International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Bubble behavior and heat transfer mechanisms of deposited nanoparticles in pool-boiling process","authors":"Huazhu Chen,&nbsp;Yuling Zhai,&nbsp;Yiran Bai,&nbsp;Haifeng Chen,&nbsp;Zhouhang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deposited nanoparticles critically influence solid-liquid interactions and bubble growth in pool-boiling heat transfer, but the underlying mechanism of heat transfer induced by the combined wettability of the deposited nanoparticles and substrate remains unclear. Here, the effects of the size (12–192 nm³) and wettability (neutral and hydrophilic) of Cu nanoparticles deposited on wettable (hydrophobic, neutral, and hydrophilic) Cu substrates were investigated from a nanoscale perspective via molecular dynamic simulations. The results indicate a small size (12–108 nm³) initiates bilateral nucleation on nanoparticles followed by upward coalescence, resulting in detachable vapor films. However, neutral nanoparticle–substrates with a nanoparticle size of 192 nm³ are characterized by bubbles nucleating simultaneously on the sides and top, detaching after bidirectional coalescence; this reduces the vapor film formation time by 50 % and the bubble nucleation volume growth rate by 89.2 %. Finally, hydrophilic nanoparticle–substrates exhibit top-dominated nucleation and coalescence pathways, preventing vapor film formation. Regardless of the substrate, for hydrophilic nanoparticles, bubble nucleation consistently initiates on the nanoparticle sides and proceeds upward. Additionally, enhanced nanoparticle–substrate wettability decreases the interfacial thermal resistance by 87.9 %, while larger nanoparticles reduce it by 75.1 %. Hydrophilic nanoparticle–substrates strengthen facilitate the formation of a solid-like liquid layer. Reducing the interfacial thermal resistance promotes liquid Ar atoms to absorb more energy, resulting in enhanced heat transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considering the double-layer topology of the cooling water diffusion expand in the domain and the performance analysis","authors":"Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Wang ,&nbsp;Shousheng Hong ,&nbsp;Quanjie Gao ,&nbsp;Haonan Yang ,&nbsp;Rongqing Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In battery thermal management, the overall increase in temperature and local temperature variation of lithium batteries affect the safe use of batteries. In this study, a double-layer topology flow channel (DCP) cold plate is designed. The heat transfer rate and energy consumption were weighted as a multi-objective function, and the effects of the location of the internal condensate collection and diffusion ports as well as the number of outlets on the topology optimization were analyzed, with the location E and the number of quadruple outlets yielding the best symmetry and heat dissipation. On this basis, a new three-dimensional staggered-flow double-layer topological runner (DCP) cold plate model was developed and numerically simulated. The flow channel depth, inlet flow rate, and heat dissipation performance of different double-layer topology flow channel structures were investigated. The findings indicate that the optimal solution with the highest temperature and temperature difference can be obtained when the flow channel depth is 1 mm, the inlet flow volume per unit time is 3 g/s, and the discharge rate is 3C. As the Reynolds number rise, the DCP-E type shows extremely strong heat dissipation performance, and the maximum temperature was decreased by 3.5 °C. The thermal performance of rectangular channels (RCP), honeycomb channels (HCP) and single layer topology channels (STP) was compared at an equivalent volume fraction. The efficacy of heat dissipation of DCP-E is improved by 12.66 %, 16.77 %, and 3.58 % compared to RCP, HCP, and STP cold plates, respectively. The double-layer topology channel proposed in this paper provides new design ideas for battery thermal management research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110108"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-scale feature fusion with gradient-enhanced attention for accurate prediction of film cooling","authors":"Hongyu Gao,&nbsp;Yuying Liu,&nbsp;Yutian Wang,&nbsp;Yinuo Liu,&nbsp;Renjie Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of film cooling effectiveness is critical for optimizing gas turbine blade durability under extreme thermal conditions. This study proposes a novel deep learning framework integrating a gradient-enhanced attention mechanism with U-Net architecture to establish an end-to-end mapping from four key parameters (injection angle <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span>, lateral expansion angle <span><math><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span>, forward expansion angle <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span>, and blowing ratio <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></math></span>) to two-dimensional cooling effectiveness distributions. The UCGA model employs cross-scale feature fusion through adaptive pooling and a Sobel operator-based gradient attention module to enhance edge perception in flow field reconstruction. The model is based on 125 Computational Fluid Dynamics numerical simulations covering different geometrical parameter configurations. The validation demonstrates exceptional prediction accuracy (Coefficient of Determination (R²) &gt; 0.99, Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) &gt; 0.97). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis shows that <span><math><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></math></span> are the dominant parameters, with <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math></span> having a relatively small average effect on model predictions. This is consistent with the physical mechanisms controlling coolant coverage and momentum balance. This work provides valuable insights into the film cooling effectiveness distribution. Most importantly, the developed UCGA model is a very promising tool for fast, high-fidelity iterative optimization of the geometric parameters of the fan-shaped holes, with the aim of providing a reference for accelerating the design cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization design of integrated module for thermal management system in electric vehicle","authors":"Weiwei Lu ,&nbsp;Qingxia Yang ,&nbsp;Zhongyue Zou ,&nbsp;Liyou Xu ,&nbsp;Jiguang Chen ,&nbsp;Xiuqing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temperature control of vehicle is achieved through thermal management system, the design of which is critical to regulating vehicle temperature and reducing energy consumption. In this study, an integrated coolant circulation module was developed. The internal flow dynamics of the module were simulated using the computational fluid dynamics K-ε turbulence model. The research objective was to investigate the correlation between pressure drop and coolant flow in different operational modes. The results reveal a nonlinear positive correlation between pressure loss and coolant volumetric flow rate. Through structural optimization in regions of high pressure difference within the flow field, the average pressure loss within the module was reduced by 37 %. The accuracy of the simulation was confirmed by rapid prototype testing on a test bench, followed by in-vehicle verification of the prototype. These validations demonstrate that the module meets design standards and effectively controls vehicle temperature. The implementation of the integrated module reduced the number of coolant pipelines in the thermal management system from 23 to 10, significantly decreasing the number of pipes and interfaces and thereby lowering the risk of coolant leakage. Additionally, it resulted in a 15.64 % reduction in material costs and a 354-s reduction in installation labor time. These improvements can significantly lower the production cost of the thermal management system of electric vehicle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110141"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid temperature prediction of parallel-connected generator circuit breaker busbar based on multi-input physical information neural network","authors":"Yingzhuo Li ,&nbsp;Lixue Chen ,&nbsp;Yinghui He ,&nbsp;Shengqin Xu ,&nbsp;Yuesong Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The busbar is a component in the parallel-connected generator circuit breaker (GCB) that experiences severe heating. Real-time monitoring of the busbar's temperature field not only ensures that the GCB operates within normal temperature limits but also indirectly reflects the current sharing effect of the parallel-connected GCB. In this paper, an electromagnetic-thermal-fluid coupled model of the GCB is first established and compared with experimental results, with a maximum temperature difference of 2.0 K at the measuring points, demonstrating great agreement. Second, samples are generated using orthogonal design combined with finite element method (FEM). Further, A Multi-input Physics-informed Neural Network (MIPINNs) model is established, where the coordinate feature (CF) and temperature feature (TF) are respectively input into a deep multilayer perceptron (MLP) and a shallow MLP to prevent overfitting and underfitting, and physical information loss is incorporated into the network's loss function as a regularization method. This approach successfully predicts the three-dimensional temperature field of the GCB's busbar with limited sample, yielding better prediction results compared to traditional data-driven models. The <em>MAPE</em> and <em>RMSE</em> of test set are 0.32 % and 0.29 K, respectively, indicating minimal error. Moreover, MIPINNs achieves a prediction time of 0.643s, significantly faster than FEM's 4864s. Besides, the prediction capability of MIPINNs under extreme working conditions is tested, the maximum temperature prediction error is 3.7 K, with a relative error of 2.87 %, indicating that MIPINNs possesses strong generalization capability. In addition, the contact temperature is indirectly calculated using temperature sensors in the MIPINNs model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calibration of scanning thermal microscopes using optimal estimation of function parameters by iterated linearization","authors":"Anna Charvátová Campbell ,&nbsp;Petr Klapetek ,&nbsp;Radek Šlesinger ,&nbsp;Jan Martinek ,&nbsp;Václav Hortvík ,&nbsp;Viktor Witkovský ,&nbsp;Gejza Wimmer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scanning thermal microscopy is a unique tool for the study of thermal properties at the nanoscale. However, calibration of the method is a crucial problem. When analyzing local thermal conductivity, direct calibration is not possible and reference samples are used instead. As the calibration dependence is non-linear and there are only a few calibration points, this represents a metrological challenge that needs complex data processing. In this contribution we present use of the OEFPIL algorithm for robust and single-step evaluation of local thermal conductivities and their uncertainties, simplifying this procedure. Furthermore, we test the suitability of SThM calibration for automated measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110080"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability analysis of falling liquid film over a heterogeneously heated slippery substrate","authors":"Anandamoy Mukhopadhyay ,&nbsp;Akshay Desai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate gravity-driven, Newtonian thin liquid film flow along a heterogeneously heated slippery rigid substrate. Using Benney’s long-wave asymptotic expansion technique (LWE) a free surface evolution equation is constructed. In case of locally heated Gaussian temperature distribution, simulation of the basic flow shows that the increment of thickness of the film for the primary flow in case of variation of the film Marangoni number (<span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span>) is significant with comparison to the dimensionless slip length (<span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>). For uniform temperature distribution the linear study confirms that the destabilizing behavior of the slip length (<span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>) is dominant than that of the destabilizing behavior of the film Marangoni number (<span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span>); Biot number plays a double role. There exists a critical value of Biot number <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>; below this value it exhibits stabilizing effect, but above it, it becomes destabilizing. As the LWE is valid only near the critical point and has the finite time blow up property of the solution, we employed weighted residual method (WRM) for better understanding of the critical condition with the variation of the slip length. For uniform temperature distribution the onset of instability <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> obtained by WRM is exactly same to that obtained by Orr–Sommerfeld/LWE method, in case of small as well as moderate values of the slip length (<span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>). Further, using Fourier spectral method of the coupled system in terms of film thickness <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and flow rate <span><math><mrow><mi>q</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>,</mo></mrow></math></span> the temporal as well as the spatial evolution, in case of locally heated Gaussian temperature distribution, confirms the destabilizing behavior of both <span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>. Numerical simulation of the Benney type evolution equation, for the locally heated Gaussian temperature profile, reveals the destabilizing behavior of M, <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>. The dual role of Biot number is missing, it only exhibits stabilizing effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of phase-change coolants on heat and mass transfer characteristics in nose cone transpiration cooling","authors":"Jia-Cheng Wan,&nbsp;Shen Du,&nbsp;Dong Li,&nbsp;Ya-Ling He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase-change transpiration cooling technology presents significant potential for hypersonic thermal protection. Extensive investigations of water-based transpiration cooling systems have shown their susceptibility to instability under certain operating conditions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct comparative studies of alternative coolants for nose cone transpiration cooling. In this study, a mathematical model coupling the finite-rate chemical reaction external field with the two-phase mixed porous internal field is constructed, using the partitioned modeling technique and interface coupling algorithm. Simulations under different Mach numbers and static pressures reveal the heat and mass transfer characteristics between ethanol and water coolant. The results show that the thermodynamic and transport properties of the working fluids significantly affect the bow shock, the injected thermal barrier layer, and the distribution of the energy and flow fields inside the nose cone. Under high Mach number conditions, ethanol proves ineffective in mitigating the extreme aerodynamic heat load, leading to heat transfer deterioration in the stagnation region. In contrast, under low heat load conditions, ethanol exhibits better flow and heat transfer synergy, with a 45 % improvement in the uniformity of mass injection distribution. These findings provide a valuable reference for the selection of coolant in nose cone transpiration cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110129"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of geometric optimization and electrical control on the mixing performance of a dual-obstacle electroosmotic micromixer","authors":"Reza Shahsavandi ,&nbsp;Ali Khoshnod ,&nbsp;Khashayar Hosseinzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, an electroosmotic micromixer that features two fixed obstacles within the mixing chamber, simulated by a 2D transient model using Comsol Multiphysics software based on the finite element method. The study aimed to optimize the location and size of the obstacles to improve mixing as well as pressure drop reduction. To this end, the Taguchi method and response surface methodology (RSM) were utilized in obtaining the optimized values of the geometrical parameters: r₁, r₂ (radius of the first and second obstacle), x₁, x₂ (horizontal distance from the center of the first and second obstacle to the center of the micromixer), y₁, y₂ (vertical distance from the center of the first and second obstacle to the center of the micromixer), which resulted in 2.5, 2.6, 12.13, 7.63, 8.68, and 18.77 μm, respectively, and a minimum 2.5 % and 5 % increase in the average mixing index and mixing efficiency. Following the determination of the optimum parameters of geometry, the mixing performance was examined under different conditions of alternative current frequency, inlet velocity, voltage, and phase lag. Increasing the electrode voltage from 0.1 to 0.5 V raised the mixing index to 84.75 %. Additionally, using a phase lag of π/2 enhanced the average mixing index, achieving 88.41 % compared to scenarios without phase lag.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110146"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational study of microwave-driven drug delivery with realistic tumor modeling and optimized heating protocols for hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Gabriele Adabbo ,&nbsp;Assunta Andreozzi ,&nbsp;Marcello Iasiello ,&nbsp;Paolo Antonio Netti","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of liver cancer, remains one of the top contributors to cancer-related mortality worldwide. Existing treatments like chemotherapy and thermal ablation face critical limitations, including suboptimal tumor coverage and high systemic toxicity. This study introduces a numerical approach to investigate the combined effects of pulsed microwave hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposomal (TSL) drug delivery. A 3D computational model was developed based on segmented CT imaging to replicate realistic liver tumor anatomy. The model simulates both spatial and temporal variations in drug diffusion, incorporating temperature and tissue damage-dependent parameters. Results indicate that pulsed hyperthermia enhances intracellular doxorubicin levels by 50.4 % (from 0.387 to 0.582 mol m⁻³) compared to traditional chemotherapy. Additionally, pulsed heating significantly reduces thermally ablated tumor volume (from 35.5 % to 18.6 %) relative to continuous heating. The use of anatomically accurate geometry allows for a more detailed analysis of how tumor and tissue shape irregularities influence therapeutic outcomes and temperature field diffusion. These results emphasize the potential for integrating targeted drug carriers and localized heating in advancing personalized treatment for liver cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 110140"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}