International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Thermodynamic performance of a new composite honeycomb structure heat sink based on multi-objective co-optimization","authors":"Xiaoyu Zhang,&nbsp;Mengnan Ruan,&nbsp;Yifan Li,&nbsp;Jing Hu,&nbsp;Weixue Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optimal design of the heat sink is the key to improve the safe and stable operation of the insulated gate bipolar transistor. In this paper, the traditional hexagonal honeycomb structure is broken through, and three new structures, pentagon, heptagon and octagon are introduced. First, the heat transfer and flow behavior of the four structures are studied at the same inlet velocity, and the thermal irreversibility is analyzed. It is found that the seven-sided structure has the best heat dissipation performance. Compared with the hexagonal honeycomb structure, the maximum temperature of the chip is reduced by 1.98 K; the pressure drop is increased by 17 % and the hydraulic thermal performance coefficient is increased by 12 %. To optimize the flow performance of the heptagonal structure, the optimal structure is obtained by mixing the heptagonal unit with the low thermal resistance hexagon. Second, the heat dissipation performance of the optimal structure is systematically analyzed at different inlet velocities. The results show that the higher heptagonal proportional nusselt number can be effectively improved, while placing it away from the inlet and the main channel reduces the pressure drop and total entropy loss. Finally, 0.4 m/s is determined as the optimal inlet velocity. At this time, the maximum temperature of the chip is slightly reduced, and the hydraulic thermal performance coefficient is increased by 9.4 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of surface ripple formation in pulsed direct current gas tungsten arc welding","authors":"C.Y. Kuo,&nbsp;D.J. Wang,&nbsp;P.H. Li,&nbsp;S.X. Lu,&nbsp;P.S. Wei,&nbsp;W.L. Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the dynamic interactions between the arc and molten pool during pulsed direct current electrode positive (DCEP) gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), with a focus on post-solidification surface roughness. A transient two-dimensional multiphysics model is developed to simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, and solute transport under a pulsed heat source. The model incorporates thermocapillary, solute-capillary, and electrocapillary forces, along with Lorentz forces induced by the transient electromagnetic field. Using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0, the evolution of velocity, pressure, temperature, concentration, and electromagnetic distributions within the molten pool is analyzed. Results reveal that thermocapillary force dominates surface roughness formation, with solute-capillary effects contributing locally, while electrocapillary influence is negligible. Periodic variations in current induce corresponding surface flows and ripple structures, particularly at the rear of the molten pool. The predictions align well with both numerical simulations and experimental observations. The modeling framework and insights presented here are applicable to process control and quality optimization in arc welding, laser welding, and additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110400"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutions of liquid droplets impacting on hot porous substrates: spreading, imbibition, and evaporation","authors":"Fangfang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingdan Tang ,&nbsp;Hao Yin ,&nbsp;Shuyan Che ,&nbsp;Chuangyao Zhao ,&nbsp;Junjie Chen ,&nbsp;Gang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evolutions of droplets impacting on hot porous substrates are investigated, focusing on spreading, imbibition, and evaporation. The Level-Set model is employed to track droplet morphology, and the effects of droplet material, substrate temperature, droplet size, impact velocity, and substrate porosity are quantified. The results indicate that under evaporation conditions, the spreading factor significantly decreases compared to non-evaporative scenarios. The penetration depth is observed to increase initially to a maximum before declining, with droplet size and impact velocity positively correlating with spreading. Additionally, increases in substrate temperature, droplet size, and impact velocity are found to enhance evaporation, thereby significantly reducing the penetration depth—except in cases with varying porosity. On heated porous surfaces, the capillary pinning effect is weakened, leading to earlier evaporation at the droplet rim and a shorter wetting line. Notably, a polynomial relationship between evaporation mass and time proves to be more suitable for ethanol droplets and cases with higher substrate temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110394"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative investigation of numerical methods for incorporating real climate data into thermal quadrupole models for building wall applications: fitting techniques, and Laplace inversion algorithms","authors":"Mostafa Mortada ,&nbsp;Vincent Feuillet ,&nbsp;Laurent Ibos ,&nbsp;Kamel Zibouche ,&nbsp;Julien Waeytens","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal quadrupole method provides the advantage of expressing the partial differential formulation of the heat equation as a linear system in transformed time (Laplace transform) and space (integral transforms) domains. It allows faster computations compared to standard techniques such as Finite Element Methods. The following work concerns the incorporation of climate data recordings of hourly external temperature and solar heat flux in the thermal quadrupole method for solving the heat equation through a multilayered building wall. Two methods are proposed for the purpose of applying Laplace transforms to the discrete sets of climate data: a global Fourier series fit, accounting for severe fluctuations and peaks with the number of harmonics depending on dataset size; and a discrete Laplace transform methodology applied to a global series of linearly computed sub-series over defined intervals. Two models are investigated, a 1D heat transfer problem in Cartesian coordinates and a 2D axisymmetric representation in cylindrical coordinates, the latter dictating Hankel transforms for the space domain. After solving in the transformed domains, the challenge lies in accurately retrieving time-domain results. Three Laplace inversion algorithms—Stehfest, De Hoog, and Den Iseger—are investigated for their numerical stability, accuracy, and efficiency. A parametric analysis related to parameters of the data fitting and Laplace inversion methods is carried out. Results of different combinations of the fitting method/inversion algorithm (or a coupling of algorithms) are provided and compared with a finite element resolution of the thermal problems (FreeFEM++ and COMSOL) with an emphasis on computational time enhancements. The main objective of this work is to develop a numerically efficient direct model suitable for future application in inverse methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110362"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interferometric investigation of nanofluid natural convection heat transfer: Addressing existing inconsistencies","authors":"Soheil Sahamifar,&nbsp;David Naylor,&nbsp;Jacob Friedman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite extensive research on nanofluids, their widespread adoption remains limited due to conflicting findings, with optical studies reporting up to 75 % enhancement and heat balance methods showing less enhancement or even some reduction. This study employs Mach-Zehnder Interferometry (MZI) to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of Al₂O₃–water nanofluids in an inclined rectangular cavity heated from below, with an aspect ratio of 1.5 and an inclination angle of 9.3°. The experiments were conducted under natural convection at Rayleigh numbers of 9.7 <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> 10⁵ and 1.8 <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> 10⁶, within the steady laminar flow regime. Leveraging the ability of MZI to simultaneously visualize and quantify temperature and concentration fields, the study aims to address possible reasons behind the inconsistencies reported in the literature. Three concentrations of Al₂O₃–water nanofluids provided by different preparation methods are examined: 0.05, 0.16, and 0.23 wt%. Their stability and thermal conductivity, both essential for accurate heat transfer measurements using MZI, are evaluated prior to the natural convection experiments. The optical path length of the experimental model is chosen to be short enough to ensure distinguishable fringes near the target surface, minimize the effects of surface refraction, reduce temperature measurement errors, and mitigate the impact of nanofluid instability. With the improvements made in this study, the results show that within the measurement uncertainty, the local Nusselt number distributions and average heat transfer rates for dilute Al₂O₃–water nanofluids with concentrations below 0.23 wt% (0.06 vol %) are the same as those of deionized water, regardless of the preparation method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110393"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of hydrophobicity of ZnO tetrapods coating on vapour film formation and friction reduction: A study using complex approach","authors":"Lina Vorotinskienė ,&nbsp;Ainė Antanavičė ,&nbsp;Raminta Skvorčinskienė ,&nbsp;Simas Račkauskas ,&nbsp;Marius Urbonavičius ,&nbsp;Rita Kriūkienė ,&nbsp;Monika Maziukienė","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water transport has an important role in economic and social development. International shipping is the most effective and cheapest transport device for bulk goods and cargo, and it carries more than 80% of world shipments. Since it is almost impossible to use electric engines using renewable energy sources in the long-distance marine transport sector, combustion engines are widely used in this field, which requires large amounts of fossil fuels. To reduce harmful pollutants released into the environment and decrease fossil fuel consumption, it is essential to lower hydrodynamic resistance. Hydrophobic coatings and the Leidenfrost effect are the main tools that could reduce friction in various industrial application. This study investigates a passive friction reduction measure using a super-hydrophobic zinc oxide (ZnO₊_PDMS) coating, where polydimethylsiloxane polymer is embedded in the composition. Additionally, a combined approach integrating this coating with the Leidenfrost effect (active measure) was examined to evaluate its impact on vapour film formation, lifetime, and hydrodynamic resistance. Experiments demonstrated that ZnO₊_PDMS-coated aluminium samples exhibited an effective Leidenfrost effect, with vapour films persisting for 14 s at 300 °C, compared to only 0.5 s for uncoated aluminium. In friction reduction tests, the ZnO₊_PDMS coating increased falling velocity by 10.5%, while the Leidenfrost effect alone improved it by 18.5 %. The combined approach yielded a 13% increase in velocity, demonstrating the potential of integrating passive and active methods for enhanced efficiency in marine transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110372"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic modeling and experimental study to predict the thermal-reactive flow characteristics of infrared decoy flares under sub-atmospheric pressure","authors":"Kangkang Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Lu ,&nbsp;Yuge Han ,&nbsp;Dengfeng Ren ,&nbsp;Chenguang Zhu ,&nbsp;Dong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infrared decoy flares are regarded as an optimal cost-effective countermeasure for aircraft protection in the aerospace and military fields. The coupling effects of sub-atmospheric pressure and complex airflow under high-altitude flight conditions substantially modulate the energy release characteristics of the pyrotechnic payload. The unsteady thermal-reactive flow characteristics of Mg/Teflon/Viton (MTV) pyrotechnics under negative-pressure environments are examined in this study through an integrated experimental and numerical approach. Sub-atmospheric pressure conditions representative of various cruise altitudes are replicated employing a vacuum combustion chamber. The thermal radiation processes of the pyrotechnic compositions under varying pressures are synchronously captured by high-speed camera and high-frequency infrared thermography, while quantitative temperature profiles are acquired via an infrared thermometer. A three-dimensional transient flow-reaction coupling solution model, simulating dynamic flight conditions, is established. Afterburning effects are computed based on a modified reaction mechanism comprising 17 species and 18-step elementary reactions. Notably, high fidelity of the numerical model is demonstrated through multi-index validation against experimental data. The results indicate that the combustion duration, infrared radiance, and flame temperature exhibit significant pressure dependency. Within the negative-pressure conditions, the reaction rate-controlling process is dominated by chemical kinetics, while the inhibitory effect exerted by the negative-pressure environment on the oxidation reaction of Mg is markedly more pronounced than that observed for the fluorination reaction. This research provides deeper insight into the dynamic combustion processes of aerospace pyrotechnics and offers crucial support for advancing the evaluation techniques concerning infrared decoy flares interference efficacy in practical countermeasure scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110399"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance optimization of fuel assembly based on two-way helical editing method","authors":"Xinli Yin,&nbsp;Guangliang Chen,&nbsp;Hao Qian,&nbsp;Hongwei Jiang,&nbsp;Jinchao Li,&nbsp;Senyong Zhang,&nbsp;Yuanchao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional One-Way Helical (OWH) arrangements in Helical Cruciform Fuel (HCF) assemblies inherently restrict cross-flow, limiting lateral heat transfer and increasing local overheating risks. This study proposes a novel Two-Way Helical (TWH) design to overcome this critical limitation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of a 5 × 5 HCF assembly demonstrates that the TWH arrangement can effectively generate specific large-scale cross-flow through its design, dramatically increasing lateral mass flow rate by a factor of 39 compared to OWH and reducing peak fuel surface temperature to 88.6 % of the OWH value under identical conditions. Critically, at half the mass flow rate (a postulated Loss-of-Flow Accident (LOFA) scenario), TWH further lowers the peak temperature to just 80.5 % of that in OWH. This breakthrough in flow field control achieves substantial thermal-hydraulic optimization. The TWH design provides a novel approach for actively tailoring internal cross-flow to enhance heat transfer and mitigate hotspots as needed, offering significant potential to improve safety margins and economic competitiveness concurrently in HCF-based nuclear reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110386"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid calculation models for flow and heat transfer in tube bundle structures toward digital twin applications","authors":"Lanqing Qiao ,&nbsp;Jianyu Tan ,&nbsp;Qingzhi Lai ,&nbsp;Guangsheng Wu ,&nbsp;Yujie Bai ,&nbsp;Yinmo Xie ,&nbsp;Fangzhou Wang ,&nbsp;Junming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In nuclear thermal systems, digital twin technology enhances intelligent monitoring and optimization by enabling real-time interaction with digital models. However, existing models are limited by scarce monitoring data and the computational burden of mechanistic simulations, restricting real-time applicability. Therefore, developing rapid calculation models has become a key focus. In this study, a tube bundle heat exchanger was investigated. An experimental rig was built to obtain flow and heat transfer data in air-cooled tube bundle channels, and a validated simulation model was established. Four rapid calculation models were then developed: two interpolation-based (bilinear interpolation, BI, and quadratic Lagrange interpolation) and two combining reduced-order modeling with machine learning (POD-SVR and POD-MLP). The effect of training sample size on accuracy and efficiency was evaluated, and the stability and uncertainty quantification of the models were compared. Results show that accuracy improves with increasing training samples, reaching the best performance with 36 conditions. Among the models, the BI-based model performed best, achieving R² = 0.999, RMSE = 0.276 °C, a prediction interval mean of 1.043 °C, and a computation time of 3.21 s. These findings indicate that the bilinear interpolation method, owing to its simplicity and low cost, can serve as a preferred approach for rapid calculation models in digital twin applications of flow and heat transfer. Furthermore, the BI-based model has been preliminarily applied in our digital twin system, enabling real-time interaction between the physical entity and virtual model. This work provides a foundation for future studies on more complex equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110388"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and heat transfer performance study of aluminum-based grooved composite porous enhanced boiling structure","authors":"Yingxi Xie,&nbsp;Hangyang Zhang,&nbsp;Shu Yang,&nbsp;Yilin Zhong,&nbsp;Boyu Tao,&nbsp;Xiaohua Wu,&nbsp;Shitong Chai,&nbsp;Longsheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As high-power electronic devices trend toward higher power, miniaturization, and integration, aluminum-based phase-change heat transfer has garnered significant attention for enabling efficient and lightweight thermal management. However, existing aluminum-based porous boiling heat transfer enhancement structures still face challenges such as inefficient gas-liquid separation during boiling, difficult bubble escape, and consequently poor heat transfer performance. To address these issues, this study proposes an aluminum-based groove composite porous enhanced boiling structure (A-GCPS) with gas-liquid separation channels. The macroscale groove structure facilitates gas-liquid separation and enhances convective disturbances, promoting bubble escape, while the microporous structure provides additional boiling nucleation sites and improves capillary performance. The enhanced capillary performance ensures timely liquid replenishment to the heating surface, significantly improving boiling stability and heat transfer performance. A saturated pool boiling heat transfer test platform was designed and built. Experimental results show that the critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of A-GCPS reach 150.50 W/cm² and 38.31 kW/(m²·K), respectively, representing increases of 165.88 % and 69.14 % compared to a flat aluminum plate and a 70.1 % CHF improvement over traditional sintered aluminum powder structures (A-EBS_C), outperforming most aluminum-based enhanced boiling structures in related studies. Visualization of bubble dynamics reveals that the CHF enhancement and delayed boiling crisis in A-GCPS primarily result from continuous bubble detachment in the gas channels and sustained liquid supply in the liquid channels of the groove structure. This aluminum-based enhanced boiling structure with gas-liquid separation channels offers an effective thermal management strategy for lightweight, high-power electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110385"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}