International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Numerical simulation of droplet solidification on a cold plate","authors":"Hongsheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Min Lu ,&nbsp;Peisheng Li ,&nbsp;Lijun Ye ,&nbsp;Fanghua Ye ,&nbsp;Ruifeng Gao ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We proposed a solidification model based on the Front-Tracking method to simulate the freezing of liquid droplets on a cold substrate. The model is validated through comparison with existing numerical and experimental results, demonstrating agreement and improved mass conservation relative to previous approaches. Subsequently,the model is employed to investigate droplet solidification dynamics by varying key parameters, including the initial contact angle (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>), growth angle (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), Stefan number (<span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></math></span>), Bond number (<span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></math></span>), solid–liquid density ratio (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>χ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and solid–liquid thermal conductivity ratio (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>κ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>). The results reveal that, on hydrophobic surfaces, increasing the growth angle enhances circulation near the three-phase contact line, promoting upward liquid motion and yielding taller, more slender solidified morphologies. A higher Stefan number and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>κ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> accelerate solidification by driving faster interface propagation, while an increased Bond number facilitates horizontal spreading, enlarging the solidification interface and improving heat transfer with the substrate. The solid–liquid density ratio is found to significantly influence both solidification rate and morphological development. These insights offer valuable guidance for controlling droplet solidification on hydrophobic surfaces and have direct implications for anti-icing technologies in power systems and aerospace applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110331"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired micropillar arrays for enhanced thermal-hydraulic performance in microchannel heat sinks: A numerical and experimental study","authors":"Fang Zhou ,&nbsp;Huanhuan Wang ,&nbsp;Zhebin Fang ,&nbsp;Zhiji Song ,&nbsp;Lijuan Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microchannel heat exchanger is an efficient solution for addressing the thermal management challenges posed by high power devices. Embedding solid micropillars within microchannels has proven to be an effective method for enhancing heat transfer. However, the formation of vortices behind these micropillars increases pressure drop and leads to heat accumulation inside the channels. Drawing inspiration from the streamlined body of the butterflyfish, two micropillars Type A and a modified Type B were designed, incorporating an arc-shaped \"fish tail\" with a slotted structure to reduce flow resistance. The thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of this new microchannel heat exchanger were investigated through both numerical simulation and experimental study. The laser micromilling method was used to fabricate the bionic micropillars on the bottom of rectangular microchannels. The results indicate that the Nusselt number of Type A micropillars is 8.2–16.5 % higher than that of solid micropillars, with a corresponding pressure drop reduction of 7.8–16 %. Type B micropillars demonstrate a 2.7–12.5 % increase in Nusselt number and a reduction of 10.1–16.7 % in the pressure drop. Performance evaluation criterion (<em>PEC</em>) values for Type A range from 1.01 to 1.71, while Type B ranges from 0.99 to 1.67, highlighting excellent overall heat transfer performance. The superior performance is attributed to the secondary flow formed by bionic micropillars, promoting fluid continuity and providing sufficient momentum to overcome viscous forces along the flow direction. These findings highlight the potential of biomimetic strategies in advancing microchannel heat sink design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110342"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced thermal performance analysis of flat miniature heat pipes using ANN and advanced wick-fluid configurations","authors":"Taoufik Brahim ,&nbsp;Abdelmajid Jemni","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat pipes' high heat transfer capabilities with small temperature gradients make them key for efficient thermal management. The performance of flat miniature heat pipes (FMHPs) is examined in this study, with particular attention paid to the effects of operational parameters, working fluids, and wick structures. Thermal resistance, capillary limit, boiling limit, and temperature distribution under varied heat fluxes and ambient conditions were assessed using numerical simulations and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The findings show that the highest capillary limit (roughly 1 kW) and lowest thermal resistance (0.34–0.56 K/W) are obtained from sintered copper wicks that use water as the working fluid. With a slight decrease in capillary limit (roughly 10 %), the use of CuO nanofluids further reduces thermal resistance by up to 7 % at 10 vol%. Vapor velocities can reach 0.63 m/s in hotspot conditions, producing pressure gradients of roughly 18.63 kPa. The system's overall thermal uniformity is enhanced by multi-core heat loading. To predict maximum temperature, thermal resistance, and heat transfer with high accuracy (R2 &gt; 0.99), an ANN model was created. When wick-working fluid combinations were compared using a normalized Figure of Merit (FOM), it was found that water with mesh screen generated the highest FOM (1.0), while water and sintered copper remained the best option for high-flux applications. This work offers a thorough framework for optimizing FMHPs through machine learning techniques, advanced modeling, and new performance metrics, promoting better thermal management in high-performance systems such as electronics cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110343"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of charging rate on multi-dimensional signal evolution during electro-thermal coupling-induced thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Rongkai Shang ,&nbsp;Shijian Peng ,&nbsp;Xingyu Long ,&nbsp;Yingying Zhu ,&nbsp;Peng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to explore the failure characteristics of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under electro-thermal coupling conditions during charging, this study conducts comprehensive experiments on thermal runaway (TR) triggered by overheating, with a specific focus on the influence of charging rates on multi-dimensional signal evolution during battery failure. The temporal relationships among temperature, voltage, and expansion force are systematically analyzed across four distinct failure stages under electro-thermal coupling conditions. The results demonstrate that higher charging rates markedly accelerate the onset of TR. Specifically, at the charging rate of 2 C, TR occurs after 1165 s with a maximum temperature of 329 °C, whereas at the charging rate of 0.5C, it is delayed to 2323 s with a maximum temperature of 301.2 °C. Moreover, abnormal expansion force evolution serves as a precursor to TR and can be detected within 484–687 s after heat initiation. This warning window for the TR substantially contracts with increasing charging rates, diminishing from approximately 1487 s at a charging rate of 0.5C–761 s at a charging rate of 2 C. These findings provide fundamental insights essential for enhancing battery safety design protocols, optimizing charging strategies, and advancing thermal management technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110344"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced thermal transport in GaN nanostructure via directional thermal channeling generated by densely packed heat sources","authors":"Baoyi Hu ,&nbsp;Yuting Yang ,&nbsp;Zhaoliang Wang ,&nbsp;Dawei Tang ,&nbsp;Ke Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal transport at the nanoscale is critical for thermal management in emerging electronics. As transistor scaling reduces heat source spacing below the phonon mean free path in bulk materials, densely packed heat source configurations exhibit quasi-ballistic transport regimes. Here, we employ nonequilibrium molecular dynamics to simulate the thermal transport characteristics of densely packed GaN heat source nanostructures under varying thickness, duty cycle, periodic conditions, and temperature differences. The results demonstrate that across all parameter ranges investigated in this work, the densely packed heat source configurations exhibit significantly higher thermal conductivity than thin films of the same material and equivalent thickness, achieving a maximum value of 13.04 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, nearly double that of thin films. This enhancement is mediated by the formation of directional thermal channels through inter-source phonon scattering. By employing a multiscale methodology combining phonon density of states analysis, spectral energy density characterization, and Fourier thermal conduction simulations, we systematically elucidate the governing mechanisms of inter-source phonon scattering from both microscopic and macroscopic perspectives. This research discusses the directional control characteristics of phonon transport in systems with multiple heat source interactions, providing theoretical guidance and references for thermal regulation of field effect transistors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110339"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal foam reinforced phase change material for passive thermal control of multiple electronic components","authors":"Ibtissam Afaynou ,&nbsp;Hamza Faraji ,&nbsp;Khadija Choukairy ,&nbsp;Ridha Djebali","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study numerically investigates passive thermal cooling using a phase change material (n-eicosane) embedded in aluminum foam-based heat sinks with varying porosity and pore density (PPI) gradients. Simulations, conducted in ANSYS Fluent, assess different foam configurations and electronic component (EC) numbers. Results show that aluminum foam significantly enhances the thermal performance of the PCM-based heat sink, reducing the EC temperature by up to 26.92 %, shortening the melting duration, and improving the effective thermal conductivity by about 25 times at the cost of reducing the effective latent heat by 15.70 % compared to the pure PCM-based heat sink. A gradient in porosity further enhances performance, lowering the maximum EC temperature by 9.55 % (3.75 °C) due to an 86.52 % increase in the effective thermal conductivity of the PCM composite over the heat sink with constant porosity. However, the gradient in PPI has no notable effect on the cooling performance. Using multiple ECs stabilizes operating temperatures and improves thermal behavior. The study highlights a properly designed gradient porosity as a promising strategy for efficient passive cooling of ECs, especially when using three ECs with a lower heat production rate, rather than using one EC with three times higher heat spreading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110329"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical-thermal coupled modeling and lithium plating analysis of lithium-ion batteries under high-rate charging","authors":"Yong Li ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Chenyang Wang ,&nbsp;Liye Wang ,&nbsp;Chenglin Liao ,&nbsp;Jue Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for fast charging necessitates a deeper understanding of lithium-ion battery performance under high-rate conditions, which induce significant electrochemical-thermal coupling and pose thermal safety risks. Additionally, low-temperature charging promotes lithium plating, increasing the risk of internal short circuits. This study presents an electrochemical-thermal coupled model to analyze battery behavior under high-rate charging, with an additional focus on low-temperature effects and lithium plating. The model integrates electrochemical kinetics, including lithium-ion intercalation and plating, with a thermal sub-model that describes heat generation and dissipation. Validation through charge-discharge experiments at varying rates and temperatures demonstrates the model's ability to accurately predict both electrical and thermal transients. Comparative analysis shows that pulse charging outperforms constant current charging, achieving a 20C charge rate and reducing charging time to 382 s. Furthermore, low-temperature charging experiments indicate that pulse current charging not only accelerates charging speed but also effectively prevents lithium plating. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing thermal management and improving battery strategies, highlighting the model's potential for enhancing the safety and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries in fast-charging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110337"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of thermocouple measurement errors on heat rate estimation in capacitor discharge welding","authors":"Fábio Silva Faria ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Gustavo Dourado da Silva ,&nbsp;Mariana de Melo Antunes ,&nbsp;Sandro Metrevelle Marcondes de Lima e Silva ,&nbsp;Philippe Le Masson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate temperature measurement is critical for modeling and controlling highly transient processes such as capacitor discharge welding (CDW), where conventional sensors may introduce significant errors. This work investigates how different thermocouple measurement strategies affect the accuracy of heat rate estimation in such conditions. Two experimental setups were analyzed: one using 30 AWG thermocouples with 90 ms sampling, and another using 40 AWG thermocouples with 4 ms sampling. A refined three-dimensional transient thermal model was developed, explicitly including sensor bead geometry and Joule heating effects in the thermocouple wires. The unknown heat rate at the weld bead was estimated using the nonlinear Function Specification Method. Comparative results demonstrated that improved sensor selection and higher sampling rates reduced residual errors and enhanced solution stability in the inverse heat transfer problem. The findings highlight the critical influence of measurement design and thermal model detail on the reliability of inverse solutions for highly transient thermal conditions such as CDW. Additionally, the inclusion of the thermocouple bead geometry in the model was presented as an effective alternative to minimize errors commonly associated with contact-based temperature measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110324"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical-thermal coupled modeling of a serpentine-shaped liquid cooling channel for lithium-ion battery packs with high discharge rates","authors":"Puneet Kumar Nema ,&nbsp;P. Muthukumar ,&nbsp;Ranjith Thangavel","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safety and performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) operating at high C-rates depend on effective and reliable thermal management. The temperature-dependent electrochemical reactions in LIBs lead to uneven heat generation in high-energy-density cells, making it challenging to design and optimize the operating parameters of a battery thermal management system (BTMS). This study develops and optimizes a novel serpentine-shaped liquid cooling channel (SSCC) for a battery pack comprising 5 Ah, 21700 cylindrical LIBs. A numerical investigation is conducted under varying coolant velocities, liquid channel heights, and discharge rates, considering a contact angle of 60° and an ambient temperature of 298 K. Results depict that without cooling, the battery pack reaches a critical temperature of 380 K at a 5C discharge rate, posing safety risks. However, the SSCC-based liquid cooling BTMS effectively reduces the maximum temperature to 334 K. The optimal configuration is achieved with 50 mm channel height and 0.3 m/s coolant velocity, maintaining temperature uniformity within 3 K across the battery pack. Also, increased pumping power and pressure drop influence thermal performance more significantly than coolant velocity. Comparative analyses with bottom cooling plates and combined cooling arrangements highlight the superior performance of the proposed design in fast discharge scenarios. The SSCC achieves better temperature reduction and uniformity while minimizing pressure drop. This study provides valuable insights into developing advanced BTMS for long-range EVs utilizing high-power LIBs, ensuring safety, efficiency, and extended battery lifespan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110299"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of exposure intensity on thermal performance of protective clothing of firefighters of various age groups under diverse thermal environments","authors":"Virendra Kumar,&nbsp;Dipankar Bhanja","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Safeguarding the thermal safety and physical well-being of emergency responders, industrial workers, military personnel, and race car drivers is a critical concern. Consequently, extensive research has been carried out in recent years on thermal protective apparel. The present study examines the effects of thermal exposure conditions, firefighter age, and variations in the heat transfer coefficient on thermal injury. This study further examines the combined effects of age- and temperature-dependent blood perfusion, metabolic heat, shivering, and work-induced heat on basal layer temperature distribution and thermal damage across different age groups and body sites. Increased exposure density negates the protective benefits of the first air gap, resulting in adverse effects, while the other air gaps (AG2, AG3, and AG4) maintain their protective function. Older firefighters exhibit elevated basal layer temperatures across all conditions, with peak temperature increases of 41.59 % and 18.30 % observed in radiative exposure relative to flame and 50/50 convective-radiative exposures, respectively. Adjusting the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) from 0 to 50 W/m²K during the post-exposure phase markedly lowers maximum temperatures across all age groups and exposure scenarios. During the cooling phase, such variations effectively prevent third-degree burns in older firefighters, extending the time to thermal damage by 11.57 % and 3.19 % for 50/50 convective-radiative and radiative exposures, respectively. The arms are identified as the most susceptible body region, followed by the legs, back, chest, and abdomen during high-intensity exposures, although variations in the heat transfer coefficient significantly reduce peak temperatures. While the transition time to second-degree burns increases marginally, the progression to third-degree burns is substantially delayed across all body regions under all exposure conditions. Age- and temperature-dependent blood perfusion lowered the peak temperature by ∼2.5 % under radiative exposure, while metabolic, shivering, and work-induced heat had negligible effects at high intensity. These findings underscore the critical need for advancements in thermal protective clothing and cooling interventions to minimize thermal injuries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110327"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}