes, and competition from weeds, significantly limit the optimal crop productivity. The use of beneficial microorganisms has been shown to enhance plants' tolerance to these stressors. Numerous laboratory studies have investigated the effectiveness of microbial secondary metabolites as biological control agents against pests, diseases, and weeds. However, a critical challenge remains in determining whether microorganisms applied in the field will produce the same secondary metabolites as those observed in the laboratory, and whether their effectiveness will be comparable, better, or worse. This review examines the comparative effectiveness of microbial agents in producing secondary metabolites that enhance plant tolerance to biotic stress, considering both laboratory and field settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100720"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA-seq of grafted near-isogenic soybean (Glycine max) lines reveals root genotype drives shoot responses to iron deficiency chlorosis","authors":"Daniel R. Kohlhase ,&nbsp;Jamie A. O'Rourke ,&nbsp;Michelle A. Graham","doi":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.stress.2024.100717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron deficiency chlorosis negatively affects crop quality and yield. Studies of model species demonstrate long distance signaling from the shoot and local signaling in the root control iron stress responses in the root. However, recent whole genome expression studies of the iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) tolerant soybean line Clark demonstrate the roots respond to iron stress earlier than the shoots, suggesting root control of iron stress responses in soybean. Further, the same biological pathways responded to iron stress in the roots and leaves, suggesting iron stress signaling occurs from root to shoot. To further investigate these findings, the current study used grafting of near-isogenic soybean lines Clark (IDC tolerant) and IsoClark (IDC susceptible) to demonstrate grafted shoots with a Clark rootstock have significantly greater SPAD scores than shoots with an IsoClark root stock in iron deficient conditions one and two weeks after iron stress.This confirms the Clark rootstock controls tolerance to iron deficiency chlorosis. Multiple previous studies demonstrate that Clark induces iron stress responses within an hour of iron stress exposure, well before iron stress phenotypes can be observed. Therefore, to provide evidence of signaling between roots and shoots we conducted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses of leaves and roots from hetero- and homografted plants 30 and 120 min (m) after iron stress. We identified 518 and 846 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in leaves and roots, respectively. At 30 m, DEG expression patterns in the leaves and roots were determined by the genotype of the tissue. By 120 m, DEG expression patterns in the leaves were determined by the genotype of the root. Grafts with a Clark rootstock induced iron uptake and utilization genes at 30 m in the root and by 120 m in the leaves, regardless of the leaf genotype. In contrast, grafts with a IsoClark rootstock were unable to induce iron uptake and utilization genes in the leaves in the same time frame. This provides evidence of a Clark mobile signal, initiated in the roots, that regulates iron stress responses in the leaves. We also provide evidence of an IsoClark shoot to root signal at 120 m that induces general abiotic stress responses, but unable to overcome iron stress conditions. Better understanding of the complex differences between crop and model species will aid in developing crops with improved IDC tolerance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34736,"journal":{"name":"Plant Stress","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100717"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}