International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Numerical investigation and optimization of an asymmetric elliptical-cylindrical pin fin heat sink","authors":"S. Gijoy ,&nbsp;M.A. Gayathri ,&nbsp;S. Rejin ,&nbsp;K.E. Reby Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 3D numerical simulation was performed to analyse the heat transfer characteristics of an asymmetric elliptical-cylindrical pin fin heat sink (AECPFHS) in a turbulent flow scenario and to determine the optimum asymmetric elliptical-cylindrical pin fin (AECPF) structure. The investigation is performed in three stages. The numerical procedure and the software tool used in the current research are first validated with another work in which the performance enhancement of a heat sink with staggered cylindrical pin fins (CPFs) was studied. A cylindrical pin fin heat sink (CPFHS) with staggered fins was considered as the reference case. In the next stage, the heat sink with staggered solid-AECPFs (SAECPFs) was simulated, and its performance was compared with the reference case. The highest fin effectiveness obtained was 1.43 for the fin radius (r) to channel height (H) ratio (r/H) = 0.9. This structure was chosen as the base case, and in the third stage, its performance is improved by adding perforation on AECPFs. The influence of nine distinct perforation patterns of three different hole size were selected, and their thermal performance was analysed in detail. The highest fin effectiveness noted for the fins with 8 holes of 3 mm diameter is 2.25 at Re 3111. Furthermore, with the proposed perforated-AECPFHS (PAECPFHS) structure, in comparison to the reference case, the volume of the fins was lowered by as much as 60 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the physical properties and chemical reactions of hydrocarbon fuel on the interaction between discrete film jets and the mainstream","authors":"Dingyuan Wei,&nbsp;Silong Zhang,&nbsp;Jingying Zuo,&nbsp;Jianfei Wei,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Wen Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of gaseous hydrocarbon fuel in discrete film cooling has been shown to be an efficient approach for meeting the internal thermal protection needs of scramjet engines. The film cooling process using large molecular hydrocarbon fuels differs from conventional inert cooling gases, as their physical properties and chemical reactions significantly influence the interaction between the film outflow and the main flow, thereby affecting overall film cooling effectiveness. The study aims to conduct numerical investigations to explore the influence of coolant physical parameters, chemical characteristics, and the structural configuration of discrete holes on the cooling efficiency of cylindrical discrete film cooling systems. The results show that the cooling efficiency of the inert hydrocarbon fuel discrete film surpasses that of the air discrete film under identical blowing ratio conditions, and the chemical reactions of the hydrocarbon fuel can further increase the spreading cooling range of the discrete film. The trend of secondary flow intensity within the discrete hole is correlated with the hole length-to-diameter ratio, and the air medium and hydrocarbon fuel have different sensitivities to changes in this ratio, which are affected by viscous dissipation effects. Furthermore, the chemical reactions of the hydrocarbon fuel enhance the lateral cooling range of the discrete film. The chemical reactions weaken the intensity of kidney-shaped vortex pairs within the jet, which is reflected in the spreading direction moving toward the outside of the mixing layer, promoting the expansion of the coverage range of the discrete film. Moreover, increasing the <em>L/D</em> ratio from <em>L/D</em> = 2 to <em>L/D</em> = 5 results in a 10 % expansion of the lateral cooling range of the hydrocarbon fuel discrete film. The length-to-diameter ratio of the discrete film hole influences the external flow characteristics of film cooling by altering the internal turbulence, thereby impacting the overall cooling performance of the discrete film.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109528"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of pool boiling on Ti-Cu composite coated surfaces prepared using Electric Discharge Coating","authors":"Amatya Bharadwaj,&nbsp;Rahul Dev Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boiling heat transfer has become a very potent two-phase heat transfer mechanism for cooling high heat-producing devices such as microelectronic devices, fusion reactors or turbine blades. Increasing research has shown that micro/nano-structures on surfaces increase the number of nucleation sites for bubble formation, which ultimately results in a major improvement in boiling performance. This led to studies on developing various coated surfaces in order to generate micro/nano-structures on surfaces. In the current study, microstructured boiling surfaces were prepared using the Electric Discharge Coating (EDC) process. Titanium-copper (Ti-Cu) composite microparticles were coated on copper surface under reverse polarity in the Electric Discharge Machine. Four surfaces were prepared by using current settings of 3 A, 4 A, 5 A and 6 A. It was followed by characterisation of the surfaces which included, wettability analysis, porosity, pore size estimation, mean roughness measurement and elemental analysis, in order to better understand the boiling results on the surfaces. The surfaces formed were hydrophilic in nature, with contact angles varying from 47° to 65°. Pool boiling were performed with the developed surfaces and critical heat flux (CHF) and nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient (NBHTC) improvement of 37.17 % and 172 % respectively were observed with the best performing surface compared to the bare surface. The best performing surface was also compared with relevant published literature to determine its standing against the present state of the art.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109529"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A combined uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of melting in a cubical cavity, Part B: Combined analysis","authors":"Moritz Faden ,&nbsp;Andreas König-Haagen ,&nbsp;Dieter Brüggemann","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Latent heat thermal energy storage systems are an attractive way to store thermal energy nearly isothermally. Nowadays, numerical methods are increasingly employed for their design. However, the results obtained with these methods are accompanied by a high degree of uncertainty, which results in leeway in the validation of the models. This leeway leads to seemingly perfectly validated numerical models, although they often contain strong simplifications and the input parameters have large uncertainties. To shed more light on this contradiction, we perform a combined uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a classical validation problem — a paraffin melting from one side in a cuboid. The input parameters of the combined uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are the thermophysical properties of the phase change material (PCM) and the boundary and initial conditions of the experiment. We show that the uncertainty of the liquid fraction after <span><math><mrow><mtext>2</mtext><mspace></mspace><mtext>h</mtext></mrow></math></span> is around <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mtext>7</mtext><mspace></mspace><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span> if the thermophysical properties are implemented correctly. This is significantly lower than what would be expected considering the large variation of thermophysical property values found in the literature. The thermal conductivity of the solid, the melting point, and the solid density are the input parameters with the greatest influence on the global liquid fraction. Therefore, these parameters should be measured with higher accuracy to further improve the accuracy of the simulation. In addition to the liquid fraction, the heat flux flowing through the hot and cold sides of the simulation domain and the maximum velocity in the fluid phase are also considered targets of the combined uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Here we see that the heat flux of the cold side is the target variable with the greatest uncertainty. Interestingly, for one time instance, the same liquid fraction and an almost identical phase front can be achieved with very different input variables, highlighting the importance of using several target variables for the validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109506"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing turbulent heat transfer and flow characteristics in ribbed channels with periodic slits: A comparative study of transverse, inclined, and V-shaped configurations","authors":"Dehai Kong ,&nbsp;Shuo Ren ,&nbsp;Sergey Isaev ,&nbsp;Cunliang Liu ,&nbsp;Song Liu ,&nbsp;Xiying Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we experimentally investigate the turbulent heat transfer characteristics of rectangular channels equipped with miniature transverse, inclined, and V-shaped ribs, each incorporating various types of periodical slits. These slits, located between the lower wall of the rib and the bottom wall of the channel, create different slit channels (confusor, diffusor, and constant cross-section). The rib blockage ratio and the pitch to rib height ratio were kept at 0.032 and 10, respectively. To measure the local heat transfer characteristics on the bottom ribbed wall at Reynolds numbers varying from 40,000 to 120,000, the transient thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) method was employed. In addition, the <em>k-ω</em> SST turbulence model was used to simulate the spatial turbulent flow behaviours in rectangular channels with slit ribs to reveal the heat transfer mechanism. The results indicate that the configuration of miniature ribs, along with the type and position of slits, significantly affects the heat transfer and friction loss of the rectangular channel. Opening periodical slits on the ribs reduces the pressure drop of the ribbed channel while exerting various influences on heat transfer performance due to complex vortex structures induced by the ribs and slits, which affect the secondary flow intensity. The highest average augmentation Nusselt number and thermal-hydraulic performance (THP) were observed in channels with V-shaped solid ribs, achieving values up to 2.5 and 1.7 at Re = 40,000. Lastly, we established experimental correlations for the overall averaged Nusselt number and friction characteristics specific to the slit ribbed channels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109531"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A double serpentine channel liquid cooling plate for hotspot targeted cooling of lithium-ion batteries in a battery module","authors":"Dasari Yogeshwar ,&nbsp;Ramjee Repaka ,&nbsp;Navaneeth K. Marath","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study presents the development and performance analysis of a novel double serpentine channel cooling plate aimed at enhancing heat dissipation from hotspot-targeted cylindrical lithium-ion batteries within a battery module. Specifically, the research focuses on the comparative evaluation of the cooling performance between the double serpentine and single serpentine channel designs. Key parameters such as battery discharge rate, coolant flow velocity, and aluminum nanoparticle concentration are analyzed to evaluate their impact on battery thermal management. Finite element simulations are conducted to model thermal energy generation, fluid flow dynamics, and heat transfer behavior within the battery module. The results demonstrate that the single serpentine channel cooling plate (SSC-CP) reduces the maximum battery module temperature by 4.04 K and 11.01 K at 1C and 2C discharge rates, respectively, compared to natural cooling. Further enhancement in heat dissipation is observed with the incorporation of nanoparticles in the cooling fluid and an increase in coolant flow velocity. Additionally, the double serpentine channel cooling plate (DSC-CP) offers further improvement in thermal management by targeting hotspots within the battery module. Specifically, the DSC-CP reduces the maximum battery module temperature compared to the SSC-CP from 304.78 K to 303.70 K at 1C and from 304.89 K to 303.09 K at 2C. Furthermore, the DSC-CP reduce ΔT, the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature of the battery module, from 5.73 K to 4.69 K at 1C and from 6.97 K to 4.65 K at 2C, thereby improving temperature uniformity and reducing thermal gradients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109521"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-flow modeling of geometry evolution considering the velocity flow fields during pulsed-laser processing","authors":"Brijesh Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Sajan Kapil,&nbsp;Shrikrishna N. Joshi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper evaluates the effectiveness of laser beam micromachining (LBMM) by analyzing the characteristics of the molten metal flow field during the development of micro-features on metallic surfaces. It establishes a foundation for understanding defects such as recast layer thickness, microcracks, and bulges arising from this flow and offers insights on controlling these issues. Effectively managing and optimizing these factors can help reduce the time and costs associated with the process. A transient coupled thermo-flow numerical model has been developed to study the hydrodynamic performance of bio-materials like titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), which is widely used in biomedical and aerospace industries. The model considers the effect of the driving forces, viz., viscous force, thermocapillary force, and recoil pressure, which plays an essential role in geometry evolution. The mechanism of geometry evolution and molten metal flow behavior is analyzed as the pulse number increases, and the effect of pulse energy on geometry evolution is also predicted. The developed model predicted a depth of around 35─40 μm at the end of the 10th pulse. The results obtained from the developed model were compared with the published results, which verified the model's validity. Overall, the developed thermo-flow model and results obtained provided insights into the molten pool formation and geometry evolution during laser processing of Ti-6Al-4V.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based assessment of thermal comfort for the elderly in warm environments: Combining the XGBoost algorithm and human body exergy analysis","authors":"Mengyuan He ,&nbsp;Hong Liu ,&nbsp;Shan Zhou ,&nbsp;Yan Yao ,&nbsp;Risto Kosonen ,&nbsp;Yuxin Wu ,&nbsp;Baizhan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many elderly people rarely own or use air conditioners because of low income and economising habits, causing them to live in warm thermal environments when heat waves and hot weather occur. Living in warm conditions worsens thermal discomfort and poses health risks this group. To investigate the thermal comfort and adaptation of the elderly, a total of 38 participants were recruited for two parts of experiments in a climate chamber: Part A collected thermal sensation vote (TSV) and physiological parameters for 30 min at 28, 30, and 32 °C, and Part B presented a 20-min cooling with fans (air velocities of 0.6 and 1.4 m/s) at the same temperature. Furthermore, we constructed a thermal comfort model for the elderly based on human body exergy analysis and the GBDT, AdaBoost, and XGBoost machine-learning algorithms. The results showed that the predicted mean vote considerably overestimated the actual TSV. The TSV and mean skin temperature were decreased by 0.1–0.5 scores and 0.4–0.5 °C by the behavioural adaptation of fan cooling. The predictive results showed that the XGBoost model performed better, with R² score, mean absolute error (MAE), and mean squared error (MSE) of 81 %, 0.10, and 0.01. Exergy transfer from evaporation (<em>E</em>_{<em>x-Esk</em>}), mean skin temperature (<em>mt</em>_<em>sk</em>), air velocity (<em>v</em>_<em>a</em>), and convective exergy transfer (<em>E</em>_<em>x-C</em>) contributed more to the feature importance in the SHAP value analysis. The current study has implications for investigating physiological comfort and age-friendly environmental designs for the elderly, providing new perspectives for thermal comfort evaluations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109519"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flux jumps and mechanical effects in high-temperature superconductors with multi-field coupling model","authors":"Lan Wang ,&nbsp;Haowei Wu ,&nbsp;Huadong Yong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical deformation during the magnetization process of high-temperature superconductors can lead to the deterioration in their critical current. A multi-field coupling model involving four physical fields is established to investigate the role of mechanical strain in the flux jump of the superconducting bulk. The electrical, magnetic, thermal, and mechanical coupling behavior is presented and analyzed under different applied fields. The simulation results of the coupled model are compared with experimental data, which showing an agreement. The numerical results indicate that in the superconductors, mechanical deformation significantly affects the electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties owing to a reduction in the critical current density under mechanical strain. The moment and location of magnetic flux jump will change as the mechanical strain is considered. Interestingly, the occurrence of magnetic flux jumps during field-cooling magnetization leads to a decrease in stress in bulk superconductor, suggesting that the fracture may not be caused by flux jumps, which is contrary to common understanding. Moreover, the temperature changes uniformly at different locations within the superconducting bulk. In the extended study, the thermo-magnetic and mechanical properties of the bulk material under ZFCM are presented using the coupled model. The effect of mechanics on the flux jump differs between FCM and ZFCM, which is attributed to the nonlinear changes in the electric field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the effects of drafting formations on athletes' heat dynamics and performance via coupled CFD and thermoregulation model","authors":"Peng Ke ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Hong ,&nbsp;Qi Hu ,&nbsp;Bo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research indicates that drafting enhance performance across various sports. Current studies concentrate on drafting impact on reducing drag, with limited research on thermoregulation and sweating. This article explores how drafting formations affect the athlete's microenvironment using CFD and thermoregulation model. This study investigates how drafting influences heat production, dissipation, and sweating while maintaining consistent core and skin temperature, considering the impact of drag reduction on mechanical work. The average <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> during race walking alone is the highest at 37.34, followed by double formations 1, 2, and 3, which are 36.34, 36, and 34.74 respectively. This represents a decrease of 2.7 %, 3.6 %, and 7 %. These reductions can be attributed to the lower Reynolds number and turbulent diffusion coefficient observed in the mainstream. Compared to race walking alone, in double formations with varying distances, core athlete experienced increased sweating heat dissipation by 0.23 %, 0.24 %, 0.28 %, and skin blood flow by 0.31 %, 0.39 %, 0.65 %. Additionally, the pelvis is identified as the most impacted area. However, reduced drag leads to less metabolic heat production, resulting in decreased sweating and skin blood flow. Compared to race walking alone, the sweating heat dissipation is reduced by 3.44 %, 4.71 %, and 6.72 % in double formations at varying distances, while skin blood flow is reduced by 3.16 %, 4.38 %, and 6.39 %. These changes positively impact performance. Additionally, the drag reduction rate is inversely correlated with the percentage difference in skin blood flow and sweating heat dissipation, with negative correlation coefficients of 0.116 and 0.119, respectively. Therefore, this article emphasizes how drafting reduces sweating and skin blood flow, highlights the importance of thermoregulation, and offers valuable guidance for training and hydration strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 109510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}