International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of lead-bismuth eutectic in circular tube under solidification condition","authors":"Lanfei Yuan ,&nbsp;Ziang Li ,&nbsp;Chenglong Wang ,&nbsp;Shiying Wei ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lead-bismuth eutectic possess a high melting point and have the potential to solidify in critical components of the reactor during fast reactor operation, thereby creating additional thermal resistance and affecting normal reactor operation. In order to study the effect of this phenomenon, an experimental study was carried out on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of LBE when solidification phenomena occur during flow. With solidification, the experimental results demonstrated that the overall <em>Nu</em> decreased by approximately 19.5 %–62.5 % in comparison with the <em>Nu</em> under normal operating conditions (<em>Pe</em>: 986–2767). Furthermore, the solidification phenomenon leads to a 132.84 %–1277.05 % of increase in <em>Eu</em>. The distribution and morphology of solidified LBE in the steady state demonstrate that different cooling conditions alter the thickness of solidified LBE and the solidification initiation position, and affect the surface roughness of solidified LBE. The findings demonstrate that the presence of solidified LBE layer hindered the heat transfer between LBE and the wall, and leading to an additional pressure drop. Furthermore, the flow of lead-bismuth eutectic is also affected by the differing surface morphology of solidified LBE layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110019"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the novel flat heat pipe-based battery thermal management system for cylindrical Li-ion batteries","authors":"Weifeng Li ,&nbsp;Yi Xie ,&nbsp;Yihao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuping Qian ,&nbsp;Dan Dan ,&nbsp;Yangjun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of power systems. The rapid advancement of transportation electrification and urban air mobility (UAM) has introduced high discharge rates and fast-charging scenarios, presenting significant challenges to conventional BTMSs. In this study, a novel flat heat pipe-based BTMS (FHP-BTMS) was developed for 21,700 cylindrical lithium-ion batteries. A dynamic electro-thermal model was established using thermal network modeling (TNM) and was experimentally validated with an error of 4.69 %. The effects of various FHP design parameters on thermal performance were analyzed, followed by a sensitivity analysis. Optimal ranges for the relative contact area and the evaporation-to-condensation length ratio were identified. Subsequently, the thermal performance of the FHP-BTMS under different operating conditions was evaluated. Under 2C discharge, the FHP with air cooling maintained the battery temperature at 46.94 °C, reducing the temperature rise by 2.99 °C and improving temperature uniformity by 73.73 %, compared to direct air cooling with the same thermal management power consumption. Under vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) conditions for flying cars, the FHP with air cooling could extended the mission profile to a VTOL altitude of 500 m and a range of 80 km.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109997"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmonic heating and optical response of Au nanorods and spheroids in the NIR window for photothermal applications","authors":"Kailash ,&nbsp;Abdelilah Akouibaa ,&nbsp;Rachid Marsour ,&nbsp;Ahmad Akouibaa ,&nbsp;Akanksha Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Parwaz Asif ,&nbsp;S.S. Verma ,&nbsp;Sylvain Vedraine ,&nbsp;Heryanto Heryanto","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the thermo-optical properties of Au nanorods (AuNRs) and prolate gold nanospheroids (AuSPs) by varying their aspect ratio (η) while maintaining a fixed particle diameter of 10 nm. The polarization angle (θ) was adjusted between 0° and 90°, and simulations were performed using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to analyze the electric potential distribution, dielectric permittivity, and absorption characteristics in an aqueous medium. Both nanostructures exhibit near-infrared (NIR) plasmonic resonance due to their longitudinal and transverse plasmon modes. Increasing η redshifts the plasmonic resonance from 670 to 1230 nm for AuNRs and from 600 to 1045 nm for AuSPs. Both gold nanoparticle (AuNP) nanostructures exhibit a fixed transverse mode peak in the visible spectrum due to constant particle diameter, while the longitudinal mode peak in the NIR region shifts with aspect ratio variations. The absorption cross-section analysis showed polarization-dependent shifts, with AuNRs experiencing a blueshift at 90° and AuSPs demonstrating lower absorption efficiency under the same conditions. The maximum internal temperature of AuNRs ranged from 0.66 °C to 8.13 °C for η variations and from 0.58 °C to 7.91 °C for θ variations. In comparison, for prolate AuSPs, the temperature ranged from 0.17 °C to 2.92 °C for η variations and from 0.23 °C to 3.26 °C for θ variations. Pulsed illumination generated significantly higher temperatures than CW, with nearly tenfold and fourfold increases for AuNRs and AuSPs, respectively. These findings demonstrate the thermoplasmonic potential of AuNR and AuSP nanostructures and highlight the complementary roles of CW and fs-pulsed heating in plasmonic applications, emphasizing their suitability for localized thermal energy conversion in biomedical and nanophotonic technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110021"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical and experimental study on the coupling effects between viscosity and viscous dissipation in microscale flow of polymer melts","authors":"Jiakun Zhang,&nbsp;Minjie Wang,&nbsp;Hongxia Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupling effects between viscosity and viscous dissipation during the polymer melt micro-molding process, influenced by microscale effects, notably impacted the melt's flow characteristics. The scarcity of theoretical exploration into these coupling effects have hindered the evolution of micro-molding. A mathematical model that coupled viscosity and viscous dissipation through temperature, a shared variable, was built using a novel microscale viscosity model. The study performed calculations and analyses on the variation of rheological parameters within microchannels of varying characteristic dimensions and validated the temperature changes of the melt along the flow direction through experimentation. Results showed that when the coupling effects were considered, the temperature rise of the melt along both the flow direction and the radial direction aligned more closely with experimentally measured values. The average temperature deviations along the flow direction and the radial direction both increase as the characteristic dimension decreased. When the characteristic dimension was 0.25 mm, the average temperature deviations along the flow direction and the radial direction were 45.19 % and 41.08 %, respectively. The influence of the coupling effect on viscosity and viscous dissipation also increased with decreasing characteristic dimension. When the characteristic dimension was 0.25 mm, the maximum deviations between considering and neglecting the coupling effects were 57.03 % and 49.61 %, respectively. These findings confirmed the necessity of considering the coupling effect in polymer melt micro-molding and validated the accuracy of the coupled mathematical model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of R513A as an environmentally friendly alternative to R134a in spray cooling for laser surgery: Heat transfer performance and optimization","authors":"Zhi-Zhong He ,&nbsp;Xiang-Wei Lin ,&nbsp;Chen-Xi Li ,&nbsp;Chen Kong ,&nbsp;Lin-Xin Shen ,&nbsp;Zhi-Fu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spray cooling plays a pivotal role in mitigating thermal injuries to the epidermis during laser surgery. However, the widespread use of R134a, a refrigerant with a high global warming potential (GWP) of 1300, poses significant environmental concerns. In this study, R513A, a more environmental-friendly cryogen with a GWP of 573, is used to investigate the feasibility of replacing R134a and the effects of spray height, spurt duration, nozzle orifice diameter, and spray pressure on R513A spray cooling through a self-built open-loop spray system. Experimental results demonstrate that R513A exhibits superior cooling performance, achieving a minimum surface temperature (<em>T</em>_min) 12 °C lower and a maximum heat flux (<em>q</em>_max) 27.5 % higher than R134a. Additionally, R513A offers a broader optimal spray height range (30–50 mm) in which <em>T</em>_min is 4 °C and 13 °C lower than those at 20 mm and 10 mm, respectively. <em>q</em>_max in this range is 10 % and 16 % higher than those at 20 mm and 10 mm, respectively. While extending the spurt duration consumes more cryogen and prolongs the liquid film lifetime, the differences in <em>T</em>_min and <em>q</em>_max are less than 4 °C and 10 kW/m². With the nozzle orifice increasing from 0.6 mm to 1.0 mm, <em>T</em>_min remains approximately −42 °C but <em>q</em>_max gradually increases by 6 kW/m². Macroscopic analysis reveals that higher spray pressure induces a more dispersive spray, though this does not significantly improve cooling efficiency. To advance the understanding of R513A spray cooling dynamics, a dimensionless correlation was developed to predict the dynamic heat transfer coefficient across diverse conditions. This study not only highlights the potential of R513A as a sustainable alternative but also provides critical insights into optimizing spray cooling parameters for enhanced thermal management in laser surgery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ion migration at the ice–water interface during the freezing process of salt solution – Numerical investigation","authors":"Hang Zhao ,&nbsp;Jingwei Wu ,&nbsp;Zhenyang Peng ,&nbsp;Zhe Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study applies phase-field theory, introducing the concept of solid–liquid dispersion into the freezing process of salt solutions. A mathematical model for the complex physical processes of heat and mass transfer at the ice–water phase transition interface was established and validated to address the issue of ion migration during the freezing process of salt solutions. The model considers the effects of salt crystallization and ion release in ice, elucidating the microinteractions among the phase field, temperature field, and concentration field. The results show that during the phase transition, the main region of heat exchange occurs at the ice-water phase transition interface, and the formation of a temperature diffusion layer and increased ion concentration will inhibit the growth of dendrites. The ions expelled from the ice–water interface accumulate at the tips and roots of the dendrites, leading to competitive growth among dendrites, which eventually develop into saline channels and brine pockets, resulting in ions being recaptured within the ice. Under identical simulation conditions, the migration patterns of different ions are consistent with those obtained from experimental studies, indicating that the constructed model can accurately depict the migration patterns of different ions under freezing conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110017"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144123400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of lithium-ion battery thermal management with bibliometric analysis","authors":"Jiaxing Li,&nbsp;Shaohong Zeng,&nbsp;Weixiong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Battery thermal management (BTM) plays a pivotal role in driving the development of energy storage technologies of Lithium-ion battery (LiB), being crucial in maintaining appropriate temperature, enhancing energy efficiency and preventing thermal runaway (TR). Prior researches that focused solely on technical solutions, this study pioneers a holistic, comprehensive and quantitative examination from a macro perspective by integrating bibliometric analysis with information visualization techniques. A total of 16 search formulas were formulated and 2363 references were collected from the Web of Science core database spanning from 2004 to 2023. Unprecedentedly, the references on various BTM technologies (including both single cooling techniques and hybrid cooling techniques) were gathered and analyzed by categorization. The results are analyzed from the perspective of the annual publications, countries, institutions, authors, journals and publishers. Based on the development trend, the BTM field can be divided into three stages: primary germination stage (2004–2011), consolidation and stabilization stage (2012–2017), and the rapid development stage (2018–2023). For co-cited references, cluster network, burst detection and novelty analysis methods were proposed to display the authors or literature’ contributions to the development of BTM. Subsequently, the dynamic research hotspots and trends were performed according to the co-occurrence and time zone of high-frequency keywords. Notably, hybrid cooling technology garnered the most publications in recent years and is projected to be the primary research direction. Finally, the study emphasizes future development issues and proposes strategies to address challenges in BTM. This methodological innovation not only fills a critical gap in the literature but also offers researchers and industry professionals a robust framework for understanding the dynamic landscape of BTM technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110014"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart hybrid thermal management: Bridging innovation for sustainable electric and hybrid vehicles","authors":"Hussein Togun ,&nbsp;Ali Basem ,&nbsp;Muhsin Jaber Jweeg ,&nbsp;Hayder I. Mohammed ,&nbsp;Azher M. Abed ,&nbsp;Ali E. Anqi ,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar Madheswaran ,&nbsp;Husam Abdulrasool Hasan ,&nbsp;Anirban Chattopadhyay ,&nbsp;Pouyan Talebizadehsardari","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing need for electric and hybrid vehicles (EHV) requires new technologies that can enhance battery performance, longevity, and safety. Efficient thermal management is an important factor that influences these parameters. Through the incorporation of phase change materials (PCMs), liquid and air cooling mechanisms, heat pipes (HP), and thermoelectric coolers (TECs), these systems attain exceptional thermal regulation, thereby minimizing temperature gradients and improving system adaptability in response to fluctuating thermal loads. This research describes a new Smart Hybrid Thermal Management System (S-HTMS) that optimizes the thermal management of battery packs in future EHVs. The suggested hybrid strategy combines liquid cooling and air-based or phase change material (PCM) systems to take benefit of both passive and active cooling strategies. The present article combines recent advances in HBTMS, including nanomaterial-enhanced PCMs, adaptive control techniques, and high-efficiency heat exchangers, all of which serve to maximize energy transfer and enable real-time thermal response. This review additionally outlines critical trade-offs in efficiency, cost, and design which govern the advancement of next-generation BTMS, which are vital for high-performance EV and HEV applications. The insights presented herein intend to establish a foundational framework for the design of battery systems that are not only safe and efficient but also sustainable, thereby contributing to the EV and HEV technology towards enhanced efficiency and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110013"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism analysis of thermal stratification in large domain of fast reactor and research on intelligent accelerated prediction scheme","authors":"Jinchao Li ,&nbsp;Xiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Guangliang Chen ,&nbsp;Hao Qian ,&nbsp;Zhigang Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuqi Meng ,&nbsp;Yousen Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The phenomenon of thermal stratification affects the core residual heat dissipation capability. To explore its underlying mechanisms and develop efficient prediction methods, this paper proposes a rapid intelligent prediction model for thermal stratification based on entropy production analysis. The model first analyzes the impact of entropy production rates from different angles on transient thermal stratification and defines a dimensionless number for the self-preservation of thermal stratification (<em>Ssp</em>) in the upper plenum during accident transients to evaluate the stability of the thermal stratification state. The prediction of transient thermal stratification at different moments is achieved by combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs). The results indicate a direct relationship between the one-dimensional axial temperature difference heat transfer entropy production rate and thermal stratification, with the <em>Ssp</em> number effectively reflecting the intensity of the flow field's influence on thermal stratification at different times. Additionally, the entropy production rate data helps the CNN focus on the thermal stratification regions, effectively extracting thermal stratification features and reducing computational complexity. Compared to three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, this CNN-LSTM model can accurately predict the location, contour, and intensity of thermal stratification at different moments while simultaneously reducing computational resources and time consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110004"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curvature-property coupling governed heat transfer deterioration in supercritical helically coiled tubes: Mechanistic insights and mitigation strategies via structural parametrization","authors":"Fucheng Chang ,&nbsp;Jiaxing Xin ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Wu ,&nbsp;Liwei Li ,&nbsp;Huixiong Li ,&nbsp;Yanlin Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unique thermo-hydrodynamic coupling phenomena in the helically coiled tube (HCT) handling supercritical fluids present both opportunities and challenges for next-generation compact heat exchangers. While the pronounced thermophysical property variations near pseudo-critical temperatures (<em>T</em>_pc) and curvature-induced secondary flows synergistically enhance heat transfer coefficient (HTC), their nonlinear coupling mechanisms may unexpectedly provoke severe heat transfer deterioration (HTD). Through systematic numerical investigations, this study reveals that circumferential wall temperature inhomogeneity (CWTI) exhibits an inverted N-shaped evolution, providing valuable insights for thermal homogenization design near <em>T</em>_pc. The secondary flow Reynolds number (<em>Se</em>), quantifying secondary flow intensity, shows a monotonic increase with decreasing coil diameter (<em>D</em>_c) or inner diameter (<em>D</em>_i), reaching saturation in high-enthalpy regions. Notably, CWTI demonstrates non-monotonic behavior, achieving minimum values near <em>T</em>_pc before manifesting distinct rebound characteristics near <em>T</em>_pc conditions. Parametric analysis establishes that: (1) Elevating heat flux (<em>q</em>) increases <em>Se</em>, reducing <em>D</em>_c boosts it by 50.3 %, and decreasing <em>D</em>_i raises it by 60.0 %. (2) HTD predominantly initiates at the outer wall under high-<em>q</em> conditions, with <em>D</em>_c reduction achieving HTD suppression and 26.9 % enhancement in the local HTC; (3) Reducing the <em>D</em>_i results in a reduction of maximum CWTI by 22.5 %–28.6 %, suggesting that structural parametrization effectively mitigates wall temperature non-uniformity, thus suppressing the HTD. While centered on supercritical water, the dimensionless scaling relationships demonstrate extendibility to other media, with the curvature-property coupling mechanism both elucidating fundamental interactions and guiding robust heat exchanger design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 110003"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}