International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Experimental flow and heat transfer analysis of electronics cooling with impinging jet and channel crossflow: The effects of nozzle geometry","authors":"Mehmet Saglam ,&nbsp;Bugra Sarper ,&nbsp;Orhan Aydin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigates the effects of crossflow interaction with jet flow emerging from jet nozzles with various geometrical forms on the heat transfer characteristics of a prismatic electronic module. Various jet nozzle exit forms, including circular, square, elliptical, and rectangular, with aspect ratios (<span><math><mrow><mtext>AR</mtext></mrow></math></span>) varying between 0.33 and 3 are tested. The dimensionless jet-to-target plate distance (<span><math><mrow><mi>H</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow></math></span>) is maintained at 3, while the jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) varies from 2.5 to 10 in the analysis of crossflow and jet interaction. Surface temperature contours are obtained using infrared thermography, and the resulting heat transfer coefficients are expressed in terms of local and average surface Nusselt number distributions. The dimensionless pressure loss coefficient derived from pressure readings is also reported. The findings indicate that crossflow significantly influences the temperature distribution on the module surface, particularly at low <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> values. 47.8 % increase in the mean Nusselt number is obtained at <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span> for elliptical nozzle with 0.33 aspect ratio (EAR0.33) and rectangular nozzle with 0.33 aspect ratio (RAR0.33) compared to the circular nozzle. The rectangular nozzle forms enhance the heat transfer performance while minimizing the increase in the pressure loss coefficient, especially at higher <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> values. The square nozzle results in a 20.3 % increase in the loss coefficient while the mean Nusselt number exhibits an enhancement of 20.1 % in returns compared to the circular one at <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span>. These values are obtained as 13.4 % and 22.5 % respectively, for RAR0.33. The findings show nozzle forms with low aspect ratios can mitigate crossflow deflection and be used effectively in crossflow environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110075"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turbulent topology optimized thermal structure design for curved surfaces with high heat loads in MagnetoPlasmaDynamic Thrusters","authors":"Maolin Ke ,&nbsp;Jinxing Zheng ,&nbsp;Haiyang Liu ,&nbsp;Yifan Du ,&nbsp;Bin Zhao ,&nbsp;Pinghui Zhao ,&nbsp;Meiqi Wu ,&nbsp;Yudong Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the past decade, with the rise of space propulsion, MagnetoPlasmaDynamic Thrusters(MPDT) have been favored due to their stronger performance. However, a considerable part of the electrical energy is dissipated in the form of heat at the anode, resulting in excessive temperature, which reduces the performance of the propeller. In order to alleviate this situation, liquid cooling system is necessary.</div><div>This study designed a new cooling channel using the k-ε turbulence topology optimization method for the high heat load curved surface of the MPD thruster,and demonstrated the improvement of thermal hydraulic performance through numerical simulation and experiments. We have studied the influence of weight factors and different objective functions on the results of topology optimization design, and believe that the multi-objective optimization combination of dissipation and temperature averaging is more appropriate. When the inlet velocity is 0.7 m/s, topology optimization design reduces the pressure drop of the flow channel by 11.3 %–16.2 %, reduces the thermal resistance by 0.0037–0.0054 W/K, and increases the Nusselt number by 35.5 %–84.1 % compared to traditional design. This study provides guidance for channel design under high heat load surfaces at higher Reynolds numbers using turbulent topology optimization methods.</div><div>Considering the machining difficulty and the thermo-hydraulic properties, the To_A,6 model were fabricated and machined and tested experimentally, and the experimental results were in agreement with the numerical simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110037"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of the frictional performance of the single-phase flow through a dimple plate heat exchanger","authors":"Guoliang Xu ,&nbsp;Yubin Du ,&nbsp;Hao Han ,&nbsp;Chengcheng Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Li ,&nbsp;Wenjian Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, experimental testing and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of different structural parameters on the flow resistance of dimpled plate heat exchangers. The experimental tests covered three plate configurations, each comprising 30 plates, 14 primary channels, and 15 secondary channels under the conditions of inlet hot- and cold-water temperatures of 70 and 50 °C. The water mass flux varied from 8 to 500 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, corresponding to Reynolds numbers of 100–3000. The results showed that the D3-type plate heat exchangers exhibited the lowest flow resistance, whereas the D1-type exhibited the highest resistance. Numerical simulations were performed using a three-channel counterflow arrangement (hot-cold-hot) to validate the accuracy of the numerical model. Simulations were performed for dimpled plates with five dimple depths (0.7–1.5 mm) and five dimple pitches (2.8–6 mm). The results indicated that the pressure drop decreased with increasing dimple depth and pitch, while the friction factor increased with γ (the ratio of the pressing depth to pitch). The flow within the plates transitioned from laminar to turbulent at a Reynolds number of approximately 300. A new friction factor correlation suitable for cases involving single structural parameter variations with an absolute mean deviation of approximately 4.9 % was proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110081"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation study on flame characteristics and heat transfer mechanisms of a rectangular fire source attached to a pyrolysis wall","authors":"Haotian Feng ,&nbsp;Xuanyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Beihua Cong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the flame characteristics and heat transfer mechanisms of a rectangular fire source attached to a pyrolysis wall of PMMA, a numerical study was conducted on fire sources with varying burner aspect ratios and heat release rates. The results indicate that numerical simulation effectively captures the evolution of flame morphology and the changes in the solid pyrolysis region. The study found that under pyrolysis conditions, the flame temperature near the PMMA wall gradually increases during the initial stage, while in the later stages of combustion, the near-wall flame temperature begins to decrease. Meanwhile, changes in the burner configuration affect the pyrolysis process, leading to variations in the onset range of the temperature decrease near the wall at different heights. Additionally, changes in the aspect ratio and heat release rate influence flame characteristics, causing distinct impacts on heat transfer to the pyrolysis wall. Increasing the aspect ratio reduces the incident radiative heat flux received by the wall, altering the contribution of the highest temperature range to the mass loss rate. In contrast, increasing the heat release rate has a smaller effect on the heat flux distribution across the PMMA panel during the steady stage. Instead, it accelerates the PMMA pyrolysis process, thereby increasing the total volume percentage of temperature ranges above the pyrolysis temperature, which in turn increases the mass loss rate. However, it has minimal effect on the contribution of the highest temperature range to the mass loss rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110083"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The study on calculation method of burning rates of discrete multiple fires","authors":"Qiong Liu ,&nbsp;Kehong Li ,&nbsp;Chao Yuan ,&nbsp;Shengze Lin ,&nbsp;Zhengyang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi Li ,&nbsp;Weilin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A calculation model for dimensionless burning rates in discrete multiple fires is developed based on the quantitative relation between two dominant coupled mechanisms: the radiant heat feedback enhancement and air entrainment restriction. The radiant heat feedback enhancement among discrete fire sources is transferred as external thermal radiation to independent fire source, while the air entrainment restriction is transferred as the decrease in atmospheric pressure for an independent fire source. To reveal their relative dominance, key parameters, dimensionless burning rates <span><math><mrow><msup><msub><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow><mo>″</mo><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, air entrainment restriction coefficient <em>k</em>_<em>p,i</em> and separation distance <span><math><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow><mi>d</mi></mfrac></mrow></math></span>, are introduced. Fitted with the burn-out time data of discrete multiple fire arrays, a formula including these parameters is derived. Based on this formula and the theoretically derived burning rates evolution, the model is proposed, which well-predicts the experimental burning rates. The model effectively predicts burning rate trends under extreme and non-uniform conditions, verifying its feasibility in both actual and theoretical fires. The consistency between uniform and non-uniform arrays suggests that the model can be extended to more complex conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110053"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pool boiling performance enhancement using orthogonally intersecting U-grooved micro-channelled structured surfaces","authors":"Raghavendra Singh,&nbsp;R.D. Misra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bubble dynamics of microchannels have a direct impact on pool boiling heat transfer. The present investigation of heat transfer performance during pool boiling on three micro-channelled surfaces developed through the wire electric discharge machining process. All these developed surfaces have orthogonally intersecting U-grooved microchannels with depths of 100 μm (A1), 200 μm (A2), and 300 μm (A3). Heat transfer rates were compared to those of a bare reference surface in order to evaluate the enhancement achieved with these developed. All the experiments were performed with deionised water at saturation temperature under atmospheric pressure to get steady-state heat transfer characteristics. A hypothesis model was used to explain the observed bubble dynamics. The results showed remarkable improvements in heat transfer for all microchannel configurations as compared to the bare surface. Among them, the A2 configuration exhibited the highest performance, achieving a 171 % increase in the maximum heat transfer coefficient and a 76 % rise in the critical heat flux compared to the bare surface. The A1 and A3 surfaces demonstrated enhancements of 28 % and 76 % in HTC and 23 % and 37 % in CHF, respectively, relative to the bare surface. Furthermore, the performance of the A2 surface was found to be better compared to the data from the published literature. The superior heat transfer rates of the A2 surface can be attributed to a larger heat exchange area, increased bubble nucleation sites, enhanced macro-convection from bubble movement, and an efficient rewetting mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110076"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of flying-wing finned tubes in high-altitude environments","authors":"Long Miao ,&nbsp;Rui Wan ,&nbsp;Kai Qiao ,&nbsp;Xi-Long Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Hua-Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Tao Sun ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Zhen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-altitude environments significantly influence the performance of flying-wing finned tube heat exchangers (FWFHEs); however, the specific variation patterns and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this gap, this study systematically investigates the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics, as well as the relevant mechanisms, of flying-wing finned tubes (FWFTs) under high-altitude conditions. The performance of the FWFHE was experimentally evaluated under simulated low-temperature ambient conditions corresponding to an altitude of 1000 m. The established simulation methodology was then validated using these experimental results. Following validation, numerical studies were conducted to examine the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of FWFTs over an altitude range of 0–5500 m, with inter-fin inlet air velocities from 6 to 12 m/s and Reynolds numbers (<em>Re</em>) between 1250 and 3000. The results indicate that, when the inter-fin inlet air velocity is held constant, the pressure drop, heat transfer rate, and convective heat transfer coefficient all decrease significantly with increasing altitude. Specifically, each parameter is reduced by approximately 5.5%, 5%, and 5% for every 500-m increase in altitude, respectively. Despite these dimensional changes, the primary dimensionless parameters—friction factor, corrected Nusselt number, and performance evaluation criterion—remain largely insensitive to altitude under constant <em>Re</em> conditions, indicating stable dimensionless fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. This stability results from a compensatory mechanism: the increased airflow velocity needed to maintain constant <em>Re</em> counteracts the rise in kinematic viscosity at higher altitudes. To facilitate engineering calculations, altitude correction factors for pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient are proposed. These factors enable accurate prediction and optimization of the heat transfer area design for FWFHEs operating in high-altitude environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110059"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Film cooling and its combination with thermal barrier coating for hypersonic engine","authors":"Huikun Cai ,&nbsp;Haorui Liao ,&nbsp;Haiping Li ,&nbsp;Chengxiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Yancheng You","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypersonic aircraft engine and the related vehicles are believed to be the future development due to its advantages in terms of faster response time, higher penetration capability and better system survivability compared with traditional aircraft engine. However, its exhaust nozzle suffers a super high thermal load and needs a powerful thermal protection for system structural strength and electron device safety. Therefore, this paper addresses to film cooling and its combination with thermal barrier coating as thermal protection strategy for hypersonic aircraft engine. The experiments are conducted to study the effect of cooling gas rate, mainstream inlet temperature, convention and compound gas film hole on film cooling performance. It is found that small hole injection angle and large cooling gas rate provide a better cooling efficiency, which can be up to 46 %. The numerical analyses are carried out to study the influence of different cooling methods. It is found that thermal barrier coating performs well in all the three types exhaust nozzles, whereas film cooling exhibits excellent nearby gas inlet and gradually gets worse away from inlet due to its growing gas temperature heated by mainstream gas. Combined cooling can further reduce the temperature on the basis of film cooling or thermal barrier coating, and maintains a temperature drop by the percentage of about 20–30 %, which proves that coupled thermal protection is quite effective to hypersonic aircraft engine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110078"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of flow dynamics and thermal behavior of supercritical n-decane in jet-regeneration composite cooling technology for scramjet engines","authors":"Yong Li ,&nbsp;Qirun Zhou ,&nbsp;Yingchun Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiajie Zhang ,&nbsp;Suxia Ma ,&nbsp;Gongnan Xie ,&nbsp;Bengt Sunden","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional regenerative cooling methods fall short of meeting the thermal dissipation demands when the scramjet is flying at higher Mach numbers. In this paper, jet cooling is employed for the thermal management of scramjets, leveraging its exceptional thermal dissipation capabilities in environments with intense heat flux. Liquid crystal thermography technology was utilized to experimentally study the thermal exchange behaviors of the ambient air under varying conditions including different numbers of jet holes, diverse combinations of jet and mainstream flow, and varied flow rates. Experimental findings conclusively demonstrate that the synergistic interaction between the jet flow and the mainstream significantly enhances the heat dissipation capacity of the jet. Taking the case of four jet nozzles as an illustration, when the aggregate flow rate reaches 150 L/min, the wall average <em>Nu</em> exhibits a 31 % increase compared to the scenario where only the jet flow is present. The heat dissipation capacity of an array of jets interacting with the mainstream flow is approximately six times higher than that of the mainstream alone. In the numerical simulation, the supercritical fluid flow mechanics and thermal exchange behaviors of jets under operating conditions of scramjet were thoroughly analyzed. The mutual effect between the jet and mainstream flow demonstrated a robust heat dissipation capability. Notably, the maximum <em>Nu</em> for the synergistic mutual effect between the jet and mainstream is seven times larger than that of the mainstream alone. In conclusion, both experimental and numerical results indicate that the heat dissipation capacity is superior under the combined action of the jet and mainstream.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of fluid composition on heat transfer characteristics of nanobubbles: Experimental and simulation insights","authors":"Shurong Liu ,&nbsp;Yumei Zhao ,&nbsp;Yongwen Yang ,&nbsp;Liting Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingwei Gao ,&nbsp;Ming Lei ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Qifen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on nanobubbles has mainly centered on descaling and stability, with limited attention to their heat transfer performance and influencing factors. A comprehensive theoretical framework is still lacking. In this study, an experimental platform was developed to simulate the circulating cooling water process in a power plant. The heat transfer effects of nanobubbles were systematically examined across various water types and pH environments, combining experimental data with molecular dynamics simulations. The study found that nanobubbles achieved optimal heat transfer in river water at a pH of 7–8.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 110068"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}