International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Pool boiling investigation on copper foam with heterogeneous wetting vapor channels","authors":"Xiao Yuan ,&nbsp;Yanping Du ,&nbsp;Jing Su ,&nbsp;Yu Lin ,&nbsp;Jinwen Shi ,&nbsp;Chao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a pool boiling experimental investigation of copper foam microchannels with engineered heterogeneous wettability conducted under atmospheric conditions. Copper foam microchannels with spatially varied wetting properties were fabricated using immersion and welding methods. Two specific configurations were developed: one featuring super hydrophilic channel walls with a super hydrophobic bottom surface (SHPiW–SHPoB), and the other comprising superhydrophobic walls combined with a super hydrophilic bottom surface (SHPoW–SHPiB). By experiments, the effects of wettability heterogeneity on boiling heat transfer performance were systematically evaluated. It is found that the SHPiW–SHPoB configuration demonstrates a superior critical heat flux (CHF) of 108.2 W/cm², compared to 96.7 W/cm² for the SHPoW–SHPiB. Further experimental results show that the SHPiW–SHPoB configuration offers significantly improved pool boiling characteristics, indicating the potential of the wettability patterning for advanced thermal management of energy systems. The experiments suggest that the enhanced boiling performance of the SHPiW–SHPoB is attributed to the efficient separation of vapor and liquid flow paths enabled by the heterogeneous wetting design, which promotes bubble nucleation at low heat fluxes and suppresses bubble coalescence at high heat fluxes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical solution of 3-D temperature field for the tunnels in seasonal cold regions using boundary separation method","authors":"Yu Zhao ,&nbsp;Zedong Yang ,&nbsp;Chaolin Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Bi ,&nbsp;Yongfa Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Feng ,&nbsp;Sheng Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidents where the stability of surrounding rock is affected due to the imperfection of insulation layers in tunnels in cold regions occur frequently. The majority of the reasons might be that the distribution characteristics of the freezing radius of the surrounding rock were not accurately captured. Therefore, based on superposition principle and boundary separation methods, an analytical solution of the 3-D temperature field considering the influences of the axial heat transfer and temperature gradient for the tunnel surrounding rock was put forward in this paper. The correctness of the analytical solution was verified by the numerical results of finite element. Meanwhile, the following results were revealed. (1) The action of the axial heat transfer imposed by the annual average temperature cannot be ignored when calculating the freezing radius of the surrounding rock, especially in areas near tunnel entrance or exit. (2) The relationship of the freezing radius to <em>z</em>∗ is a nonlinear relation composed of multiple negative power exponential functions. (3) The results of variance analysis show that among all factors, the exposure time (<em>t</em>∗) has the greatest influence on the temperature at a depth of 7 m and a radius of 5 m for the tunnel surrounding rock. (4) The thermal conductivity coefficient (<em>k</em>), specific heat capacity (<em>c</em>), density (<em>ρ</em>) and annual average temperature (<em>T</em>₂) all show a high degree of influence, in which the influence degrees of the two factors <em>ρ</em> and <em>T</em>₂ on temperature are approximately the same. In addition, the temperature gradient (<em>G</em>_d) has a significant impact on the temperature of the surrounding rock and the maximum average growth rate of temperature in the surrounding rock is 54 times that when <em>G</em>_d is not considered. Research results are expected to provide opinions for the design of insulation layer for the tunnel surrounding rock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evaluation and development of correlation for heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in solar air heaters using gapped transverse wire ribs-An experimental study","authors":"Dilbag Singh Mondloe ,&nbsp;Harish Kumar Ghritlahre ,&nbsp;Gajendra Kumar Agrawal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the performance of solar air heaters featuring gapped transverse ribs as roughness elements, with the objective of evaluating their heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics. The research explores several operational and geometric parameters, including the Reynolds number (Re), which varies from 2000 to 16000, relative roughness pitch (P/e) ranging from 8 to 10, the number of gaps (Ng) varying from 1 to 4 (in four steps), and relative roughness length (Lg/e) shifting from 18.3 to 84 (in four increments). These parameters are essential to the performance of the 360 mm × 1300 mm test section of the roughened solar air heater. The results indicate that as the Reynolds number (Re) increases, the friction factor (f) exhibits a decreasing trend; however, the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) follows increasing trends. The introduction of gaps in the wire ribs initially enhances the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>), reaching a maximum value before declining with a further increase in Ng. The highest recorded Nusselt number of 108.63 was observed at Re = 16000, with P/e = 10, Ng = 2, and Lg/e = 43.3. Similarly, the maximum value of friction factor of 0.03588 achieved at P/e = 8, Ng = 2, Lg/e = 43.3 and Re = 2000. Furthermore, predictive correlations for <em>Nu</em> and f have been established, displaying average percentage mean deviations of 13.01 % for <em>Nu</em> and 8.82 % for f when juxtaposed with experimental values calculated through the proposed equations. A comprehensive comparison with previously published literature has also been undertaken to validate the findings, emphasizing their applicability and reliability within the domains of solar energy, space heating, and agricultural crop drying.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of the effect of using hybrid graphene and titanium oxide nanofluids in corrugated plate heat exchanger","authors":"Behnam Broumand,&nbsp;Abbas Kosari Neia,&nbsp;Ashkan Ghafouri,&nbsp;Nader Nabhani","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat exchangers play a critical role in various thermal systems, and enhancing their efficiency remains a major engineering challenge. Nanofluids have emerged as promising working fluids due to their superior thermal properties. This study experimentally investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of a corrugated plate heat exchanger using hybrid nanofluids composed of graphene and titanium oxide nanoparticles dispersed in water. The motivation lies in combining the high thermal conductivity of graphene with the stability of titanium oxide to enhance heat transfer without significantly compromising flow characteristics. Nanofluids were prepared at four volume concentrations: 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.25 %, and 0.5 %, and tested at flow rates ranging from 2 to 5 L per minute. Key parameters including heat transfer rate, Nusselt number, friction factor, pressure drop, and exergy loss were analyzed. The results confirmed that hybrid nanofluids notably enhanced heat transfer performance, especially at lower flow rates. At 2 L/min, the heat transfer rate increased by 18.4 % with 0.05 % nanoparticle concentration, whereas at 5 L/min, the improvement was around 5 %. The friction factor increased substantially with higher nanoparticle loading rising from 0.956 for water to 9.07 for 0.5 % nanofluid at a Peclet number of 4000—yet this effect diminished at higher flow rates. Furthermore, exergy loss was consistently reduced by using nanofluids, though the benefit decreased with increasing flow rate. Overall, the findings suggest that hybrid nanofluids can significantly improve the thermal performance of corrugated plate heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110125"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of carbon nanofibers on the heat transfer performance of piezoelectric fiber-reinforced PVDF multiscale composites: A hierarchical micromechanics analysis","authors":"Cyrus Raza Mirza ,&nbsp;Ali B.M. Ali ,&nbsp;Rawda A.I. Suliman ,&nbsp;Sultan Alshehery ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Mahariq ,&nbsp;Nidhal Ben Khedher","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A micromechanical method is developed in hierarchy to evaluate the influence of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the thermal conducting behaviors of PZT-5H piezoelectric fiber-reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites. First, a micromechanics model for the thermal conductivity of CNF/polymer composites is presented with variables of the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) among the CNF and polymer, content, anisotropic behavior, length, diameter, straightness factor and clustering phenomena of CNFs. Then, considering the PVDF/CNF material as the matrix phase and PZT-5H fibers as reinforcements, a unit cell-based micromechanical model is employed to predict the thermal conductivity of piezoelectric fiber/CNF/polymer multiscale composites. Comparisons show an excellent agreement between the present predictions, experimental measurements and other numerical/analytical results. It is found that axial and transverse thermal conductivities of piezoelectric multiscale composites are improved by a small percentage of CNFs. A multiscale composite containing 50 vol% PZT-5H and 1.5 vol% CNFs shows axial and transverse thermal conductivities up to 0.225 W/m K and 0.209 W/m K, respectively, corresponding to 38.9 % and 30 % improvements as compared to the PZT-5H/PVDF composite. The non-straightness shape and clustering of CNFs, and the ITR lead to a reduction in thermal conductivities. Nanofibers with the higher length and lower diameter show a more enhancement on the heat transfer performance of PZT-5H/PVDF/CNF composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110155"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of effusion hole configuration on liner wall cooling effectiveness and combustion performance in a can-type combustor model","authors":"Sajan Tamang ,&nbsp;Heesung Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effusion cooling is a widely adopted technique for managing high-temperature environments in aviation and various industrial applications. This method involves directing cooling air over component surfaces to protect critical engine parts from thermal damage, enhancing durability, improving efficiency, and reducing thermal emissions. This study used different configurations of effusion cooling holes on the liner wall of a can-type combustor model to evaluate their effects on cooling and combustion performances. Numerical simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent 2024 R1, with the turbulence and combustion of methane fuel modeled using the Reynolds Stress Model and the steady flamelet approach of the nonpremixed combustion model. The simulation results revealed that effusion holes oriented at a tangent angle of 0° significantly enhanced liner wall cooling effectiveness by approximately 340.28 %. This configuration obstructed 77.71 % of the absorbed radiative heat flux, which led to a 47.81 % reduction in wall temperature. This improvement was attributed to the diminished strength of the dilution hole jets, which resulted in incomplete combustion, as evidenced by the mixture distribution and OH mole fraction profiles. Consequently, direct quenching effects were observed on the flame front in the secondary and dilution regions, resulting in an approximately 5.56 % reduction in combustion efficiency. Moreover, the lowest pattern factor value was obtained when designing the liner wall with effusion holes at a tangent angle of ±30°, compared to other effusion hole configurations. Similarly, injecting cooling air into the combusted flame through an effusion hole at a tangent angle of 0° resulted in a reduction of approximately 20.23 % in the thermal NOx emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110150"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and experimental study on heat transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sinks with transverse discontinuities","authors":"Hui Zhu,&nbsp;Yuan-yi Ding,&nbsp;Qi Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically evaluates the thermal enhancement effects induced by transverse discontinuities in rectangular microchannel heat sinks. A microchannel design incorporating uniform discontinuities is proposed to enhance heat transfer efficiency. Numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the introduced discontinuities generate secondary flow vortices, which disrupt and reorganize the boundary layer of the main flow. This phenomenon significantly enhances fluid mixing and local thermal dissipation efficiency, leading to improved heat dissipation and reduced wall temperatures. A dimensionless parameter, the fluid regeneration length-to-discontinuity width ratio (<em>β</em>), is introduced to guide structural optimization. Performance evaluation criteria (<em>PEC</em>) analysis reveals that the optimal configuration occurs with seven discontinuities and <em>β</em> = 7.624, achieving a maximum Nusselt number enhancement of 98.97 %. Compared to conventional continuous microchannels, the proposed design improves overall thermal performance by 54.96 % while effectively balancing heat transfer augmentation and flow resistance penalties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110152"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bubble behavior and heat transfer mechanisms of deposited nanoparticles in pool-boiling process","authors":"Huazhu Chen,&nbsp;Yuling Zhai,&nbsp;Yiran Bai,&nbsp;Haifeng Chen,&nbsp;Zhouhang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deposited nanoparticles critically influence solid-liquid interactions and bubble growth in pool-boiling heat transfer, but the underlying mechanism of heat transfer induced by the combined wettability of the deposited nanoparticles and substrate remains unclear. Here, the effects of the size (12–192 nm³) and wettability (neutral and hydrophilic) of Cu nanoparticles deposited on wettable (hydrophobic, neutral, and hydrophilic) Cu substrates were investigated from a nanoscale perspective via molecular dynamic simulations. The results indicate a small size (12–108 nm³) initiates bilateral nucleation on nanoparticles followed by upward coalescence, resulting in detachable vapor films. However, neutral nanoparticle–substrates with a nanoparticle size of 192 nm³ are characterized by bubbles nucleating simultaneously on the sides and top, detaching after bidirectional coalescence; this reduces the vapor film formation time by 50 % and the bubble nucleation volume growth rate by 89.2 %. Finally, hydrophilic nanoparticle–substrates exhibit top-dominated nucleation and coalescence pathways, preventing vapor film formation. Regardless of the substrate, for hydrophilic nanoparticles, bubble nucleation consistently initiates on the nanoparticle sides and proceeds upward. Additionally, enhanced nanoparticle–substrate wettability decreases the interfacial thermal resistance by 87.9 %, while larger nanoparticles reduce it by 75.1 %. Hydrophilic nanoparticle–substrates strengthen facilitate the formation of a solid-like liquid layer. Reducing the interfacial thermal resistance promotes liquid Ar atoms to absorb more energy, resulting in enhanced heat transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considering the double-layer topology of the cooling water diffusion expand in the domain and the performance analysis","authors":"Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Wang ,&nbsp;Shousheng Hong ,&nbsp;Quanjie Gao ,&nbsp;Haonan Yang ,&nbsp;Rongqing Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In battery thermal management, the overall increase in temperature and local temperature variation of lithium batteries affect the safe use of batteries. In this study, a double-layer topology flow channel (DCP) cold plate is designed. The heat transfer rate and energy consumption were weighted as a multi-objective function, and the effects of the location of the internal condensate collection and diffusion ports as well as the number of outlets on the topology optimization were analyzed, with the location E and the number of quadruple outlets yielding the best symmetry and heat dissipation. On this basis, a new three-dimensional staggered-flow double-layer topological runner (DCP) cold plate model was developed and numerically simulated. The flow channel depth, inlet flow rate, and heat dissipation performance of different double-layer topology flow channel structures were investigated. The findings indicate that the optimal solution with the highest temperature and temperature difference can be obtained when the flow channel depth is 1 mm, the inlet flow volume per unit time is 3 g/s, and the discharge rate is 3C. As the Reynolds number rise, the DCP-E type shows extremely strong heat dissipation performance, and the maximum temperature was decreased by 3.5 °C. The thermal performance of rectangular channels (RCP), honeycomb channels (HCP) and single layer topology channels (STP) was compared at an equivalent volume fraction. The efficacy of heat dissipation of DCP-E is improved by 12.66 %, 16.77 %, and 3.58 % compared to RCP, HCP, and STP cold plates, respectively. The double-layer topology channel proposed in this paper provides new design ideas for battery thermal management research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110108"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-scale feature fusion with gradient-enhanced attention for accurate prediction of film cooling","authors":"Hongyu Gao,&nbsp;Yuying Liu,&nbsp;Yutian Wang,&nbsp;Yinuo Liu,&nbsp;Renjie Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of film cooling effectiveness is critical for optimizing gas turbine blade durability under extreme thermal conditions. This study proposes a novel deep learning framework integrating a gradient-enhanced attention mechanism with U-Net architecture to establish an end-to-end mapping from four key parameters (injection angle <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span>, lateral expansion angle <span><math><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span>, forward expansion angle <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span>, and blowing ratio <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></math></span>) to two-dimensional cooling effectiveness distributions. The UCGA model employs cross-scale feature fusion through adaptive pooling and a Sobel operator-based gradient attention module to enhance edge perception in flow field reconstruction. The model is based on 125 Computational Fluid Dynamics numerical simulations covering different geometrical parameter configurations. The validation demonstrates exceptional prediction accuracy (Coefficient of Determination (R²) &gt; 0.99, Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) &gt; 0.97). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis shows that <span><math><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></math></span> are the dominant parameters, with <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span> having a relatively small average effect on model predictions. This is consistent with the physical mechanisms controlling coolant coverage and momentum balance. This work provides valuable insights into the film cooling effectiveness distribution. Most importantly, the developed UCGA model is a very promising tool for fast, high-fidelity iterative optimization of the geometric parameters of the fan-shaped holes, with the aim of providing a reference for accelerating the design cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}