International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Novel merging and redividing microchannel heat sink system for enhanced heat transfer and reduced flow resistance","authors":"Kaijun Yang ,&nbsp;Qianqian Cao ,&nbsp;Javad Abolfazli Esfahani ,&nbsp;Lujuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of renewable energy sources and high-power electronics requires efficient compact heat exchangers to effectively dissipate the heat generated in a limited space. Microchannel (MC) heat sink structures demonstrate exceptional heat transfer properties. However, their high flow resistance limits their application for larger cooling surfaces. This study proposes a method to reduce flow resistance by periodically merging and redividing MCs in the direction of the cooling medium flow. The design increases the cross-sectional area, reducing resistance and enabling the boundary layer to redevelop. This process compensates for the reduction in convection heat transfer efficiency caused by merging the MCs. The results reveal that for Reynolds numbers ranging between 58 and 175, the heat flux (<em>Q</em>) achieved can be up to 308 kW/m². At water flow rates ranging from 10 to 30 L/h, the flow resistance exhibits an approximately linear relationship with the pressure drop. Additionally, the study examines the mechanisms driving heat transfer enhancement. A goodness factor was used to evaluate the performance of the heat sinks. It was observed that for Reynolds numbers between 58 and 175, the heat transfer area goodness factor falls between 1.14 and 1.12. Adjusting the geometric parameters, such as increasing the height of the MCs and selecting appropriate distributed lengths and widths, significantly enhances the heat transfer performance of the MC. The findings of this study may guide the design of large-scale MC heat sinks to improve heat dissipation efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110160"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal conductivity of porous materials with Schoen’s I-WP(R) TPMS structure","authors":"D.M. Bragin,&nbsp;A.I. Popov,&nbsp;A.V. Eremin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article describes the thermal properties of orthotropic materials based on Schoen’s I-WP(R) triple periodic minimal surface (TPMS). The TPMS structure resembles a matrix and consists of identical cells, strictly periodic in all directions. New unified dependencies for determining the effective thermal conductivity of materials based on Schoen’s I-WP(R) with respect to porosity, relative thickness, thermal conductivity of the original materials, and the direction of heat flow were obtained in the study. Empirical coefficients for the thermal conductivity tensor have been determined, taking into account the shape and arrangement of pores in porous materials with the Schoen’s I-WP(R) structure. By using the equations obtained during the research, it is possible to design porous materials with specified thermal conductivity values by altering the characteristic dimensions of the structure. Additionally, the investigated Schoen’s I-WP(R) minimal surface exhibits orthotropic properties, resulting in different thermal conductivity in various directions. This can be applied in certain project tasks related to non-orthogonal heat dissipation, such as in thermal power engineering, aviation or electronics. In this study, a numerical finite element method implemented in ANSYS Steady-State Thermal was used to determine the thermal properties. The geometry of Schoen’s I-WP(R) TPMS is published on the Mendeley portal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110138"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of orientation on evaporation limited spreading of ethanol on thin porous strips","authors":"Srirama Chandra Murthy Rampally,&nbsp;Navneet Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wicking is a widely studied phenomenon with applications spanning natural processes and industrial systems, such as the evaporation of liquids in heat pipes for temperature control. This research investigates a simplified scenario where ethanol spreads horizontally over thin filter papers, followed by evaporation. Experiments were conducted using three types of filter paper with varying permeability, and data were captured using optical and thermal imaging techniques. The findings for horizontally oriented filter papers revealed that the steady-state spreading length <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> was significantly shorter than predicted by Jurin's law, highlighting evaporation as the primary limiting factor in the spreading process. Interestingly, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> values for horizontal configurations were ∼30 % greater than their vertical counterparts, underscoring the significant influence of gravitational forces in vertical cases. Thermal imaging further revealed a non-uniform temperature distribution, with an inversion observed near the midpoint of the liquid's spread. Using this nonlinear temperature profile, we applied the previously developed Non-Constant Evaporation Model (<em>NCEM</em>) (Murthy and Kumar 2025 [1]), originally proposed for vertical cases, to the horizontal configuration by neglecting gravitational effects <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>. The <em>NCEM</em>, which assumes a power-law dependence of the evaporation rate on the local wicked length, served as an improvement over the Constant Evaporation Model (<em>CEM</em>) (Fries et al., 2008 [2]), which presumes uniform evaporation across the wicked length. The modified NCEM (Murthy and Kumar 2025 [1]) yielded <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow></math></span> curves that closely aligned with the experimental data. Additionally, we utilized the previously developed dimensionless numbers, which effectively consolidated various <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow></math></span> curves into a unified master curve. These findings provide deeper insights into the dynamics of wicking and evaporation, with significant implications for thermal management technologies such as wicks and heat pipes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110159"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pool boiling investigation on copper foam with heterogeneous wetting vapor channels","authors":"Xiao Yuan ,&nbsp;Yanping Du ,&nbsp;Jing Su ,&nbsp;Yu Lin ,&nbsp;Jinwen Shi ,&nbsp;Chao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a pool boiling experimental investigation of copper foam microchannels with engineered heterogeneous wettability conducted under atmospheric conditions. Copper foam microchannels with spatially varied wetting properties were fabricated using immersion and welding methods. Two specific configurations were developed: one featuring super hydrophilic channel walls with a super hydrophobic bottom surface (SHPiW–SHPoB), and the other comprising superhydrophobic walls combined with a super hydrophilic bottom surface (SHPoW–SHPiB). By experiments, the effects of wettability heterogeneity on boiling heat transfer performance were systematically evaluated. It is found that the SHPiW–SHPoB configuration demonstrates a superior critical heat flux (CHF) of 108.2 W/cm², compared to 96.7 W/cm² for the SHPoW–SHPiB. Further experimental results show that the SHPiW–SHPoB configuration offers significantly improved pool boiling characteristics, indicating the potential of the wettability patterning for advanced thermal management of energy systems. The experiments suggest that the enhanced boiling performance of the SHPiW–SHPoB is attributed to the efficient separation of vapor and liquid flow paths enabled by the heterogeneous wetting design, which promotes bubble nucleation at low heat fluxes and suppresses bubble coalescence at high heat fluxes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical solution of 3-D temperature field for the tunnels in seasonal cold regions using boundary separation method","authors":"Yu Zhao ,&nbsp;Zedong Yang ,&nbsp;Chaolin Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Bi ,&nbsp;Yongfa Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Feng ,&nbsp;Sheng Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidents where the stability of surrounding rock is affected due to the imperfection of insulation layers in tunnels in cold regions occur frequently. The majority of the reasons might be that the distribution characteristics of the freezing radius of the surrounding rock were not accurately captured. Therefore, based on superposition principle and boundary separation methods, an analytical solution of the 3-D temperature field considering the influences of the axial heat transfer and temperature gradient for the tunnel surrounding rock was put forward in this paper. The correctness of the analytical solution was verified by the numerical results of finite element. Meanwhile, the following results were revealed. (1) The action of the axial heat transfer imposed by the annual average temperature cannot be ignored when calculating the freezing radius of the surrounding rock, especially in areas near tunnel entrance or exit. (2) The relationship of the freezing radius to <em>z</em>∗ is a nonlinear relation composed of multiple negative power exponential functions. (3) The results of variance analysis show that among all factors, the exposure time (<em>t</em>∗) has the greatest influence on the temperature at a depth of 7 m and a radius of 5 m for the tunnel surrounding rock. (4) The thermal conductivity coefficient (<em>k</em>), specific heat capacity (<em>c</em>), density (<em>ρ</em>) and annual average temperature (<em>T</em>₂) all show a high degree of influence, in which the influence degrees of the two factors <em>ρ</em> and <em>T</em>₂ on temperature are approximately the same. In addition, the temperature gradient (<em>G</em>_d) has a significant impact on the temperature of the surrounding rock and the maximum average growth rate of temperature in the surrounding rock is 54 times that when <em>G</em>_d is not considered. Research results are expected to provide opinions for the design of insulation layer for the tunnel surrounding rock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evaluation and development of correlation for heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in solar air heaters using gapped transverse wire ribs-An experimental study","authors":"Dilbag Singh Mondloe ,&nbsp;Harish Kumar Ghritlahre ,&nbsp;Gajendra Kumar Agrawal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the performance of solar air heaters featuring gapped transverse ribs as roughness elements, with the objective of evaluating their heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics. The research explores several operational and geometric parameters, including the Reynolds number (Re), which varies from 2000 to 16000, relative roughness pitch (P/e) ranging from 8 to 10, the number of gaps (Ng) varying from 1 to 4 (in four steps), and relative roughness length (Lg/e) shifting from 18.3 to 84 (in four increments). These parameters are essential to the performance of the 360 mm × 1300 mm test section of the roughened solar air heater. The results indicate that as the Reynolds number (Re) increases, the friction factor (f) exhibits a decreasing trend; however, the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) follows increasing trends. The introduction of gaps in the wire ribs initially enhances the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>), reaching a maximum value before declining with a further increase in Ng. The highest recorded Nusselt number of 108.63 was observed at Re = 16000, with P/e = 10, Ng = 2, and Lg/e = 43.3. Similarly, the maximum value of friction factor of 0.03588 achieved at P/e = 8, Ng = 2, Lg/e = 43.3 and Re = 2000. Furthermore, predictive correlations for <em>Nu</em> and f have been established, displaying average percentage mean deviations of 13.01 % for <em>Nu</em> and 8.82 % for f when juxtaposed with experimental values calculated through the proposed equations. A comprehensive comparison with previously published literature has also been undertaken to validate the findings, emphasizing their applicability and reliability within the domains of solar energy, space heating, and agricultural crop drying.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of the effect of using hybrid graphene and titanium oxide nanofluids in corrugated plate heat exchanger","authors":"Behnam Broumand,&nbsp;Abbas Kosari Neia,&nbsp;Ashkan Ghafouri,&nbsp;Nader Nabhani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat exchangers play a critical role in various thermal systems, and enhancing their efficiency remains a major engineering challenge. Nanofluids have emerged as promising working fluids due to their superior thermal properties. This study experimentally investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of a corrugated plate heat exchanger using hybrid nanofluids composed of graphene and titanium oxide nanoparticles dispersed in water. The motivation lies in combining the high thermal conductivity of graphene with the stability of titanium oxide to enhance heat transfer without significantly compromising flow characteristics. Nanofluids were prepared at four volume concentrations: 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.25 %, and 0.5 %, and tested at flow rates ranging from 2 to 5 L per minute. Key parameters including heat transfer rate, Nusselt number, friction factor, pressure drop, and exergy loss were analyzed. The results confirmed that hybrid nanofluids notably enhanced heat transfer performance, especially at lower flow rates. At 2 L/min, the heat transfer rate increased by 18.4 % with 0.05 % nanoparticle concentration, whereas at 5 L/min, the improvement was around 5 %. The friction factor increased substantially with higher nanoparticle loading rising from 0.956 for water to 9.07 for 0.5 % nanofluid at a Peclet number of 4000—yet this effect diminished at higher flow rates. Furthermore, exergy loss was consistently reduced by using nanofluids, though the benefit decreased with increasing flow rate. Overall, the findings suggest that hybrid nanofluids can significantly improve the thermal performance of corrugated plate heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110125"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of carbon nanofibers on the heat transfer performance of piezoelectric fiber-reinforced PVDF multiscale composites: A hierarchical micromechanics analysis","authors":"Cyrus Raza Mirza ,&nbsp;Ali B.M. Ali ,&nbsp;Rawda A.I. Suliman ,&nbsp;Sultan Alshehery ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Mahariq ,&nbsp;Nidhal Ben Khedher","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A micromechanical method is developed in hierarchy to evaluate the influence of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the thermal conducting behaviors of PZT-5H piezoelectric fiber-reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites. First, a micromechanics model for the thermal conductivity of CNF/polymer composites is presented with variables of the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) among the CNF and polymer, content, anisotropic behavior, length, diameter, straightness factor and clustering phenomena of CNFs. Then, considering the PVDF/CNF material as the matrix phase and PZT-5H fibers as reinforcements, a unit cell-based micromechanical model is employed to predict the thermal conductivity of piezoelectric fiber/CNF/polymer multiscale composites. Comparisons show an excellent agreement between the present predictions, experimental measurements and other numerical/analytical results. It is found that axial and transverse thermal conductivities of piezoelectric multiscale composites are improved by a small percentage of CNFs. A multiscale composite containing 50 vol% PZT-5H and 1.5 vol% CNFs shows axial and transverse thermal conductivities up to 0.225 W/m K and 0.209 W/m K, respectively, corresponding to 38.9 % and 30 % improvements as compared to the PZT-5H/PVDF composite. The non-straightness shape and clustering of CNFs, and the ITR lead to a reduction in thermal conductivities. Nanofibers with the higher length and lower diameter show a more enhancement on the heat transfer performance of PZT-5H/PVDF/CNF composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110155"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of effusion hole configuration on liner wall cooling effectiveness and combustion performance in a can-type combustor model","authors":"Sajan Tamang ,&nbsp;Heesung Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effusion cooling is a widely adopted technique for managing high-temperature environments in aviation and various industrial applications. This method involves directing cooling air over component surfaces to protect critical engine parts from thermal damage, enhancing durability, improving efficiency, and reducing thermal emissions. This study used different configurations of effusion cooling holes on the liner wall of a can-type combustor model to evaluate their effects on cooling and combustion performances. Numerical simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1, with the turbulence and combustion of methane fuel modeled using the Reynolds Stress Model and the steady flamelet approach of the nonpremixed combustion model. The simulation results revealed that effusion holes oriented at a tangent angle of 0° significantly enhanced liner wall cooling effectiveness by approximately 340.28 %. This configuration obstructed 77.71 % of the absorbed radiative heat flux, which led to a 47.81 % reduction in wall temperature. This improvement was attributed to the diminished strength of the dilution hole jets, which resulted in incomplete combustion, as evidenced by the mixture distribution and OH mole fraction profiles. Consequently, direct quenching effects were observed on the flame front in the secondary and dilution regions, resulting in an approximately 5.56 % reduction in combustion efficiency. Moreover, the lowest pattern factor value was obtained when designing the liner wall with effusion holes at a tangent angle of ±30°, compared to other effusion hole configurations. Similarly, injecting cooling air into the combusted flame through an effusion hole at a tangent angle of 0° resulted in a reduction of approximately 20.23 % in the thermal NOx emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110150"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and experimental study on heat transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sinks with transverse discontinuities","authors":"Hui Zhu,&nbsp;Yuan-yi Ding,&nbsp;Qi Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically evaluates the thermal enhancement effects induced by transverse discontinuities in rectangular microchannel heat sinks. A microchannel design incorporating uniform discontinuities is proposed to enhance heat transfer efficiency. Numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the introduced discontinuities generate secondary flow vortices, which disrupt and reorganize the boundary layer of the main flow. This phenomenon significantly enhances fluid mixing and local thermal dissipation efficiency, leading to improved heat dissipation and reduced wall temperatures. A dimensionless parameter, the fluid regeneration length-to-discontinuity width ratio (<em>β</em>), is introduced to guide structural optimization. Performance evaluation criteria (<em>PEC</em>) analysis reveals that the optimal configuration occurs with seven discontinuities and <em>β</em> = 7.624, achieving a maximum Nusselt number enhancement of 98.97 %. Compared to conventional continuous microchannels, the proposed design improves overall thermal performance by 54.96 % while effectively balancing heat transfer augmentation and flow resistance penalties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110152"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}